She argued that the Islamic Republic behaved like ISIS and could no longer be reformed and urged governments to stop treating it as a legitimate authority.

Governments struggled to contain protests that spread rapidly across cities, often forcing policy reversals or provoking heavy-handed crackdowns that drew international attention.

Together, these uprisings and many others made 2025 one of the most protest-heavy years the Global South has seen in recent memory.

Kenya’s Gen-Z protests

In Kenya, protests that began in 2024 spilt forcefully into 2025 after the government pushed through controversial tax hikes. Led largely by Gen Z activists mobilising online, demonstrations spread from Nairobi to major towns, with protesters storming Parliament and targeting symbols of state power. President William Ruto was eventually forced to withdraw key parts of the finance bill. Human rights groups warned that the state responded by weaponising digital tools to suppress dissent. Amnesty International said young activists faced coordinated online harassment, intimidation and disinformation aimed at silencing the movement. “Our analysis of online activity throughout several waves of protests in 2024 and 2025 and the interviews we’ve conducted with young human rights defenders, clearly demonstrate widespread and coordinated tactics on digital platforms to silence and suppress protests by young activists, including through online threats, intimidating comments, abusive language, smearing, and targeted disinformation,” Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International’s Secretary General is quoted .

Bangladesh student-led uprising

Bangladesh’s student-led protest movement, which erupted in 2024 over public-sector job quotas, reignited in 2025 following the death of prominent student leader Sharif Osman Hadi, who succumbed to gunshot wounds. Demonstrators accused the government and foreign actors of targeting activists, triggering fresh waves of violence, arson and street battles. Universities and major cities were paralysed as protesters demanded accountability and an end to what they saw as systemic economic exclusion.

Mozambique’s post-election unrest

In Mozambique, disputed election results sparked months of unrest after the ruling FRELIMO party was accused of rigging the October 2024 vote. Protests continued into early 2025, culminating in a violent crackdown around President Daniel Chapo’s January inauguration. Civil society groups reported more than 300 deaths and over 3,000 injuries, while authorities put the toll far lower. Amnesty International documented the use of live ammunition, arbitrary arrests and internet shutdowns, raising alarm over democratic backsliding.

Venezuela’s protests over election credibility

Venezuela also saw sustained protests after President Nicolás Maduro secured a third term in a contested July 2024 election. Opposition supporters rejected the results, accusing authorities of manipulation and repression. Weeks of demonstrations were met with mass arrests. Rights groups said around 2,400 people were detained, though many were later released amid international pressure.

Nepal's Gen Z protests

In Nepal, Gen Z protesters led nationwide demonstrations against corruption, political nepotism and a sweeping ban on social media platforms. The unrest turned deadly in September 2025, with at least 22 people believed to have been killed and hundreds injured. The protests were fuelled by years of frustration with an ageing political elite and intensified by a viral online movement criticising the lavish lifestyles of politicians’ children. A sudden shutdown of 26 social media platforms only deepened public anger. “This is a revolution. This is the end of the corruption. It’s our turn now. The government was so corrupt. They used that money to improve their own lives, but there has been no change in the lives of normal people,” said Sujan Dahal, a young Nepali protestor. 

Tanzania's post-election chaos

In Tanzania, security forces used lethal and disproportionate force to suppress election-related protests between October 29 and November 3, 2025. Amnesty International and the UN documented cases of live ammunition being fired at protesters and tear gas being used indiscriminately in residential areas. While the government disputed casualty figures, UN officials said at least 10 deaths were confirmed by credible sources, with many more injured. "We are alarmed by the deaths and injuries that have occurred in the ongoing election-related protests in Tanzania. Reports we have received indicate that at least 10 people were killed," U.N. human rights spokesperson Seif Magango told Geneva reporters, citing "credible sources" in the country.

Togo's uproar

From June 26 to 28 , in Togo, thousands protested constitutional reforms critics say allow President Faure Gnassingbé to remain in power indefinitely. Demonstrations in Lomé were violently dispersed, with civil society groups reporting at least four deaths, dozens of injuries and mass arrests. Verified footage showed beatings and civilians being dragged away by plainclothes officers.

Madagascar's Gen Z rebellion

Madagascar saw deadly demonstrations organised by young protestors, angered by chronic power cuts and water shortages led to the ousting of former President Andry Rajoelina. Demonstrations that began peacefully in September quickly escalated after security forces intervened, leaving at least 24 people dead, including a baby exposed to tear gas. Protesters said years of neglect and hopelessness drove them into the streets, demanding dignity and basic services. Amnesty International called for independent investigations into the killings.“Every death on the streets of Madagascar is a painful reminder that the right to peaceful protest is under violent attack. The authorities must promptly launch thorough and effective investigations into these killings and hold perpetrators to account,” Tigere Chagutah, Amnesty International’s Regional Director for East and Southern Africa, is quoted . “Malagasy people need to unite, that’s what’s causing this movement,” one protester said . “We are tired, fed up and completely lost, so let’s fight for the good of the youth and the next generation,” he added.

Mange Kimambi, Tanzania

The US-based Tanzanian activist became one of the most influential and controversial voices who challenged President Samia Suluhu Hassan’s government. Using her massive social media following, Kimambi mobilised protests against alleged human rights abuses and election irregularities. Her activism drew international attention, but also criminal charges in Tanzania. Her activism against the ruling government began long before the elections. Consequently, her Instagram page with millions of followers was deactivated. Without the effort of Mange Kimambi, the international community would not have known about the post-election unrest and killings in Tanzania.  

Truphena Muthoni, Kenya

Kenya’s climate movement gained global visibility after Muthoni broke her own record by hugging a tree for 72 hours in a peaceful protest against deforestation and climate inaction. Her act, carried out in Nyeri, resonated far beyond Kenya and emphasised how non-violent protest can cut through political divisions.  

Ahmed al-Ahmed, Australia

Now popularly known as the ‘Bondi Hero,’ a fruit seller in Sydney, al-Ahmed became an unlikely activist after tackling and disarming a gunman during a deadly attack at Bondi Beach. Though not a campaigner in the traditional sense, his actions generated a global conversation about courage. He was widely praised for embodying community resistance to extremism.

Greta Thunberg, Sweden

In 2025, amongst many other activists, 22-year-old climate activist Greta Thunberg shifted much of her focus to pro-Palestinian activism, taking part in aid flotillas bound for Gaza and leading protests in London against companies linked to Israel. Her involvement led to arrests under the UK Terrorism Act in December, after which she was released on bail and is expected to appear in court in 2026.

Malala Yousafzai

The 27-year-old Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai launched her new memoir, Finding My Way, in which she reflects on personal growth beyond her years of activism, exploring themes of friendship, identity and finding a sense of normalcy. Alongside the book, she continued her global advocacy through the Malala Fund, championing girls’ education, and expanded into sports investment with her venture Recess, linking education and empowerment through sport. Malala also returned to her hometown in Shangla, Pakistan, for the first time in 13 years, visiting family and reaffirming her commitment to her country.

Speaking at the event, Pañuelos Negros founder Asuncion Benedict defended the group’s demands. "The three causes are the moral and economic recognition of the veterans, of all the veterans, of the war against subversion, the moral and economic recognition of the civilian victims and of the armed forces, of the war against subversion. And especially in this event, we ask for the release and vindication of the political prisoners or captive patriots or prisoners of war, prisoners of subversion, as we call them," she said.

Their march, however, drew swift condemnation from human rights organisations, social movements, and citizens who mobilised to reject any attempt to legitimise figures associated with state violence during the dictatorship. Many of those opposing the protest described it as a direct affront to the memory of the victims, emphasising that they would not tolerate what they see as efforts to rehabilitate perpetrators.

The counter-demonstrators invoked the memory of the disappeared and victims of torture, framing their presence as a defence of historical truth and justice . Tension rose at several points as chants and banners from both sides confronted each other across the plaza.

Security forces remained deployed throughout the afternoon to prevent clashes, while traffic around the area was partially restricted as the demonstrations unfolded.

In his message, Tchiroma alleged that security forces loyal to what he called an “illegitimate regime” used lethal force against demonstrators who took to the streets after the vote. He said the victims were ordinary citizens defending their ballots. 

“They fell so that the truth may live. They were Cameroonians. They were our martyrs,” he said.

The opposition leader outlined a series of directives for the day of mourning, urging the complete suspension of commercial activity, government services, and public operations nationwide. 

According to him, the shutdown is meant to create a unified moment of reflection across the country.

Tchiroma also appealed to religious communities, requesting that Christians, Muslims, and people of other faiths gather in places of worship for collective prayer. 

A central part of Friday’s planned observance is a minute of silence scheduled for noon. Tchiroma called on Cameroonians living abroad to join the moment as well, saying the diaspora remains an integral part of the movement challenging the disputed election results.

“This will not be an ordinary day … It will be a day of silence, remembrance, reflection — and resistance,” he said, arguing that public participation would demonstrate continued opposition to the government.

During his address, Tchiroma announced the creation of a victims’ support fund intended to assist families of those killed or detained during the post-election crackdown. 

The call for a national observance comes days after Tchiroma issued a 48-hour ultimatum demanding the release of all detained protesters. Authorities freed a small number of minors during that period, but he dismissed the move as a “masquerade,” insisting that many more remain in custody and alleging that arrests are ongoing.

Tchiroma also delivered a forceful rejection of any attempt at political compromise. 

“I will not back down. I will not negotiate. I will never capitulate,” he declared, accusing the administration of President Paul Biya of violating its oath of office and “stealing” the election.

Tchiroma reiterated that he considers his claim to the presidency non-negotiable, saying his “mandate” would be defended “at any cost,” in the name of “justice, dignity, and the future of Cameroon.” 

