According to IMF projections cited and analysed by The African Exponent , Africa’s ten largest economies in 2026 reflect a mix of resource strength, population size, industrial capacity, and policy direction.

South Africa is projected to remain Africa’s largest economy in 2026, with a nominal GDP of about $401.6 billion. Despite slow growth in recent years, the country continues to benefit from its diversified economy, strong financial sector, and advanced industrial base.

Close behind is Egypt, with an estimated $399.5 billion GDP. Egypt’s rise has been driven by large-scale infrastructure investment, expansion in energy production, and aggressive economic reforms.

As The African Exponent has noted in previous coverage, Egypt’s strategic positioning as a trade and logistics hub linking Africa, the Middle East , and Europe continues to strengthen its economic weight.

Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, is projected to rank third with a GDP of roughly $334.3 billion. Oil and gas still play a central role, but growth in telecommunications, fintech, agriculture, and entertainment has diversified parts of the economy.

However, the African Exponent has consistently pointed out that currency instability, inflation, and policy uncertainty remain key constraints on Nigeria’s full economic potential.

Algeria is expected to rank fourth at $285.0 billion, buoyed largely by hydrocarbons and higher global energy demand. While diversification remains a challenge, state spending and energy exports continue to anchor the economy.

Morocco, at $196.1 billion, rounds out the top five. Its strength lies in manufacturing, agriculture, tourism, and the growing automotive and aerospace industries. The African Exponent frequently highlights Morocco as one of Africa’s most strategically diversified economies.

Kenya and Ethiopia signal East Africa’s growing economic relevance. Kenya has approximately $140.9 billion, driven by services, finance, ICT, and regional trade. Ethiopia is also around $125.7 billion, supported by manufacturing, agriculture, and state-led industrialisation.

Despite debt pressures and foreign exchange shortages, Ethiopia’s long-term growth fundamentals continue to attract attention across African economic commentary.

Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, and Angola finalise the list as Ghana sits at $113.5 billion, supported by gold, cocoa, and oil, though fiscal pressures persist. Côte d’Ivoire comes in with $111.5 billion, as one of West Africa’s fastest-growing economies, driven by agriculture and infrastructure. Angola, with $109.9 billion, is heavily dependent on oil but showing gradual signs of reform.

The African Exponent has noted that Côte d’Ivoire’s steady growth contrasts sharply with more volatile commodity-dependent economies, making it one of the continent’s most closely watched performers.

These rankings are based on nominal GDP, not purchasing power or living standards. What this really tells us is where capital, infrastructure, and policy focus are currently concentrated. It also highlights Africa’s continued reliance on a handful of large economies to drive continental growth.

Key proposed changes

One of the proposals would introduce an educational requirement for presidential candidates, making proof of a certain level of education a condition for running for the office.

Another proposal seeks to formalise the presidential swearing-in process, including specifying the authority before which the oath is taken and who administers it.

The draft amendments would also allow the president to call early local elections , a power not clearly defined under current rules.

In the judicial sector, the proposals suggest removing the requirement for Supreme Judicial Council approval for certain judicial appointments and transfers, arguing that the president already serves as head of the council.

There is also a proposal to extend the term of the Speaker of the National Assembly from three to six years, to ensure continuity and institutional stability.

Other changes include adjusting the parliamentary session calendar, allowing more flexibility in opening sessions in September while maintaining a 10-month duration. 

Judiciary and elections  

The draft amendments propose changes to the composition of the Supreme Judicial Council, removing some appointed and representative members and adding the Attorney General of the Supreme Court.

On elections, the government wants to expand the oversight role of the Independent National Election Authority, while assigning logistical and material preparations to the public administration.

Two transitional provisions are also proposed. One would allow for temporary measures to avoid constitutional gaps, particularly during the partial renewal of parliament. The other would set clear deadlines for institutions to comply with new legal structures following reforms. The proposals were presented during a special seminar overseen by Prime Minister Sifi Gharib, attended by senior government officials, political party leaders and representatives of the Independent National Election Authority.

The win came through a late strike from Adil Boulbina, sending Algeria into the next round of the tournament in Morocco.

Nkuka is known for replicating the iconic pose of DR Congo’s national hero, Dr Patrice Lumumba—a key figure in Africa’s anti-colonial struggle.

After the match, Amoura was filmed mimicking the same pose before dramatically dropping to the ground, which many interpreted as mocking Congo’s defeat.

The act drew criticism from fans across Africa. In response, the VfL Wolfsburg forward took to Instagram to explain his actions and apologise.

“The match against Congo was a big match, very intense, with a lot of tension and emotion on the pitch. I want to clarify one thing: at that moment, I was not aware of what the person or the symbol present in the stands represented. I simply wanted to tease, in a good-natured spirit, without any bad intention or any desire to provoke anyone,” Amoura wrote.

“I respect Congo and its team. Honestly, I wish them the best, and I hope they qualify for the World Cup. If my attitude may have been misunderstood, I sincerely regret it, because that was absolutely not my intention,” he added.

Algerian police in Bechar have recovered gold jewellery valued at more than 3 billion centimes, along with 500 million centimes in cash, following a robbery at a family residence. The operation was carried out by the search and intervention squad of the provincial judicial police service, El Khabar reports. Three suspects, including two women, were arrested on charges of forming a criminal gang and carrying out theft using counterfeit keys. After obtaining authorisation from prosecutors, police searched the suspects’ homes, recovering most of the stolen items. Legal proceedings have been initiated, and the suspects have been referred to the competent prosecution office.

Libraries embrace digitisation

Experts and academics have called for accelerated digitisation of Algeria’s cultural heritage, as the Third National Forum on the Role of Libraries in Documenting, Digitising and Promoting Cultural Heritage concluded in Constantine. Hosted by the Mustafa Natour Public Reading Library, the forum emphasised that libraries are no longer just repositories of books but have become digital gateways safeguarding national memory. Speakers highlighted the growing role of artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and digital mediation in preserving manuscripts and making heritage more accessible to younger, tech-savvy generations. Presentations included case studies on manuscript digitisation, AI-assisted cataloguing, and the integration of archives and libraries to ensure both authenticity and public access to cultural heritage.

Algeria emerges as a key energy hub in Africa

Energy and Renewable Energies Minister Mourad Adjal has declared Algeria a major energy hub at the continental level, citing large-scale infrastructure projects aimed at transforming the country’s energy landscape. Speaking at the launch of an 82-megawatt solar power plant in Ghardaia, the minister highlighted the “energy century project,” which will connect northern and southern Algeria through an electricity grid spanning over 1,600 kilometres, El Massa reports. The Ghardaia facility, covering 200 hectares, is expected to strengthen photovoltaic capacity and create jobs during construction and operation. Adjal also inspected works on a high-voltage substation designed to boost electricity supply to households, farms, and industries, urging faster completion before the end of next year.

Law criminalising French colonialism

Algeria’s National Defence Committee has held consultations on a proposed law criminalising French colonialism, describing it as a step toward justice, accountability, and preservation of national memory. The draft law , spanning five chapters and 27 articles, seeks to legally define colonial crimes committed between 1830 and 1962, demand official recognition and apology from France, and provide for material and moral compensation. It also includes provisions against glorifying colonialism and calls for the cleanup of nuclear test sites, return of archives and cultural property, and repatriation of remains of resistance figures. The proposal is expected to be debated in the People’s National Assembly next week.

32 online fraud networks dismantled

Algerian security services have dismantled 32 criminal networks specialising in online fraud and scams, arresting 197 people, including suspects linked to an international network operating from Asia. Authorities said the networks used phishing, malware, social engineering, and impersonation tactics, causing financial losses exceeding 52.9 billion centimes, alongside additional sums in foreign currencies. Suspects are expected to be presented before regional prosecutors.

Under the proposal, citizenship would be more closely linked to “genuine ties” to the state, including long-term residence, good conduct and social and linguistic integration. The change is aimed at preventing abuse of existing rules and reducing broad interpretations that have emerged over time.