Here’s what you should know about Hasina:

Beginnings

Political career

Struggles and exile

Sentenced to death

The ruling marks a dramatic turn in Bangladesh’s politics. Hasina, a three-time prime minister and daughter of the country’s founding father, has been a central figure in Bangladesh for decades, credited with major economic and social reforms. 

The tribunal’s decision fulfills a promise by interim Prime Minister Muhammad Yunus to hold former leaders accountable for the “July Revolution,” which began peacefully but turned violent after government suppression.

"To protest against violence , to take action against violence, and also obviously to protest so that right-wing groups, opportunistic parties, and scavengers do not use the rightful anger of the protest," said one participant.

Organisers, mostly young demonstrators, voiced frustration that political groups had adopted the Straw Hat Pirates’ Jolly Roger symbol for their own purposes. 

"Many times right-wing groups, fascist groups, are the first to criminalise protest , the first to take rights away from the LGBT community, to ignore structural or systemic problems, etc. So it is even incongruent for them to take a symbol that has nothing to do with them," said another protester.

Participants also denounced U.S. anti-drug operations in the Caribbean, likening them to past interventions in Latin America . 

"This narco narrative of 'they are narcos, let's kill them,' which is the same one the United States has used for interventions in Venezuela ," said one protester. 

Police monitored the demonstration, which briefly disrupted traffic along Paseo de la Reforma, but no major incidents were reported.

This concludes our coverage of the October 29 elections in Tanzania, where incumbent leader President Samia Suluhu Hassan prepares to begin a fresh five-year term amid growing unrest and violence. Follow Global South World's official social media pages for more post-election updates from Tanzania.

Hassan declared winner by 98%

Tanzania's electoral commission declared on Saturday that President Samia Suluhu Hassan had won, with nearly 98% of the votes, an election that set off violent protests across the country this week.

The result hands Hassan, who took power in 2021 after the death in office of her predecessor, a five-year term to govern the East African country of 68 million people.

Protests erupted during Wednesday's vote for president and parliament, with some demonstrators tearing down banners of Hassan and setting fire to government buildings and police firing tear gas and gunshots, according to witnesses.

Demonstrators are angry about the electoral commission's exclusion of Hassan's two biggest challengers from the race and what they described as widespread repression.

Tanzania's main opposition party said on Friday that hundreds of people had been killed in the protests, while the U.N. human rights office said credible reports indicated at least 10 people were killed in three cities.

The government dismissed the opposition's death toll as "hugely exaggerated" and has rejected criticism of its human rights record.

Reuters could not independently verify casualty figures.

COMMISSION SAYS TURNOUT WAS 87%

The electoral commission said that Hassan received more than 31.9 million votes, or 97.66% of the total, with turnout nearing 87% of the country's 37.6 million registered voters.

Turnout appeared low on election day, according to witnesses, with some polling stations disrupted by the protests.

The Tanzanian authorities have imposed a nationwide curfew for the past three nights and restricted access to the internet.

Foreign Affairs Minister Mahmoud Thabit Kombo on Friday denied allegations that security services had used excessive force, saying there had only been a "very few small pockets of incidents" caused by criminal elements.

U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, in a statement issued on Friday by his spokesperson, called "for a thorough and impartial investigation into all allegations of excessive use of force" and deplored the loss of life.

RECENT CRITICISM FOR HASSAN

Hassan, 65, won praise after taking office in 2021 from predecessor John Magufuli for easing repression that increased under his tenure but has more recently faced criticism from opposition parties and activists after a series of arrests and alleged abductions of opponents.

She has denied allegations of widespread rights abuses. Last year, she said she had ordered an investigation into reports of abductions, but no official findings have been released.

During the campaign, she touted accomplishments expanding road and railway networks and increasing power generation capacity.

The main opposition party CHADEMA had called for protests during the election, which it said amounted to a "coronation".

CHADEMA was disqualified in April from the election after it refused to sign a code of conduct, and its leader Tundu Lissu was charged with treason.

The commission also disqualified the candidate for opposition party ACT-Wazalendo, leaving only minor parties to take on Hassan.

Violence breaks out in Tanzania's biggest city

Tanzania’s largest city, Dar es Salaam, descended into chaos on Wednesday, October 29, as protests broke out during the country’s general elections.

Demonstrators clashed with police, reportedly setting a police station ablaze and damaging public property.

A video by Viory showed a column of smoke rising over the city. The protests, led by opposition supporters, called for political reforms and transparency in the electoral process.

Police used tear gas to disperse crowds, and authorities have imposed a curfew. Internet disruptions were also reported nationwide.

President Samia Suluhu Hassan, expected to secure re-election, has faced accusations of stifling dissent after key opposition candidates were disqualified. Human rights groups have condemned recent crackdowns on free speech and political activity.

Ballots destroyed and officials flee as protests escalate

Reports from local sources describe ballots being destroyed and scattered on the streets as protests intensified. Election officials allegedly abandoned polling stations amid the unrest, raising further doubts about the credibility of the electoral process and the government’s ability to maintain control.

Police stations torched in Dar es Salaam and Arusha

Protesters burned police stations in both Dar es Salaam and Arusha, and a police patrol vehicle was also set alight in Dar es Salaam. The attacks on security infrastructure signal rising anger on the streets and a growing breakdown of public order.

Defiance on the streets as protests continue despite curfew

Demonstrations persist across Tanzania even after police enforced a nationwide curfew. Crowds have defied restrictions, demanding accountability and transparency following the country’s disputed election.

Influx of wounded patients at Muhimbili Hospital

Muhimbili National Hospital is witnessing an influx of injured patients following post-election violence across the city, hospital sources told the BBC. The surge in casualties comes as protesters took to the streets demanding electoral reforms and the restoration of free political activity. Demonstrators set vehicles ablaze and damaged public infrastructure in various parts of Dar es Salaam, prompting a swift response from authorities.

Tanzania’s police chief, Camillus Wambura, imposed a citywide curfew starting from 6:00 p.m. local time (15:00 GMT), urging residents to remain indoors. No end date for the curfew has been provided.

Dar es Salaam’s Regional Commissioner, Alfred Chalamila, warned earlier that the government would take firm action against anyone disturbing public order. Protests were also reported in other parts of the country, including Mbeya and Tunduma. “We are tired,” a protester told the BBC. “We want an independent electoral commission so that every Tanzanian can choose the leader they want.”

Opposition suppression, new promises, chaos – Tanzania’s incumbent president readies for another term?

Incumbent President Samia Suluhu Hassan and her ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), are widely expected to secure another term in office, as the country has wrapped up the nationwide vote.

But the path to re-election has been marked by the suppression of opposition voices, raising new concerns over the country’s democratic course.

Now there are widespread demonstrations across the country following the close of polls.

President Samia, who took office in 2021 following the death of former leader John Magufuli, is seeking her first full term. Since then, she has positioned herself as a reformer and bridge-builder, especially in  international  circles, but at home, her government has been criticised for systematically sidelining opposition figures and dissent. Read more .

US Embassy issues security alert over post election unrest

The U.S. Embassy in Tanzania has issued a security alert to American citizens and embassy staff following reports of demonstrations and unrest in several parts of the country after the elections.

According to the advisory, Tanzanian police have imposed a curfew in Dar es Salaam beginning at 6:00 p.m. on October 29, as security forces respond to protests in multiple locations. The embassy warned that the situation remains fluid, with reports of ongoing demonstrations and an increased security presence across major cities.

The embassy instructed U.S. government personnel to shelter in place at their residences and announced that, for October 30, operations at the U.S. Embassy in Dar es Salaam will be limited to emergency consular services only.

Social media reactions to curfew, alleged internet shutdown in Tanzania

Many Tanzanian netizens are reporting difficulties accessing platforms like X without resorting to VPNs. Digital rights commentators say these shutdowns curtail freedom of expression and limit democratic dialogue. For example, scholars warn that internet blackouts reduce the available space for political debate, activist organising, and citizen oversight. Some social media users are expressing frustration and fear - citing that restrictions may signal an attempt to limit dissent ahead of election results.

Unrest spreads across Tanzania as protests turn violent

In the hours following the vote, Tanzania has descended into turmoil.

Protesters have taken to the streets, torching buildings and destroying property in several regions, as anger over the electoral process intensifies. Police forces have been deployed nationwide, attempting to contain the chaos and restore order. But with demonstrations spreading and communication networks disrupted, the scale of unrest now threatens to overshadow the very legitimacy of Tanzania’s election.

President Samia cast her vote, urged Tanzanians to turn out peacefully

President Samia Suluhu Hassan began the day by expressing gratitude to Almighty God after joining fellow citizens of Chamwino to cast her vote. The Head of State described it as “a blessed morning,” commending the sense of unity and civic responsibility shown by voters who turned up early across the country.

President Samia encouraged all Tanzanians to continue turning out in large numbers to vote peacefully and calmly, noting that millions had already participated in an orderly manner. She emphasized that maintaining peace and stability during the election process was vital to strengthening democracy and ensuring that every citizen’s voice is heard.

Silence and tension mark Tanzania’s election day

In Tanzania, the right to vote has collided with the struggle to be heard.

As the country heads to the polls, violent clashes and an internet blackout have plunged the electoral process into uncertainty. Reports from local media describe streets under tight security, opposition leaders detained, and voters struggling to access information or communicate online. With most social networks blocked and news outlets operating under pressure, Tanzania’s election unfolds in a climate of fear and silence - one where the flow of information may prove as decisive as the vote itself.

Tanzania’s 2025 elections face a crisis of information control 

In Tanzania today, truth itself has become a battleground.

As the country approaches its general elections on October 29, 2025, it is not the ballot box but the control of information that may decide the nation’s future. Across newsrooms, churches, and social media, fear and censorship are reshaping the space for public debate and democracy.

Over recent years, the government has steadily tightened control over what citizens can read, post, or even discuss. Key online platforms once central to public conversation -Twitter (now X), Clubhouse, Telegram, and the influential Tanzanian forum JamiiForums - have been  blocked or restricted. Read more here .

Elections without opposition?

As Tanzanians prepare to vote in presidential, parliamentary, and local elections on Wednesday, October 29, much of the opposition has been pushed to the margins, with leading parties boycotting the race and several candidates disqualified or silenced.

The election is officially set to feature 17 presidential contenders, but only one, incumbent President Samia Suluhu Hassan of the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), enjoys national recognition and institutional backing. 

The imbalance has prompted critics to question whether the poll represents a genuine democratic contest or simply a formality to extend CCM’s near five-decade rule. More here .

Blind political loyalty 

In Tanzania, as in many African democracies, politics has become less about reform and more about political loyalty. 

Politics in Tanzania is now less about policy and more about belonging – cheering for a team instead of striving for better governance. And when loyalty overshadows ideas, meaningful change disappears.

Once political identity becomes part of who we are – “I am CCM” or “I am Chadema” –  the goal shifts. People stop comparing policies and start defending their side while attacking the other. Political scientists call this  affective polarisation :  when people become emotionally attached to one camp and hostile toward another, no matter the issues. More here .

Controversial promises ahead of the elections

As Tanzanians vote in the 2025 general election, the campaign period closed with promises made over the past two months taking centre stage – some attracting attention for their controversy. The October 29 polls will elect the president, members of the National Assembly, and ward councillors. Campaigning officially began on 28 August and has been marked less by policy debate than by a series of unconventional pledges that have sparked both amusement and debate. While some of these promises appear light-hearted, analysts  suggest  their prominence reflects the limited participation of major opposition figures in this year’s race. Read more here .

Tanzania heads to the polls today in a high-stakes vote that could cement the ruling CCM party’s seven-decade grip on power.

With opposition candidates sidelined by arrests and intimidation, President Samia Suluhu Hassan appears poised to secure another term amid calls for fair competition and political reform.

Meet the candidates for next Tanzanian president

Over 37 million Tanzanian voters head to the polls today to select their new leader under a tense political climate marked by limited media access and growing state control.

Who among them will prevail?

Polls opened at 4 am GMT and closed at 1 pm GMT — vote counting is underway, and results will be made public within three days, according to the election commission.

BACKGROUND

Post-election protests turn violent

Violent protests broke out in Tanzania's biggest city, Dar es Salaam, on Wednesday during an election, President Samia Suluhu Hassan is expected to win following the disqualification of the leading opposition candidates.

Internet service was disrupted across the country, monitor group NetBlocks said, as unverified videos of young protesters throwing rocks at security forces and a petrol station in flames circulated on social media.

Hundreds of protesters were marching towards the Selander Bridge that leads to Dar es Salaam's centre, said a witness who asked not to be named.

Witnesses reported violent protests in at least four neighbourhoods of Dar es Salaam, while video from BBC Swahili showed police using tear gas to disperse protesters in another part of the city.

Who’s in

The incumbent president and the first woman to lead Tanzania, Suluhu Hassan has years of experience in government and initially projected herself as a moderate reformer. Running with Emmanuel Nchimbi as her vice-presidential candidate, she remains the dominant political figure in the race. Her strongest potential challengers, particularly from the Chadema opposition party, have been weakened by systematic state pressure. Opposition leaders have faced legal restrictions, arrests, and in some cases, violent intimidation. This has left Tanzania’s political opposition fragmented and largely unable to mount an effective national campaign.

Masoud, the former First Vice President of Zanzibar, has emerged as the main opposition figure in the campaign. Known for his legal background and measured political style, he has positioned himself as a reformist voice advocating for stronger governance , youth empowerment, and greater autonomy for Zanzibar within the union.

Although the National Electoral Commission reportedly barred his candidacy earlier this year, ACT Wazalendo continued to campaign with him as its symbolic presidential representative, drawing significant crowds, particularly in Zanzibar. His prominence underscores the frustration among opposition supporters over shrinking political space.

Kadege’s campaign centres on youth employment and vocational training, aiming to expand opportunities for young Tanzanians.

Mulumbe advocates for the use of satellite technology to boost sectors like agriculture, mining , and justice, and supports introducing dual citizenship to strengthen economic ties.

Mwiru focuses on agricultural reform, proposing zonal markets, fixed crop and livestock prices, and 24-hour access to essential public services.

Who’s out

Much of the opposition in Tanzania has been pushed to the margins in the presidential, parliamentary and local elections, with leading parties boycotting the race and several candidates disqualified or silenced.

The election is officially set to feature 17 presidential contenders, but only one, incumbent President Samia Suluhu Hassan of the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), enjoys national recognition and institutional backing.

The imbalance has prompted critics to question whether the poll represents a genuine democratic contest or simply a formality to extend CCM’s near five-decade rule.

Tanzania’s two largest opposition parties, CHADEMA and ACT-Wazalendo, are not taking part after accusing the government of orchestrating a systematic crackdown on dissent. Several of their key leaders have been barred from running, while others face ongoing court cases or arbitrary detention.

In April, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) disqualified CHADEMA’s presidential candidate on what the party described as “manufactured technicalities.” International news agency Reuters later confirmed that other opposition figures were similarly struck off ballots at local and parliamentary levels.

Human rights groups, including Amnesty International, have reported a “climate of fear”, citing arbitrary arrests, media restrictions, and enforced disappearances in the lead-up to the vote.

“Authorities have intensified repression ahead of the elections, instilling fear among activists, journalists, and ordinary citizens,” Amnesty said in an October report.

When Samia Suluhu Hassan took office in 2021 following the death of John Magufuli, she was initially praised for loosening restrictions on the opposition and reopening civic space. But over time, that image has faded.

Opposition activists say the state has perfected a softer, procedural form of authoritarianism — one that relies less on overt violence and more on bureaucratic obstacles, judicial harassment, and control of the media landscape.

What’s at stake

Beyond the political contest, Tanzanians continue to grapple with everyday struggles; unreliable electricity, water shortages, unemployment, and poor healthcare.

Still, many voters feel there is little space for genuine alternatives, with the ruling party dominating the political narrative and state machinery.

Dearth of information

There are 17 candidates, but reliable information about most of them remains scarce. The campaign has been dominated by the ruling party’s candidate, while smaller contenders have struggled to gain visibility in a political environment marked by limited media access and growing state control.

The political climate is tense, with reports of repression, arrests, and intimidation targeting opposition figures. President Samia Suluhu Hassan, who assumed office in 2021 after the death of John Magufuli, entered power promising reform and reconciliation. However, critics argue that her government has since tightened its grip on the political system, leaving little room for genuine competition.

While smaller candidates remain part of the electoral process, there is very little publicly available information about most of them, and their campaigns receive limited coverage, giving them minimal capacity to challenge CCM’s entrenched dominance. Their participation, however, serves as a reminder of Tanzania’s multi-party structure, one that exists more in form than in genuine political balance.

On arrival, several recounted what they described as degrading treatment in Israeli custody.

”There has been humiliating and inhumane treatment throughout. We have been treated like animals,” one activist said. 

“When we were shouting and asking for insulin for one of the people , a 75-year-old comrade who had been asking for insulin for three days, one of the soldiers said they didn’t have doctors for animals in prison,” he added. “Another Mexican colleague, who was asking for medicine for her heart condition, said it was urgent, and he said it would only be urgent when her heart stopped, according to another of the people who was there.”

Others expressed relief but also worry about what they described as a continuing genocide in Gaza . 

“I am free and I am happy to be free, but my friends are still imprisoned in Israel, and Palestine is still not free. So all we can do is wait until everyone is free, until the genocide is stopped and Palestine is free,” an activist said.

The activists were part of the Global Sumud Flotilla, a fleet of vessels attempting to break Israel’s maritime blockade of Gaza. None of the ships reached the enclave, with the closest being a vessel that had entered Gaza’s territorial waters but was intercepted by Israeli forces minutes away from the shore.

Israel’s National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir said he was “proud that flotilla activists are being treated as terrorists,” adding, “Anyone who supports terrorism is a terrorist and deserves the same conditions applied to terrorists.”

Supporters of the flotilla say the mission was peaceful and humanitarian, intended to deliver aid and highlight the ongoing blockade of Gaza. 

Footage spread by Israel-linked actors claimed no aid was on board the intercepted ships, an allegation Global Sumud Flotilla organisers have vehemently dismissed as “verifiably false” and a “systematic smear campaign.”

For its part, Israel has denounced the Spaniards’ inhumane treatment allegations as “fake news .” 

“As we said, Israel is keen to have all the participants of this provocation deported as quickly as possible, but some of them deliberately chose to prolong the legal deportation process, preferring to linger in Israel,” the Israeli Foreign Ministry wrote on social media . 

“All the legal rights of the participants in this PR stunt are fully upheld,” it continued. “Don’t believe the fake news they are spreading.”

While the 21 Spaniards are now home, hundreds of other activists from around the world remain in Israeli custody.

“What the Israeli authorities are saying is that they are going to take them to a detention centre. Our consulate is there to support them in whatever is needed and demanding the immediate repatriation of our compatriots,” Sheinbaum said.