The draft law also introduces clearer grounds for stripping nationality in exceptional cases, such as involvement in terrorism, actions that seriously harm state interests, or allegiance to a foreign power. Any such decision would require a presidential decree, prior warnings and the right to challenge the move through legal channels.

Officials stress that the changes are meant to close legal loopholes in order to preserve citizenship revocation as a last resort.

Because of this, it has become a central focus for both the US and China in terms of economic and political influence. Prior to 2023, China gained the upper hand with its focus on non-intervention and economic collaboration, particularly through the Belt and Road programme. Following the war that erupted on October 7, China has engaged in the region much more actively, and its popularity has soared.

Since its founding, the People’s Republic of China has built its foreign policy on the “five principles of peaceful coexistence”. These principles, known as “mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence”, have been China’s “red lines” both during the Cold War and in subsequent years. China remained outside the bipolar system of the Cold War and opted for a “third way” by supporting the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement at the Bandung Conference in 1955. Despite the entry into a period of détente in international politics in the 1970s, China’s approach to non-alignment with any polarisation persisted, leading the country to make “non-alliance” a state policy in 1982. 

A clean record

MENA countries were among the regions where China’s fundamental foreign policy principles were practically implemented. At the aforementioned Bandung Conference, China established contact with nationalist parties in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, which were under French rule at the time, as well as in independent Libya. These initial contacts exemplified the parties’ revolutionary and anti-colonial solidarity. In the Middle East, diplomatic relations between China and the Gulf countries, in particular, began with Iraq in 1958, followed by Iran and Kuwait (1971), Oman (1978), the United Arab Emirates (1984), Qatar (1988), Bahrain (1989) and Saudi Arabia (1990). As can be seen, these countries, having gained their independence from Western colonial rule, quickly established a rapprochement with China. 

Following the end of the Cold War, relations between China and the MENA region entered a period of further development. MENA countries viewed China as a power with which to cooperate because it lacked a history of colonialism, military intervention, or regime change in the region. China, on the other hand, aimed to establish multi-layered interaction with the region to realise its interests within the emerging international system. To this end, China proactively established the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2000, followed by the China–Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF) four years later. 

The Arab Spring, which began in Tunisia at the end of 2010 and then spread throughout MENA, initiated a transformational process whose effects would last for years. People living in MENA began protesting against the authoritarian regimes in their countries that had long deprived them of economic prosperity and fundamental rights and freedoms. This wave of uprisings created the potential to fundamentally reshape the region’s “political ecology”. While historically significant developments were taking place in MENA, China’s regional strategy was embodied in the Belt and Road Initiative, which funds infrastructure aimed at bolstering international economic links. For China, the region provided an opportunity to prioritise its economic and geostrategic interests and place less emphasis on political engagement. Despite the liberal ideals of the Arab Spring, the persistence of autocratic and nationalist regimes in the region has also presented a positive picture for China. Regimes in the region have prioritised economic growth and development over democratisation. This has opened the door for China to promote an alternative to the liberal order created by the West after 1945. 

Through the Belt and Road Initiative, China has established a successful method for achieving its desired goals. In exchange for energy agreements signed with MENA countries, which represent a strong option for meeting China’s need for energy resources such as oil and natural gas, China has built infrastructure and transportation projects in the region. These partnerships, which foster a win–win relationship between the parties, have significantly contributed to China’s interaction with the non-Western world. Unlike Western powers, which lost prestige in the region, particularly for their open support of opposition movements during the Arab Spring, China is perceived as a reliable actor by governments in MENA. Driven by this momentum, China signed strategic partnership agreements with Qatar, Iraq, Kuwait and Oman, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates between 2014 and 2018. Furthermore, in addition to striving to establish partnerships with MENA countries through bilateral relations and regional forums, China has also worked to mediate conflict resolution in the region. On 10 March 2023, Iran and Saudi Arabia, mediated by China, agreed to re-establish diplomatic relations. Bringing two strategic MENA actors, who had not had diplomatic contact since 2016, to the same table strengthened China’s prestige significantly. 