The president confirmed that the six Mexicans — Sol Gonzalez Eguia y Arlyn; Gabriela Medrano; Carlos Perez Osorio; Diego Vazquez Galindo; Ernesto Ledesma Arronte; and Laura Alejandra Velez Ruiz Gaytan — had been transferred to the port of Ashdod.

Sheinbaum reiterated her government’s opposition to Israel’s blockade of Gaza, calling it a barrier to life-saving aid. 

“Humanitarian aid must reach Gaza, and our Mexican brothers and sisters, all of them, but specially our compatriots, must be repatriated immediately because they did not commit any crime ,” she told reporters.

The Global Sumud Flotilla, made up of dozens of vessels from more than 40 countries, was intercepted in international waters earlier this week. Israeli forces detained hundreds of activists, among them climate campaigner Greta Thunberg, South African MP Mandla Mandela and 22 Italians.

Israel maintained that no boats reached Gaza and said the interceptions were necessary to enforce what it described as a lawful blockade. Its Foreign Ministry warned that any remaining ships attempting to approach the enclave would also be stopped.

Organisers of the flotilla said their mission was to deliver humanitarian supplies and highlighted the risks as they entered waters around 150 nautical miles from Gaza.

The Palestinian Foreign Ministry called Israel’s actions a violation of international law , while flotilla organisers rejected claims that participants had links to Hamas, insisting the mission was peaceful.

Efforts to break the Gaza blockade by sea have been mounted since 2008, most of them intercepted by Israel. The deadliest incident came in 2010, when Israeli forces stormed the Mavi Marmara ship and killed 10 Turkish activists.

The Marinette, which had mechanical issues and lagged behind the main armada of more than 40 ships, has not been intercepted and remains about 80 nautical miles from Gaza, Global Sumud Flotilla said.

Israel’s Foreign Ministry warned earlier that if the last ship approaches Gaza, “its attempt to enter an active combat zone and breach the blockade will also be prevented.”

The Marinette is still far from the area where most of the flotilla was intercepted by Israeli forces.

According to the flotilla tracker, the closest any ship has come was the Mikeno, which evaded the blockade and was briefly visible from Gaza’s shores.

It claimed “Mikeno made history by becoming the first ship to break Israel's blockade of Gaza since 2009,” adding the vessel “missed Gaza's shore by a few minutes.”

The Global Sumud Flotilla also said a new wave of ships is crossing the Mediterranean, including ten vessels that left Italy five days ago. Among them is the Al-Damir, which is carrying journalists, doctors and activists.

Nepal

In early September, massive youth-led protests erupted in Kathmandu against a government social media ban and widespread corruption. Demonstrators, many from “Gen Z,” defied curfews and attempted to storm parliament, leading to a harsh security crackdown. At least 72 people were killed while hundreds more were injured. As a result of the unrest, the government rescinded the social media ban shortly thereafter. Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli, whose administration was under intense pressure, resigned amid the turmoil. He was eventually replaced by Prime Minister Sushila Karki, a former chief justice and the first woman to lead the government of Nepal. Damage to properties reached billions of rupees.

Indonesia 

Since late August and into September, protests have spread in Indonesia over rising living costs, unemployment, and government excess. A trigger was the revelation of generous benefits for members of parliament and a video of a police armoured vehicle fatally striking a motorcyclist. Demonstrations turned violent in parts, with thousands arrested and property damage reported. Human Rights Watch has criticised authorities for using force and detaining protesters arbitrarily. At least 10 people have died during the series of protests. President Prabowo Subianto held onto power despite the unrest, with his cabinet absorbing much of the political backlash through a major reshuffle.

Philippines

On September 21, tens of thousands took to the streets of Manila and other cities to protest alleged corruption tied to flood control projects. The protests came after congressional investigations revealed that billions of pesos in public funds have been diverted or wasted on unfinished infrastructure. University students, religious groups and political figures joined forces, demanding greater transparency. Before the protest, scrutiny into the flood control mess triggered a political fallout that saw the House Speaker and Senate President replaced. While the protests were mostly peaceful, clashes with police occurred. Violence erupted on a bridge near a presidential palace, where protesters hurled stones at the police and set the wheel of a trailer truck on fire. More than 200 were arrested, many of them minors.

India 

In Ladakh, a region of 300,000 people that was placed under direct federal control in 2019, protests in late September called for restoration of statehood and special status protections for locals. Four protesters were killed and many others injured when demonstrations escalated into clashes with police. Activist Sonam Wangchuk led the push, eventually leading to his arrest due to alleged instigation. 

East Timor

From September 15 to 17, thousands of students and ordinary citizens in Dili protested against plans to allocate $4.2 million for new SUVs for parliamentarians and to continue lifetime pensions for former officials. The demonstrations, led largely by university students, decried these perks amid deep poverty affecting large parts of the country. Police fired tear gas after the protests turned tense. Parliament responded by repealing the pension law and cancelling the SUV purchases.

In his address, Netanyahu defiantly ruled out the creation of a Palestinian state, saying Israel “will not commit national suicide.” 

He also condemned recent decisions by several governments to recognise Palestinian statehood, calling the moves a “mark of shame.”

The Israeli leader also vowed to press ahead with military operations in Gaza until Hamas is, in his words, “finished.” He read aloud the names of hostages still held in the enclave and said loudspeakers had broadcast his message into Gaza to reassure them.

Netanyahu used much of his speech to cast blame on critics abroad, accusing world leaders of faltering in their support for Israel as the war dragged on. He claimed Israel was fighting a “seven-front war” with minimal assistance from its allies.

His remarks come after France, Britain, Canada and several other nations formally recognised Palestine this week, adding momentum to calls for a negotiated two-state settlement. The Israeli premier has rejected that path, insisting that such recognition rewards Hamas.

The speech also took place under the shadow of war crimes allegations levelled against Netanyahu by the International Criminal Court, as well as genocide findings by an independent UN inquiry commission.

Despite the boycott, Netanyahu is set to continue a busy diplomatic schedule. He is expected to meet US President Donald Trump in Washington on Monday, where the two leaders will discuss regional security and Israel’s military campaign.

“We are here precisely to protest. This approval of this bill cannot happen. This is an attack on the Constitution. They are not better than us. And we, as the Brazilian people , are outraged by a ‘shielding’ amendment proposal that exempts them from any crime and even gives them a power that no other constitution has. This is an attack on our Constitution. This is an attack on the Brazilian people,” said De la Vega, a protester.

Another demonstrator, Tchaka, added, “Today we show the world that yes, we are plural and diverse, but we shake the world so that it can also see us as active and as political and show that the National Congress does not fully represent us. We want criminals to go to jail. Against the ‘Shielding’ amendment proposal, against amnesty. No amnesty for coup plotters.”

Reports confirmed that confrontations broke out between protesters and Bolsonaro supporters during the march. 

Last week. Brazil’s lower house approved an urgent procedure to discuss an amnesty bill for those involved in the January 2023 riots, when government buildings were stormed. 

Lawmakers have considered extending the measure to cover Bolsonaro himself, following his 27-year prison sentence for attempting a coup.

The Chamber of Deputies voted 311 in favour, 163 against, and 7 abstentions, allowing the bill to bypass committee review. The decision came hours after Bolsonaro’s doctors announced he had been diagnosed with early-stage skin cancer.

More than 600 people have already been sentenced for their involvement in the January 8 riots.

Sunday’s gathering was widely viewed as one of the largest nonpartisan protests in years, drawing participants from across the political spectrum united in frustration at corruption. Rally organisers even rejected those attempting to rally behind political colours, whether for President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. or Vice President Sara Duterte.

It marked the most significant public backlash yet under Marcos Jr., who himself revealed that some flood-relief projects declared “completed” were either left untouched or built to substandard levels. The protest also coincided with the anniversary of the declaration of martial law by his father, Ferdinand Marcos Sr., on September 21, 1972.

Official figures put the turnout at nearly 50,000 in Luneta. By mid-afternoon, many demonstrators moved to the EDSA Shrine in Quezon City, the historic highway where millions gathered in 1986 to topple the elder Marcos’ regime.

Echoing uprisings in Indonesia and Nepal, protesters also railed against the lavish lifestyles of infrastructure contractors, government figures, and so-called “nepo babies” — the children of political elites accused of benefiting from their parents’ wealth and influence.

At EDSA, more high-profile figures joined in, including senators, celebrities , and even figures once associated with the right. The protests stretched until dusk and remained largely peaceful, according to Interior Secretary Jonvic Remulla.

“I want to express that 99% of the protests were very peaceful, and the people had every right to express themselves. I respect that, and even the President is indignant to the situation [violent actions],” he said.

“There was 1% that were agitators. We won’t allow them to destroy the reputation of this protest. Everyone has a right to protest, but we will not tolerate agitators,” he added. 

Despite the largely calm demonstrations, there were clashes. Manila police reported 113 protesters arrested and 93 officers injured.

Several kilometres away from Luneta, tensions flared at the Ayala Bridge, a crucial route to Malacañang Palace, where Marcos was said to be “monitoring” the events. The bridge had been fortified with police and vehicles, its entrance blocked by a trailer meant to hold back protesters. The trailer was set on fire as groups of youths hurled stones and Molotov cocktails at police.

Remulla claimed that the masked men intended to storm the presidential palace and set it ablaze. Many observers likened the attempted attack to recent protests in Nepal, where “Gen Z” demonstrators torched government buildings, triggering political unrest.

Violence continued into the night near the Peace Arch on Mendiola Street. The once-peaceful protest site was overtaken by alleged groups of local youths who again threw stones and Molotov cocktails at police.

Hours later, masked men ransacked a nearby motel and stole its vault, prompting police to advance and disperse the looters.

These clashes threatened to overshadow the larger, peaceful demonstrations elsewhere in Manila. Francisco Domagoso, mayor of the capital, accused a former politician and a Filipino-Chinese financier of backing the rioters.

“I thought you wanted a decent government? Then why destroy government property?” Domagoso said. “We are angry at those who plunder our coffers, but now we will be forced to use taxpayers’ money to repair what was destroyed.”

The seemingly innocuous Jolly Roger has since become an anti-establishment symbol sweeping through countries like Nepal and France — both of which saw leadership changes after mass demonstrations — as well as Indonesia and the Philippines.

It began in early August, when the flag appeared across Indonesia as a sign of protest against President Prabowo Subianto. Authorities quickly warned that the One Piece flag must not be flown alongside the red-and-white Merah Putih national flag, with police seizing copies of the anime banner. 

Amnesty International Indonesia had questioned the legal basis for banning the flag.

“Has he incited hatred based on religion, ethnicity, race, intergroup relations, national origin or sexual orientation? Is he inciting discrimination on these grounds? Is he propagating a war? For example, of a state or an armed group? If not, then it cannot be banned,” Usman Hamid, the group’s executive director, told AFP. 

Hamid argued that the flag even reflects Indonesia’s own founding ideals.“If we connect it with Indonesia’s independence, on August 17, the spirit of One Piece is the same as that of the Merah Putih: fighting oppression, declaring independence and freedom, and striving for justice and the removal of all restraints,” he added.

Since then, the movement has grown quickly in the country of 280 million, reaching a tipping point in late August when thousands marched on Parliament to protest lawmakers’ housing allowances.

Protests turned violent after police in Jakarta fatally struck 21-year-old motorcycle-taxi driver Affan Kurniawan. At least 10 people have died since demonstrations began.

The unrest prompted the president to reshuffle his cabinet, replacing five ministers, including those for finance and security. Prabowo himself, however, remains in power. 

The same could not be said for Nepal, where a wave of “Gen Z” protests toppled the incumbent government and installed a new one, with its “nomination” of a new leader announced on the gaming chat app Discord.

Again, the skull-and-straw-hat flag has been a fixture in these anti-government demonstrations, which erupted after Nepal banned social media platforms like Facebook and X but also criticise widespread corruption and the lavish lifestyle of “nepo kids.”

Protesters torched Parliament, luxury hotels and residences, and the burning skyline became the backdrop for the flying One Piece flag. 

Interim Prime Minister Sushila Karki, Nepal’s first female premier, has taken over from K.P. Sharma Oli, who resigned amid the unrest. At least 72 people have died since the protests began.

On September 13, the flag flew again — this time in the Philippines. Thousands gathered at Manila’s EDSA Shrine, the historic site where millions once toppled a dictator, to protest alleged corruption in flood control projects. 

Demonstrators called for systemic reforms and warned that the misuse of public funds is only a symptom of deeper failures in governance.

More mass protests are planned in the country, prompting the government to place the armed forces on red alert. Though unsaid, it is apparent that there are lingering fear that, as in Nepal and Indonesia, simmering discontent could spill into something larger.

Though their causes and outcomes differ, demonstrations in Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines have united under a single banner: the skull-and-straw hat, co-opted into an emblem of defiance and protest.

Today, the One Piece flag flies not only over imaginary ships but over parliaments and city squares, from Jakarta to Kathmandu to Manila. It is no longer just the banner of a pirate crew, but the shorthand for a demand for justice and freedom.

September 21 will also mark the 53rd anniversary of Martial Law, a period marked by corruption and human rights abuses under the dictatorship of Marcos’s father and namesake.

''Do you blame them for going out to the street? If I wasn't President, I might be out in the streets with them,” Marcos said at a September 15 press briefing. “Of course they are enraged, they are angry. I'm angry. We should all be angry because what's happening is not right.” 

Corruption surrounding flood-control projects has dominated national discourse this month in the Philippines, widely regarded as the world’s most disaster-prone country because of its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, where most of the world’s typhoons form.

Greenpeace Philippines estimated that as much as P1.089 trillion ($18.9 billion) in climate-related spending has been lost to corruption since 2023, including ₱173 million ($3 million) meant for flood-control projects.

The scandal has led to the ouster of Senate President Francis Escudero, whose top campaign donor was a construction magnate whose firm had secured P5.16 billion ($90 million) worth of flood-control contracts. The revelations followed Marcos’s decision to release a list of the top 15 contractors awarded such projects.

“To show that you are enraged, to show that you are angry, to show that you are disappointed, to show that you want justice, to show that you want fairness, what's wrong with that?” Marcos said.  

“I want to show that there is justice. I want to show that there is fairness. I want to hold these people accountable. So, I don't blame them, not one bit.” 

Marcos had said he was “very upset” about the corruption scandal — not disheartened, not just disappointed, but “very, very angry.” 

Fears of Nepal-like protests

Some 267 groups and public figures are expected to gather on Sunday at the EDSA People Power Monument, a historic uprising site where hundreds of thousands of Filipinos massed in 1986 to force the Marcos family into exile.

Another large demonstration is planned for Luneta Park on the same day.

Asked whether he feared the protests might swell to the scale of recent uprisings in Nepal or Indonesia, Marcos said such a scenario would only occur if the government failed to address the root cause.

“You have to remember I brought this up and it is my interest that we find a solution to what has become very egregious problem,” he said. “Since this has all been exposed, well it's actually known to many people but it has now been exposed to the general public.” 

“Just keep it peace ful. It’ll be difficult if it’s not peaceful. We will have to, the police will have to do its duty to maintain peace and order.” 

For some time, the Philippines served as the world’s blueprint for a peaceful uprising. The 1986 People Power Revolution ended the first Marcos presidency, sending the family packing into exile in Hawaii.

Now president, Marcos — who has spent much of his political career attempting to rehabilitate his family’s name — faces a corruption scandal threatening to trigger a mass uprising of his own.

The Philippine president has appointed an independent commission to investigate a decade’s worth of flood-control projects, spanning three presidencies.

Many placards called for justice over the riots of January 2023, which prosecutors allege were incited by Bolsonaro and senior allies.

“There was an attempted coup d’état, there was a threat to the democratic rule of law , and the accusations were proven,” said Marcio, a protester. “He even has a broad right of defence, and now we will reach the end of this trial with the conviction.”

The mobilisation also voiced support for President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s government, which is challenging recent tariffs of up to 50% on Brazilian products imposed by the Trump administration. The measures affect exports including coffee, meat, eggs, sugar, honey, tropical fruits and timber.

“We will not accept any kind of attack from US imperialism on our sovereignty and the wealth produced by our class,” said Juliana, one of the demonstrators.

She also called for accountability beyond the attempted coup. “We need to hold Bolsonaro and his entire troop from the armed forces accountable, not only for the attacks of January 8 and threats to democratic freedoms, but also for the genocide promoted during the pandemic and for so many other crimes that have been ignored.”

Alcides, another protester, said the act was not only against Bolsonaro but also against foreign interference.

“We are in the streets protesting against the intervention of the Trump administration in our country. This act is in defence of democracy and sovereignty. Wearing yellow and green is about defending sovereignty and democracy, so once again the Brazilian people shout loudly: ‘Long live democracy, long live sovereignty!’”

While left-wing groups demonstrated in São Paulo, right-wing supporters also staged rallies in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, calling for amnesty and expressing support for Bolsonaro.

The Lula government has filed a consultation with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to challenge the US tariffs, arguing that the measures are politically motivated and linked to Bolsonaro’s legal troubles.

The small vessels are carrying humanitarian supplies, including rice, biscuits, and milk powder, which are crucial, especially at a time when international agencies have reported clear signs of famine in Gaza.

Activist Muhammad Nadir Al-Nuri said the initiative demonstrates solidarity with civilians in Gaza.

“We are preparing the humanitarian aid. We are bringing on the ships to Gaza to break the siege and feed our children , our brothers and sisters in the Gaza Strip,” he said.

“This is a mission that we are going to go together. We are going to go as one strong power.”

The Global Sumud Flotilla is a coalition of activist groups, including the Freedom Flotilla Coalition, the Maghreb Sumud Flotilla, the Global Movement for Gaza, and the Sumud Nusantara.

The ships are expected to travel through Italy and Tunisia before reaching Gaza in mid-September.

Previous flotillas have attempted similar missions. Some succeeded in delivering aid, while others were intercepted by Israeli forces in international waters, resulting in fatalities.

A flotilla is a group of vessels organised to transport essential supplies such as food and medicine to areas where conventional delivery routes are blocked or restricted. 

Humanitarian flotillas usually operate under international maritime law and with the backing of global organisations.

Israel has repeatedly stated that “unauthorised attempts to breach the blockade are dangerous, unlawful and undermine ongoing humanitarian efforts.” 

Officials have also previously criticised flotillas bound for Gaza, describing them as “selfie yachts of celebrities,” “stunts,” and “Instagram activism,” and alleging possible links to Hamas.

"They will now immediately revoke several policies in the Indonesian House of Representatives … and follow up on the amount of allowances for members of the House of Representatives and the moratorium on working visits to foreign countries,” he said.

The move follows five days of unrest triggered by reports that all 580 lawmakers had been receiving an allowance nearly ten times the Jakarta minimum wage.

Demonstrations escalated after 21-year-old delivery rider Affan Kurniawan was killed by a police armoured vehicle on Thursday. Authorities have confirmed that seven officers are under investigation.

Subianto urged citizens to keep protests peaceful, warning against violence.

“Voice your aspirations in a proper and peaceful manner, without destruction, without violence, without looting, without riots, without acts that damage public facilities,” he said. “If you damage public facilities, it means you are damaging and wasting the people ’s money.”