During this period, China presented a position in MENA radically different from the colonialism, use of military force, and conditional aid to achieve economic interests pursued by Western powers, particularly the US. China’s MENA strategy, particularly in the post-Arab Spring period, was based on a theoretical foundation of soft power and anti-colonialism. 

Change of approach

The events of 7 October, 2023 changed everything in the region and inevitably led to a shift in China’s approach connected to its long-standing support for Palestinian statehood. Since establishing the Special Representative for the Middle East in 2002, China has sought to host peace talks between Palestine and Israel and current Chinese President Xi Jinping has presented draft peace plans to the parties at various times. In these draft peace plans, China emphasised the importance of global recognition of the State of Palestine, the continuation of negotiations between Palestine and Israel, and the role of the international community in guaranteeing Palestinian sovereignty. These proposals were also included in the Arab Policy Paper published by China in 2016. 

Chinese officials have visited MENA to meet with all stakeholders in the region, particularly Hamas and Israel. As a result of these visits, an important mediation activity was carried out by bringing together the two major Palestinian groups, Fatah and Hamas, in Beijing in April 2024. Thus, in the face of the unconditional military support for Israel from the US and European powers, China has maintained its diplomatic stance. Even during the crisis, China has maintained its foreign policy of avoiding direct involvement in conflicts, maintaining political neutrality, and acting with caution. With these steps, which differentiate it from Western powers, China has assumed the role of a mediator seeking regional security and stability. China aims to end the regional crisis through an approach that emphasises a “two-state solution” and the role of regional organisations. 

That approach is bearing fruit, as results from the Arab Barometer reveal, although the challenge for China will be adapting to its new position in the world order on issues less binary than the conflict in Gaza.

The opinions and thoughts expressed in this article reflect only the author's views. This essay is based on research featured in the paper Perceptions of China in the Middle East and North Africa: an analysis in the context of Israel’s war on Gaza published in Third World Quarterly.

Speaking before the UN, Algeria's Permanent Representative Amar Bendjama explained that his country had abstained from the vote as a deliberate act to demonstrate its rejection of a resolution it says "does not adequately reflect the UN doctrine regarding decolonisation."

"This text ignores the proposals of the Polisario Front, which were recently submitted to the Secretary-General and Security Council under reference S/2025/664," Bendjama said. "The Polisario is a party to the conflict and its opinion must be heard, if not taken into consideration."

He also raised what he described as “serious, legitimate legal questions” about the foundations of the proposed negotiation framework embedded in the resolution, suggesting that the plan could undermine established international legal norms around self-determination.

The resolution renews the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but increasingly appears to sideline the original premise of a UN-organised referendum in favour of Morocco’s autonomy proposal, something Algeria and the Polisario Front oppose.

Social media posts shared by GenZ213 depict Algeria’s long-standing political and military figures, signalling open defiance against the ruling elite.

According to political analyst Oualid Kebir, demonstrations are expected to take place across Algeria’s provinces after Friday prayers, with youth voicing frustration over corruption, unemployment exceeding 30%, and economic stagnation. The group’s slogan, “Freedom for Algeria and Freedom for Palestine,” reflects both domestic grievances and regional solidarity.

Observers note parallels with Madagascar, where youth-led demonstrations forced President Andry Rajoelina to dissolve his government in September 2025 after days of violent protests over power and water shortages. Analysts warn that Algeria could see a similar escalation if authorities respond with repression rather than reform.

The 2019 Hirak protests had brought millions into the streets before being stifled by the pandemic and government crackdowns. GenZ213 insists that movement “did not die” but merely “entered dormancy” and now returns with fresh momentum.

The coming protests are being closely watched by international observers, given Algeria’s role as a key gas supplier to Europe and an influential actor in the Arab world .

The outcome could determine whether North Africa’s largest nation witnesses a new democratic opening or another cycle of confrontation between youth and a military-backed regime.

On Wednesday, Omar Rakash, director of the Algerian Investment Promotion Agency, met with investors who had signed agreements with African partners. The discussions focused on fast-tracking the transformation of contracts into on-the-ground projects across sectors such as energy, renewable fuels, food industries, and steel. Algeria alone accounted for more than $11 billion in signed deals, including $5 billion dedicated specifically to investment contracts.

Rakash stressed that Algeria’s objective goes beyond trade volumes. He said the government is determined to use these deals to deepen South-South cooperation and support balanced development across the continent. “These contracts must translate into real projects that contribute to Africa’s growth and integration,” he noted.

To facilitate this, the Investment Promotion Agency has launched a digital platform where investors can present projects, track progress, and access resources to meet regulatory requirements. Officials believe this will help bridge the gap between promises made at the trade fair and actual implementation on the ground.

This diplomatic split is deeply rooted in history, shaped by solidarity with Palestine, pan-Arab influence, and Africa’s own political transformations.

Today, Israel counts 46 African states as partners, but nine countries remain outside its diplomatic circle: Algeria, Mali, Niger, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros, and Tunisia.

The red zone: Countries without diplomatic relations

These nine states form the core of Africa’s non-recognition bloc.

Israel’s network across Africa

Despite these holdouts, Israel maintains diplomatic relations with the overwhelming majority of African nations.

Israel has formal ties with 46 African countries, supported by a network of embassies and missions across the continent. The relationship stretches back to the post-colonial period, with Ghana becoming the first sub-Saharan country to establish ties in 1956.

Though many African states cut ties in the 1970s under Arab League pressure, relations were gradually restored from the 1980s onward. (

In 2023, Chad reopened diplomatic relations and inaugurated an embassy in Israel, signalling a turning point in Central Africa.

The Abraham Accords, which normalised relations between Israel and several Arab states starting in 2020, had ripple effects across Africa, making ties with Israel more politically feasible in certain quarters.

In 2021, however, Israel briefly secured observer status at the African Union, though this status was suspended in 2023 amid mounting opposition.

The war in Gaza since 2023 has placed strains on Israel’s global diplomacy, including in Africa.

In April 2025, Israel’s ambassador was expelled from an African Union event after its observer status was revoked, highlighting the political cost of the conflict.

Yet analysts argue that Israel’s African partnerships today are far more resilient than in the past. Shared interests in agriculture, water technology, and counter-terrorism continue to anchor cooperation even during crises.

What they said

Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune offered condolences and wished the injured a swift recovery. He called the incident a “painful tragedy” and extended his thoughts to the bereaved family.  “It is with great sadness and sorrow that we received the news of our supporter who passed away after falling from the upper stands.”, MC Alger issued a statement in an Instagram post mourning the death of one supporter, Younes Amguzzi.

Algeria was ranked second on the continent, followed by Nigeria in third place and South Africa in fourth.

These countries have consistently remained among the most dominant military forces in Africa.

Ethiopia, Angola and Morocco also feature among the top ten African militaries, alongside the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan and Libya.

Kenya, Chad, Mozambique and Tunisia fall within the top 15, while countries such as Central African Republic, Somalia and Sierra Leone rank among the lowest in Africa and globally.

Below is the full list of African countries as ranked by the Global Firepower Index out of a total of 145 countries globally.

1. Egypt (19)

2. Algeria (26)

3. Nigeria (31)

4. South Africa (40)

5. Ethiopia (52)

6. Angola (56)

7. Morocco (59)

8. Democratic Republic of the Congo (66)

9. Sudan (73)

10. Libya (76)

11. Kenya (83)

12. Chad (84)

13. Mozambique (89)

14. Tunisia (90)

15. Tanzania (92)

16. Cameroon (93)

17. Ivory Coast (102)

18. Mali (104)

19. Zambia (109)

20. Ghana (110)

21. Zimbabwe (111)

22. South Sudan (113)

23. Uganda (114)

24. Namibia (116)

25. Niger (119)

26. Eritrea (120)

27. Republic of the Congo (121)

28. Botswana (122)

29. Mauritania (123)

30. Senegal (125)

31. Burkina Faso (129)

32. Madagascar (130)

33. Gabon (133)

34. Liberia (138)

35. Sierra Leone (140)

36. Somalia (142)

37. Central African Republic (143)

Representative Zakaria Belkheir, a member of the drafting committee, confirmed that the draft is nearly complete. The final steps include a legal review with specialists and a historical verification process with expert historians to ensure both legal soundness and historical accuracy, Echorouk reports.