Calling for calm, the president appealed for unity.

“I sincerely ask all citizens to trust the government and remain calm. The government that I lead, together with all political parties, including those outside the government, is determined to always fight for the interests of the people and the nation,” he said.

On Friday, November 1, Nigeria’s Inspector General of Police arraigned the minors along with 76 suspects at the Federal High Court in Abuja. The defendants, reportedly detained for three months, face a 10-count charge, including accusations of treason, intentions to destabilise Nigeria, and incitement to mutiny by calling for military intervention against President Bola Tinubu's government.

Footage of the minors appearing undernourished while being arraigned circulated widely on social media , drawing strong condemnation from civil society groups and rights advocates.

According to Punch Nigeria , four of the minors collapsed while being called to enter their pleas and were escorted out for medical assistance. The court subsequently granted bail, with trial proceedings scheduled to resume in January, according to defence attorneys.

Amnesty International reported that at least 13 people were killed during clashes with security forces on the protests’ first day, further intensifying scrutiny of the government’s response to the demonstrations. 

In southern Brazil, the fires have claimed lives and pushed dozens of cities into a state of high alert. The combination of extreme heat, prolonged dry conditions, and strong winds has made containing the fires a monumental challenge for authorities.

Millions of acres, particularly in the Amazon rainforest, have been consumed by flames, marking this year as the worst for Amazon fires in nearly a decade.

Indigenous firefighter Aramiri, 49, expressed his frustration over the lack of action. “The situation has started to get worse. I’ve been fighting since 2013, and since then, we’ve been warning about these climate issues, but people didn’t want to listen to us. Now, they’re scrambling to catch up, but it’s already too late. We need to strengthen ourselves today,” he told AFP.

The fires are affecting residents far beyond the immediate fire zones. Thairine Moreno, a 36-year-old biologist from Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, shared her concerns: “I’ve been worried for a long time, but the recent drought and the inability to breathe because of the fires, seeing the sky turn black, has made me even more anxious.”

Retiree Ivan Donnarummo Vieira, 61, added, “I’m elderly, and there are many elderly people in overcrowded hospitals, along with children who are getting sick because they can’t breathe.”

The Brazilian government has launched efforts to address the crisis. President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva announced on social media that the Federal Police have opened 52 investigations into those responsible for the fires. On September 15, Supreme Court Justice Flávio Dino authorised the federal government to allocate additional funds to combat forest fires and hire more firefighters.

Hon. Martin Ojara Mapenduzi, chair of Uganda's Committee on Public Service and Local Government, has spotlighted significant irregularities in recruitment processes to address corruption and improve transparency in local government hiring. He has proposed implementing digital hiring systems to reduce human interactions, thereby aiming to restore public trust. This initiative comes after the Inspector General of Government suspended recruitment in various local governments due to corruption allegations. According to ITWeb , Mapenduzi's committee has uncovered evidence of political interference in hiring practices, contravening the Local Government Act, which has contributed to a staggering annual economic loss of USh9 trillion (approximately $2.4 billion) for Uganda, positioning the country 141st out of 180 on Transparency International's 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index.

Climate action

Climate Rights International, a U.S.-based human rights watchdog, has raised alarm over the adverse effects of oil development activities by the China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) along Uganda's Lake Albert coast. Their report, derived from extensive interviews, indicates widespread suffering among local communities, marked by forced displacements and alleged human rights abuses attributed to Ugandan government forces. Key issues highlighted by ABC News include inadequate compensation and coercive land acquisition practices, painting a grim picture of a project intended to spur economic growth via the East Africa Crude Oil Pipeline. Despite claims from Ugandan officials that the project will alleviate poverty, critics have branded it a "human rights disaster," fostering a climate of fear among local populations. Oil production is slated to commence by 2026, with an estimated investment of $15 billion.

New World Bank leader

In a notable appointment, the World Bank has named Mr. Qimiao Fan as the Country Director for Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, and Uganda, effective September 1, 2024. With an impressive tenure of over 35 years within the institution, Fan will oversee a robust portfolio of 102 projects valued at $17.2 billion, Mirage News reports. A Chinese national, Fan has held various leadership roles within the World Bank since 1991, also having acquired experience in Cambodia, Belarus, and South Asia, alongside capabilities developed through his private sector roles in China. Holding a PhD in Economics from the University of Birmingham, Fan will operate from Nairobi, Kenya, marking a significant step for the region's development agenda.

Anti-corruption protests

On Monday, Ugandan security officers arrested four female protesters who marched to parliament topless, protesting corruption and demanding the resignation of parliament speaker Anita Among. The protesters, part of the 'Uganda Freedom Activists,' carried anti-graft placards and painted their upper torsos in Ugandan flag colours. Citizen Digital reports they were intercepted by police and placed under custody. The protesters demanded a lifestyle audit of parliamentarians and accountability from the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) following the August death of at least 35 people at a Kampala dumpsite.

Change in mobile money use

Uganda's inflation rate for August dropped to 3.5%, the lowest in 15 months, down from 4% in July, according to the Ugandan Bureau of Statistics as reported by The Monitor. The decrease was partly due to a reduction in mobile money-sending charges. Samuel Echoku, head of macroeconomics at the Bureau, noted that mobile money inflation fell from 13.4% in July to 10.8% in August. Despite this, Business Insider Africa reports service costs remained the largest contributor to inflation, decreasing slightly from 6.5% to 6.2%. While mobile money is an effective way to combat high transfer fees, it faces challenges from taxes and other fees.

"When it started, I was in my house, which isn’t too far from the Pakistani area in Middlesbrough. It felt like we were a target. They literally targeted the street behind me, and it was really bad. I could hear the screaming and shouting - it was scary," Oluwasemilore recalled.

As the chaos unfolded outside, Oluwasemilore was also confronted with disturbing videos circulating online, showing attacks on people of colour and Muslims.

"That moment when I made that viral video, it was really bad. I was terrified and scared, knowing that I could get attacked for my skin colour without doing anything. It was a scary point in my life," he told GSW.

The traumatic experience has left a traumatizing impact on Oluwasemilore, who now feels constantly on edge in his daily life in Middlesbrough. "It has traumatized me so much that when I walk the streets of Middlesbrough, I’m always looking around, especially because it’s a really white-dominated area. That’s why the impact was huge. I’m always very cautious; I wasn’t like that when I first came here."

The filmmaker also shared that the riots have made him feel unsafe to the point where he avoids going out at night. "Since these riots, I’m always very wary of my environment. I can’t even take night walks anymore because you don’t know who hates you."

Anti-racism march

As the riots have simmered, the psychological toll and business losses that the riots have caused residents, especially those from minority communities are profound.

Some businesses are reportedly still counting losses as the riots have resulted in substantial property damage, stock losses, and a decline in sales as shoppers prefer to stay indoors.

Meanwhile, thousands of anti-racism protesters have since gathered in towns and cities across England in response to the riots. Stand Up to Racism organised up to 22 'Stop the Far Right' demonstrations on August 10 in cities including London, Manchester, and Birmingham.

The unrest was sparked earlier this month by a fatal knife attack on children in Southport, which misinformation on social media falsely attributed to an illegal immigrant and Muslim. 

Amid growing outrage, Macaya resigned as president of the conservative Independent Democratic Union (UDI) on July 23. In his resignation statement, he emphasized his intention to protect the minors involved and his party’s performance, stating, "I would never allow a family situation, however painful, to further affect the minors involved and also the performance of my party."

However, Macaya remains a senator, as Chilean law does not permit members of Congress to resign from their posts. One protester voiced the public sentiment, telling AFP, “I find that a senator of the Republic cannot be in Congress when he has lied to the whole country.”

Eduardo Macaya, 72, was sentenced to six years in prison for repeated sexual abuse of minors. Initially taken to Rancagua prison on July 19 for preventive detention, the appeals court overturned this decision on July 22, placing him under house arrest instead.

President Yoweri Museveni had previously cautioned against the protest in a televised address, warning participants they would be "playing with fire" if they proceeded. Nevertheless, the demonstrators went ahead with the march as planned.

"We are tired of corruption," shouted Samson Kiriya, a protester from behind the bars of a police van, as reported by AFP. Another protester, speaking from under a seat in a police vehicle, urged, "I am urging all the young people out there in Uganda to come out in large numbers."

President Yoweri Museveni, in a televised address, cautioned protesters against proceeding with the march, warning they would be "playing with fire." He emphasised the government's focus on economic development, stating, "We are busy producing wealth… and you here want to disturb us. You are playing with fire because we cannot allow you to disturb us."

However, organisers of the planned protest say they won’t back down despite the warnings from police and President Museveni. Journalist, Makana Kennedy Ndyamuhaki, one of the organisers stated that they are not intimidated.

Ndyamuhaki wrote on the social media platform X (formerly Twitter), "We're not intimidated! We stand firm for our rights 2 #March2Parliament to assert our freedom & demand accountability!"

The protest movement draws inspiration from recent events in neighbouring Kenya, where youth-led demonstrations compelled President William Ruto to abandon plans to increase taxes. The Kenyan protests have since escalated into demands for Ruto's resignation.

To suppress the planned march, Ugandan police allegedly surrounded and raided the headquarters of the opposition National Unity Platform (NUP) on Monday, July 22.

The NUP reported roadblocks leading to their headquarters and claimed that "several party leaders have been violently arrested."

Although the protests are not officially organised by the NUP, its leader Bobi Wine affirmed the party's support, saying, "We support them with all our might."

President Museveni, who has been in power since 1986, faces accusations from numerous international human rights organisations of suppressing dissent. Activists and opposition leaders have repeatedly been harassed and threatened for voicing anti-government sentiments.