He again noted that particular care was taken to craft the law in a way that would not conflict with international treaties, particularly the 1962 Evian Accords, which marked the end of the Algerian War of Independence.

As part of its consultation process, the committee met with Mohamed Lahcen Zeghidi, head of the Algerian Committee for History and Memory. He provided a detailed overview of Algeria’s national memory and the historical crimes committed during the colonial period.

A former delegate for the draft law criminalising colonialism, Moussa Abdi, was also consulted during the drafting process. He noted that the earlier version of the law, which gained parliamentary approval in 2010, was ultimately rejected by the government due to concerns over its alignment with the Evian Accords. Abdi argued that the accords only cover a limited time frame, the years of the Algerian War, and do not encompass the full scope of colonial abuses, many of which occurred outside the framework of the agreement.

The draft law draws from a wide range of sources, including archival records, academic research, eyewitness video testimonies, and official declarations.

The three individuals were accused of paying for voter signatures in a failed attempt to qualify for last year’s presidential race.

None of the three succeeded in entering the election, which President Abdelmadjid Tebboune won by a large margin.

Algerian law requires presidential candidates to collect 600 signatures from elected officials across at least half of the country’s 58 provinces or secure 50,000 signatures from ordinary citizens, at least 1,200 from each province.

Authorities said the three hopefuls tried to bypass this process by offering cash to elected officials in exchange for their signatures.

The public prosecution had requested 10-year sentences and a fine of one million dinars ($7,600) when the case opened on May 8.

Around 70 others who were also local council members accused of selling their signatures were also convicted in the case.

They received prison terms ranging from five to eight years, Arab News reports. Three of Neghza’s sons were among those jailed.

The investigation began in early August when prosecutors announced that 68 people had been arrested in connection with the alleged buying of signatures.

The case has drawn attention in Algeria as the country prepares for its next presidential vote and highlights ongoing concerns about transparency and corruption in the political process.

Tensions between Algeria and Mali intensified after Algerian forces downed a Malian drone, leading to diplomatic expulsions and the closure of airspace between the two nations. According to The New Arab , observers note that this incident reflects deepening strategic disagreements and a failure of previous mediation efforts, particularly following Mali's withdrawal from a critical peace agreement with Algeria. As reported by various experts, Algeria's concerns over the security vacuum along its borders have been exacerbated by Mali's growing military alliances, including ties with Russian forces.

France Expels Algerian Diplomats Amid Bilateral Strain

In a significant diplomatic move, France expelled 12 Algerian diplomats and recalled its ambassador, amidst escalating tensions attributed to Algeria's condemnation of perceived internal interference by France. MENAFN reports that this action follows Algeria's earlier expulsion of French embassy staff, with both governments entangled in disputes over past grievances, military relations, and recent arrests involving Algerian officials. The deteriorating relationship persists despite prior attempts at dialogue between leaders from both nations.

Algeria Seeks Turkish Investment in Renewable Energy

Algeria has formally invited Turkey to invest in its renewable energy sector, aiming to enhance bilateral trade, which reached a record high of nearly $6 billion in 2024. As reported by Zawya , the two nations discussed ambitions to increase this figure to $10 billion, highlighting Turkey's significant role as a foreign investor in Algeria across various industries, including energy and textiles. The Algerian Foreign Minister expressed potential for increased cooperation in renewable energy projects, aligning with the global push for sustainable energy sources.

Mass Expulsions of Migrants from Algeria to Niger

Algerian authorities expelled over 1,000 migrants to northern Niger, prompting concerns from local NGOs regarding the treatment of these individuals. Reports indicate the migrants, from 17 different countries, were abandoned without food or water in harsh desert conditions. Organisations like Alarme Phone Sahara report that such deportations have intensified, raising alarm over humanitarian conditions and violations of international law, particularly concerning migrants with valid documentation, Info Migrants reports.