Uganda police are preparing for a youth-led anti-corruption protest in response to President Museveni's warning. Three opposition lawmakers have been remanded in custody. The rally has been organised online and is inspired by similar protests in Kenya, Citizen Digital reports.

Police force raid political wing’s headquarters

Uganda police raided Uganda political wing National Unity Platform’s (NUP) headquarters ahead of a planned march to protest corruption. The party reported roadblocks and violent arrests of leaders. The police warned against the march and President Yoweri Museveni blamed protests on opposition collusion with foreigners. The NUP claims its candidates were abducted and tortured during the last election. According to the Jurist , activists and opposition leaders in Uganda are consistently harassed and threatened for expressing anti-government views.

President says protestors are “playing with fire”

Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni warned youth protestors against disturbing economic prosperity. “we are busy producing wealth…and you here want to disturb us. You are playing with fire because we cannot allow you to disturb us,” Museveni said. Police cracked down on opposition parties and arrested legislators in anticipation of the youth-led anti-corruption “March2Parliament” protests on July 23. The youth-planned march to parliament is in response to the long-running issue of government corruption in Uganda. Grievances also include calls for the President's resignation. Increased security presence indicates the President's unwillingness to listen to concerns. Human Rights Watch warns of potential for lethal force against protestors, Atlas News reports.

Protesters refuse to back down

Ugandan protesters are planning a march against corruption despite warnings from police and President Yoweri Museveni. The planned protests come in response to widespread corruption in parliament, exposed over the last six months. President Museveni has warned protesters that they are "playing with fire," but the right to peaceful protest is anchored in Uganda's constitution. The influence of ongoing demonstrations in neighbouring Kenya is also being felt in Uganda. The government's repression of dissent and history of brutality against protesters raises concerns, but some are determined to insist on their right to peaceful protest, DW reports.

Pilgrims to Nyerere's ancestral home

Uganda is sending 200 pilgrims to commemorate former Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere's legacy and the 25th anniversary of the East African Community at his ancestral home in Tanzania. The event will focus on youth involvement in regional integration and criticise EAC leaders for internal conflicts. Tanzanian Ambassador to Uganda urged Africans to resist external pressures and strive to build a more just, equitable, and united Africa, the Monitor reports.

Despite a moratorium on plantation permits imposed by President Joko Widodo in 2018, the total area of palm oil plantations in Indonesia has continued to grow. The latest land mapping survey indicates that the plantations now cover 17.3 million hectares, up from 14.32 million hectares in 2018, according to Reuters .

Cuban President Diaz-Canel has declared an official period of mourning following the death of Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi. The mourning will be observed from May 21 to May 22, and the Cuban national flag will be flown at half-staff, according to TeleSur . Raisi is remembered for his contribution to the friendship and cooperation between Cuba and Iran. The Iranian President and Foreign Affairs Minister died in a helicopter crash, along with other notable figures.

Cuba and Syria file suit to get off terrorist list

Cuba and Syria are suing to be removed from the US State Department's terrorist list. They argue that the US is the main sponsor of terrorism and supports radical groups in Syria, according to Prensa Latina . Cuba also claims that the US is trying to confuse public opinion with its recent decision to remove Cuba from the list of uncooperative countries while still labelling it as a sponsor of terrorism.

President expresses solidarity with Iranians

Cuban President Díaz-Canel has expressed solidarity with Iran after the presidential helicopter crash leading to the death of Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi and his Foreign Affairs Minister on May 19. "We express to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and the beloved people of the Islamic Republic of Iran our solidarity and best wishes and hopes that President Raisi and his companions will be located without affecting their health,” Díaz-Canel said.

Bolivian activists unveil mural to condemn US blockade against Cuba

Bolivian activists unveiled a mural in solidarity with Cuba and Palestine to protest the US blockade against Cuba. The event was attended by various activist groups and was part of a programme approved at the 9th Congress of the Bolivian Movement of Solidarity with Cuba, according to Prensa Latina . In July, they plan to collect powdered milk for Cuban children as part of their campaign.

International Conference for World Balance

Cuba will host the 6 th  International Conference for World Balance in January 2025, bringing together a diverse group of individuals and organisations committed to social justice, peace, and global development. According to the Cuban News Agency, the conference is supported by various international institutions and will focus on the transition towards multilateralism and sustainable human development. This event has been held in Cuba since 2003 and has gained increasing attention from prominent figures in politics, academia, and civil society, Cuban News Agency reports.

The mass wedding is supported by the Speaker of the Niger State Assembly, Abdulmalik Sarkin-Daji. He announced the event in an interview with journalists on May 7, as reported by the Guardian Nigeria .

Amid widespread outrage, Sarkin-Daji denied any coercion in the planned marriages. He explained that he was approached by religious and traditional leaders in his constituency to support less privileged parents whose children were due for marriage.

According to presidential aide Abiodun Essiet, the Imams Forum of Niger is determined to proceed with the mass wedding, insisting that the plan does not violate any part of Nigeria’s constitution.

"The Niger State Imam Forum has vowed to go ahead with the marriage plan on grounds that it did not contravene any sections of the Nigerian constitution and teachings of Islam," Essiet shared on social media.

"My team has visited the communities where the orphans live and discovered that some of the orphans are underage and have dropped out of school," she added.

Human rights activists in Nigeria have responded by launching a petition to stop the plan, which had garnered 10,500 signatures by May 17, according to the BBC .

Despite Nigeria's legal age of consent being 18, early marriage remains prevalent. International non-governmental organisation Girls Not Brides reports that 30.3% of girls and 1.6% of boys in Nigeria are married before their 18th birthday, and 12.3% of girls are married before the age of 15.

Moroccan activist Abdul Rahman Zankad has been sentenced to five years in prison for criticising Morocco's decision to normalise relations with Israel. He was found guilty of insulting a constitutional institution and incitement as well as fined $5,000. According to Memo , authorities detained the activist affiliated with Morocco’s Al Adl Wal Ihsane in March 2024 following his Facebook posts discussing the conflict in Gaza and Rabat's recent move to forge diplomatic relations with Tel Aviv. The banned association Al Adl Wal Ihsane condemned the ruling, stating it reflects authoritarianism and tyranny in the state. The sentencing has raised concerns about restrictions on freedom of expression in Morocco.

Boat with 54 irregular migrants intercepted

The Royal Armed Forces intercepted a boat with 54 irregular migrants near Dakhla, Morocco on April 10. This is part of a larger trend, with approximately 6,600 individuals attempting to cross to the Canary Islands in January alone. The migrants were identified as sub-Saharan and Asian and were found 186 kilometres south of Dakhla, Morocco World News reveals . Despite efforts to curb migration, the Canary Islands route has seen a tenfold increase in irregular migrant arrivals in January, with Morocco, Algeria, and Bangladesh being the main origins of these migrants. The escalating unrest, economic stagnation, and political upheaval in the Sahel region have exacerbated the situation, prompting many desperate individuals to seek entry into Europe via the Spanish archipelago.

Unprecedented heat waves

Morocco is set to experience a heatwave and strong winds in multiple provinces, with temperatures expected to reach 35 to 42 degrees Celsius in some areas. The country has been investing in water infrastructure to mitigate the effects of water shortages caused by consecutive heat waves. The lack of rainfall has left dams at less than 40% capacity. However, the government is working to accelerate the construction of desalination plants, with several set to open in the coming years, Morocco World News suggests.

Video game market to witness 9% growth rate

Between 2024 and 2027, the video game industry in Morocco is anticipated to grow steadily at an annual rate of 9.39%. This growth trajectory is forecasted to lead to sales reaching $227.3 million in 2024 and escalating to $297.5 million by 2027, reports Morocco World News . With 8.4 million users expected in 2027, downloadable games represent the largest segment of the market. The industry's major revenue sources are in-game purchases, in-game consumer spending, and subscription fees. The market is catching the attention of global leaders in the gaming and e-sports sectors, with potential investment prospects being explored.

Drug trafficking attempts thwarted

On April 10, 2024, Moroccan national security forces, in collaboration with customs services stationed at the Beni Ansar centre in northeastern Morocco's Nador province, effectively intercepted an international trafficking attempt involving psychotropic drugs. They seized over 1,400 psychotropic tablets and arrested a 56-year-old Spanish national in connection with the case. According to Morocco World News , the suspect has been detained for a judicial inquiry overseen by the Judicial Police Brigade in Nador and the relevant public prosecutor's office. The ongoing investigations aim to determine whether this transnational criminal activity has consequences at local or global levels. To uphold social order, Moroccan police deploy additional forces for security operations during national holidays such as Eid Al Fitr.

The constitutional reform approved by Togo's parliament in late March, aimed to transition the nation from a presidential to a parliamentary system . However, this move has stoked considerable debate and opposition.

The reform hands executive power to a figure similar to a prime minister, reducing the presidency to a largely symbolic role. Critics fear this could allow the current President, Faure Gnassingbé, to remain in power.

The Gnassingbé family has ruled Togo since a coup in 1967, with Faure Gnassingbé in power since 2005, succeeding his father, Gnassingbé Eyadéma who ruled for 38 years.

The government's decision to delay the elections is said to be a response to the need for more consultations over the reform, which has been met with resistance from opposition parties and civil society.

The opposition's concerns are not unfounded, given that they are poorly represented in Togo's parliament, which allowed the constitutional change to be approved almost unanimously - with only one legislator voting against and one other abstaining.

According to Sierra Leone Times, opposition coalitions, including the National Alliance for Change (ANC) party, have pledged to obstruct the passage of the bill into law and have called for demonstrations.