Algeria Enacts New Law on General Mobilisation

Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune presided over a cabinet meeting, during which a draft law on general mobilisation was adopted, guided by Article 99 of the Constitution. According to Constitution Net , this law outlines the procedures for mobilisation in response to national security threats, signifying a formal framework that includes prior declarations of a state of emergency or war. This legislative move reflects Algeria's strategic preparedness and aligns with constitutional stipulations regarding national defence.

Algeria's state energy company Sonatrach has entered into two memoranda of understanding (MOUs) with U.S. shale company Occidental Petroleum to enhance cooperation in hydrocarbon exploration and production. Club of Mozambique reports that these agreements were formalised during the US-Algeria Energy Forum 2025.

Release of Moroccan migrants by Algeria after detention period

Algerian authorities have released 23 young Moroccan men detained for over six weeks due to irregular migration attempts. This release occurred at the Zouj Beghal border centre, facilitated by the Moroccan Association for Assisting Migrants in Difficult Situations. According to Yabiladi , many young Moroccans remain under administrative detention, awaiting deportation.

Algeria-Russia military cooperation discussions

High-level officials from Algeria and Russia recently convened to discuss military cooperation, specifically within the Joint Committee on Military-Technical Cooperation framework. As reported by MEMO , the meeting, hosted by the Algerian Ministry of Defence, aimed to strengthen parliamentary relations between the two countries and mark their historical partnership.

Surge in Chinese investments in Algeria

Chinese investments in Algeria have surged, now estimated at nearly $4.5 billion across 42 projects primarily in the industrial sector. Zawya says this includes significant energy and vehicle production investments, such as Great Wall Motors' recent announcement to establish a car assembly plant in Algeria.

France and Algeria diplomatic tensions escalate

Following Algeria's decision to expel 12 French consular staff members, France responded by expelling 12 agents from the Algerian diplomatic network in France and recalling its ambassador to Algiers for consultations. This situation stems from allegations surrounding the arrest of an Algerian consular agent connected to the kidnapping of an opposition activist, WION reports.

French Foreign Minister Jean-Noel Barrot expressed strong disapproval of the expulsion, calling on Algeria to rescind the order. He emphasized the potential for immediate reciprocal actions from France if the situation remains unchanged.

Amir Boukhors, known for his substantial following on TikTok and critique of Algeria's military and corruption, acquired political asylum in France in 2023. He is wanted in Algeria with nine arrest warrants concerning fraud and alleged terrorism, while French courts denied his extradition in 2022.

According to Boukhors’s legal representative, Eric Plouvier, Boukhors was kidnapped near Paris in April 2024 but released the following day. Plouvier contended that Algeria orchestrated the kidnapping with the intent of apprehending him within France and referenced two earlier assaults on Boukhors.

Algeria's Foreign Ministry dismissed the allegations as an “inadmissible judicial cabal” designed to undermine recent efforts to mend bilateral relations. Relations had already deteriorated, particularly after President Emmanuel Macron's support for Morocco’s claims over Western Sahara in July 2024.

Tensions escalated further in November 2024, when Algeria arrested the French-Algerian writer Boualem Sansal on national security charges, following controversial remarks made by Sansal about historical territorial disputes linked to French colonialism. Consequently, an Algerian court sentenced him to five years in prison.

Despite recent efforts, including a phone call between President Macron and Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune aimed at restoring relations, this incident poses a significant setback to cooperation on pressing matters such as migration and security.

The drone, the group claimed , had been conducting an anti-terrorism mission, and its destruction “prevented the neutralisation of a terrorist group that was planning attacks against the AES.”

The AES - formed last year following the withdrawal of its members from the West African regional bloc ECOWAS - described the incident as a violation of international law and a blow to long-standing fraternal ties between the Sahelian nations and Algeria.

Algeria denies wrongdoing

In contrast, Algeria defended its actions, stating the drone had violated Algerian airspace by more than two kilometers (1.2 miles) and was an “armed surveillance drone.” The Algerian military said it acted in self-defense in accordance with national sovereignty and airspace protection.