Nine opposition activists were detained last week for purportedly disturbing public order. They were released on April 9, with their spokesperson, Thomas Kokou Nsoukpoe, denouncing the arrests as arbitrary and abusive.

The Togolese government again on April 9, refused permission to a coalition of five opposition parties to stage a three-day protest against the legislative reform.

Authorities stated that the organisers of the planned rallies on April 11, had not applied for permits in due time, and permitting them would disrupt public order.

In a separate notice, the government declared the planned three-day protest over the arrest of opposition figures and the new legislation illegal, further heightening the situation.

Coal and lignite production in India reached a billion-tonne mark on March 22, a 7% increase from the previous fiscal year. The move is attributed to the Modi government's reforms since 2014. The government is pushing domestic output to reduce imports and aims to be self-sufficient by March 2025. The achievement is expected to benefit power consumers as coal-fired plants supply over 70% of the national grid, Times of India reports.

Anti-piracy operation

India brought 35 accused Somali pirates to Mumbai following the recapture of a hijacked bulk carrier. The pirates are expected to face trial in India and could potentially face the death penalty. According to reports , the operation also led to the rescue of 17 crew members. India's navy has increased anti-piracy efforts in response to a surge in maritime assaults.

Political unrest

Hundreds of protesters in India's capital, New Delhi, demanded the immediate release of Arvind Kejriwal, a top rival of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, as the country prepares for a national election. Kejriwal was arrested by the federal Enforcement Directorate, accusing his party and ministers of accepting 1 billion rupees ($12 million) in bribes from liquor contractors two years ago. His Aam Aadmi Party denied the accusations and said Kejriwal would remain Delhi's chief minister, AP news reported.

Bilateral ties with Bhutan

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated on March 23 a hospital for women and children in Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan, during a two-day visit. The hospital, built with Indian assistance, will double India's assistance for Bhutan's five-year plan. The hospital, which has state-of-the-art facilities for paediatrics, gynaecology, obstetrics, anesthesiology, operation theatre, neonatal intensive care, and pediatric intensive care, will add value to the quality of mother and child health services in Bhutan, Hindustan Times reported. “Inaugurated the Gyaltsuen Jetsun Pema Wangchuck Mother and Child Hospital, which stands as a beacon of hope for several families, offering quality healthcare. This facility embodies a commitment to nurturing a healthy future generation,” Modi said in a post on X (formerly Twitter).

Navy's commitment to security

Indian Navy Chief Admiral R Hari Kumar stated that no Indian-flagged vessel has been targeted by the Houthis. The Navy has been actively engaged in anti-piracy, anti-missile, and anti-drone operations, emphasizing its mission to maintain a safe, secure, and stable Indian Ocean Region, according to NDTV . The Maritime Anti-Piracy Act of 2022, has empowered the Navy to take affirmative action to protect Indian nationals and vessels, as evidenced by the recent apprehension of 35 pirates off the coast of Somalia.

Saleh Nikbakht, the lawyer of Mahsa Amini's family, received this award on behalf of her family.

Since 1988, the Sakharov Prize has been awarded annually to individuals and organizations that defend human rights and freedom.

In September 2022, Mahsa Amini's death in the hands of Iranian regime forces led to the "Women, Life, Freedom" protest movement in Iran.

Initially, the parents and brother of Gina Amini were supposed to receive the award in Strasbourg, but the authorities of the Islamic Republic prevented them from travelling and confiscated their passports.

Before the awarding of the Sakharov Prize, Mrs Roberta Metsula, the President of the European Parliament, criticized the Islamic Republic of Iran for preventing the family of Mahsa Amini from travelling to receive the award, saying that the people of Iran face such restrictions and pressures daily.

Metsoula described the courage and resistance of Iranian women as unstoppable in their efforts to achieve justice, freedom and human rights.

Saleh Nikbakht, the lawyer of Mehsa Amini's family, appeared on their behalf at the headquarters of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, and read the message of Mozhgan Eftekhari, the mother of the murdered activist.

On Tuesday, during a ceremony on behalf of Mahsa Gina Amini and the movement, the award was presented to Merceda Shahinkar, who lost her eye during protests, and Afsun Najafi, the sister of Hadis Najafi, one of the victims of the revolutionary uprising.

Mozhgan Eftekhari said in her message , which was read by Saleh Nikkhbet, that grief of Zina's death is eternal for her and stressed that her daughter's name would remain as a symbol of freedom along with the name of Jean-Darque (French national hero).

In the message, she also mentioned the travel ban on her and her family and said that the Islamic Republic denied them the opportunity to attend this event and receive the Freedom Symbol Award of the European Parliament against all legal and humanitarian standards.

In response to this incident on Monday, 188 members of the European Parliament asked the Islamic Republic to allow Mehsa Gina Amini's family to leave the country to receive the Sakharov Prize.

They said that this restriction was made to silence the Amini family so that they could not condemn the repressions of the Islamic Republic.

At the ceremony, the President of the European Parliament, Weberta Mtsula, called the defence of the dignity of every human being and universal acceptance of human rights as comprehensive challenges that still exist and said that the European Parliament has been working in this field for 35 years with the Sakharov Prize.

She described Mahsa Gina Amini as "a girl with dreams of a better life" and said her murder showed the disgusting injustice of the authorities of the Islamic Republic, but later, her voice was echoed in the streets by all Iranians.

According to the president of the European Parliament, since Mehsa's murder, hundreds of protesters have been killed and thousands of people have been arrested in Iran.

Iranian diplomats and militia have long boasted about their regional influence through financing and backing Shia proxy groups such as Al Hashd Alshabi in Iraq the Houthis in Yemen, Palestinian Islamic Jihad in the West Bank and Hizbollah. 

However, many Iranians see the “Axis of resistance” as a bad investment by the regime drawing cash and focus away from domestic challenges and attracting enmity and isolation on the wider international stage. Economic sanctions on Iran are often justified by its support for groups the West defines as terrorist.  

It appears that some Iranians may not be as dedicated to the aspirations of Palestine as officials hope or desire.

During a televised debate on a show called “To the Horizon of Gaza”, the renowned Iranian economist and journalist, Saeed Leilaz, expressed concern over the lack of public participation in an endeavour called “Action for Gaza”. He said: “It is very saddening for me to say that donations for aid to Gaza and Afghanistan earthquake victims combined, amounted to only 17 billion Tomans (approx. $327,000) during two weeks. This is not our national capacity.”

He continued: “If we do not return to the people, it will manifest itself in a crisis similar to the Gaza crisis and we will be stuck”. (Video available here)

In some cases, a reluctance to support the Palestinian cause has swollen into outright opposition to Hamas.

Earlier this month, Iran’s Persian Gulf Pro League (PGPL) Perspolis-Golgohar football match in Azadi stadium in Tehran was tainted by tension between Pro-Hamas fans and their opponents. When flags of Palestine were hoisted, one group of fans responded by chanting: “Shove Palestine flag up your a**”.

During another game between Esteghlal and Hawadar on October 28 at the Azadi stadium, fans blew their horns and booed during a minute silence for the victims of the conflict.

The funeral of distinguished Iranian director, Dariush Mehrjui, was another public sphere that became a national scene where the two antagonist parties clashed. The managing director of Cinema House, Marzieh Boroumand, gave a speech during which she made remarks about fighting against Israel. She addressed authorities by saying: “Be good to us and we will fight against Israel and the Zionist regime”. She was booed by the audience who continued to chant : “No Gaza, No Lebanon, I sacrifice my life for Iran”.

Alef News, an online news station owned by Ahmad Tavakoli, a member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (The Parliament), insisted however that protesters were a small group who had been sponsored by the “Zionist regime”.

Historically, slogans against supporting Gaza and Lebanon have been an integral part of protests against the regime in Iran. The slogan heard at the funeral is, in fact, a familiar call first coined during nationwide economic protests of 2017-2018. It was picked up by dissidents including workers from the national steel company; protesters in the city of Shiraz; and pensioners in the city of Ahwaz, and later spread all over the nation. In recent weeks, the call was heard again on various occasions including during protests in Zahedan province which recurs almost every Friday after mass prayers.

In response to this call, supporters of Hamas and Palestine respond in pro-Palestine rallies by chanting: “Both Gaza and Lebanon, I sacrifice my life for Islam”.

Some opposition leaders in Iran have also made a stance against dominant discourse in order to voice the perspectives of their followers. Public figures including Abdolhamid IsmaeelZahi, the most influential leader of the Sunni community in Iran, and Fatemeh Sepehri, political activist and a face of Mahsa Amini Protests, have been vocal about opposing the government’s policy in supporting Gaza and Hamas. During a recent sermon, Abdolhamid asked the regime to stop “pursuing (the idea of) destruction of Israel”. He added: “Cry out for the destruction of Israel is pointless”. Fatemeh Sepehri, outright condemned attacks by Hamas and said in a statement from prison: “Iranian people will stand with Israel”.

As defying displays of solidarity with Palestinians become more prevalent, state-run demonstrations have turn into festivals where food and refreshments are offered to attract attendees. In an event, free cucumbers were offered in return for the audience chanting “Down with Israel”.

Despite the opposition, a survey conducted by the Ministry of Culture and Guidance claims that more than 68 per cent of Iranians agree with the regime’s decision to support Palestine.

The Islamic leaders of Iran have linked themselves with the fortunes of Palestinians for decades. Khaled Qadoumi, the spokesman of Hamas in Iran, said recently: "Conventions to support the Palestinian people are as important as the rockets of the resistance."

While the physical fighting between Israel and Hamas remains relatively constrained regionally, the propaganda battle has already spread.