But Mali’s Prime Minister, Gen. Abdoulaye Maiga, fired back in a strongly worded statement published by the Malian Foreign Ministry on social media . He rejected Algeria’s claims, asserting that the drone did not cross into Algerian territory. He went further, accusing Algeria of “sponsoring international terrorism” - a significant escalation in rhetoric.

AES tightens stance

In addition to recalling ambassadors, Mali has summoned the Algerian ambassador in Bamako, withdrawn from a 15-year-old regional military group that includes Niger, and plans to file an official complaint with international bodies.

Algeria retaliates

In a retaliatory move, Algeria announced a ban on all flights to and from Mali, citing “recurrent violations” of its airspace. The move further underscores the unraveling of regional cooperation, which has already been weakened by recent political upheavals and shifting alliances.

Tensions, not war

Despite the heated exchange, experts say the situation is unlikely to escalate into armed conflict.

Rida Lyammouri, a senior fellow at the Policy Center for the New South in Morocco, cautioned that Mali's ability to investigate the incident is limited. “The crash occurred in an area it doesn’t control,” he said, noting that the drone wreckage is believed to be in the hands of anti-government groups.

“This is likely to remain a diplomatic standoff, not a military one,” Lyammouri added. “Neither Algeria nor the AES members are in a position—or have an interest—in escalating this into a broader conflict.”

Accounting for 34% of Russia's major arms exports during this period, India has been a longstanding customer, relying heavily on Russian military equipment. ​

21% of Russian arms exports are largely procured by China , including aircraft and air defense systems. ​With a share of 10.21%, Algeria has been a notable importer of Russian military hardware. ​

Vietnam accounted for 7.10% of Russia's arms exports, reflecting its significant defense procurement from Moscow. ​Receiving 6.42% of Russian arms exports, Egypt has been a key customer in the Middle East. ​

Iraq's share stood at 3.54%, indicating its procurement of Russian military equipment.

Another region Russia has made a strong weaponry presence is in Africa.

​Africa has emerged as a significant arena for geopolitical competition, with both Russia and Western nations striving to expand their influence across the continent. This renewed interest is reshaping Africa's political, economic, and security landscapes.​

Russia has forged military alliances with nations such as Mali, the Central African Republic (CAR), and Sudan. These partnerships often involve the deployment of private military contractors, notably the Wagner Group, to provide security assistance and training. In Mali, for instance, Wagner operatives have been active alongside local forces in counter-insurgency operations. ​

The accused face charges related to the import, export, and storage of drugs as part of an organised criminal network, as well as money laundering.

Background of case

The scandal, popularly referred to as the “Boshi and Cocaine” case, initially surfaced seven years ago, shaking Algeria with revelations of transcontinental drug trafficking. Alongside Kamal Sheikhi, the case involves Sheikhi’s brothers, Nasser and Mohammed Sheikhi, and a primary associate identified as B. Najib. All are currently held in temporary detention at the penal institution in Al-Harash.

The file was referred to the Attorney General of the Algerian Judicial Council by the investigating judge of the ninth chamber at the Sidi Mohamed court on May 23, 2021. The case was subsequently transferred to the indictment chamber, which rejected defense requests for the release of the detained defendants on June 30, 2021. The file was then forwarded to the Criminal Court of First Instance in Casablanca for trial.

Cocaine shipment and investigations

Investigation records reveal critical details about the illicit shipment managed by Kamal Sheikhi’s company, which was legally tasked with importing meat shipments from Brazil. According to testimony from the transit office responsible for the shipment’s documentation, the serial number of the container carrying the cocaine did not match those listed for the meat shipment.

The seized shipment comprised 603 plates of cocaine packaged in 34 cardboard boxes, with a total weight of 701 kilograms. Each carton weighed approximately 820 grams. Of the 603 plates, 590 were wrapped in transparent plastic, while the remaining 13 were unwrapped. BBC reported at the time that about 20 arrests were made.

A technical report revealed that six samples from the seized consignment were analyzed, confirming the substance as solid cocaine with a purity level of 85 percent. This high-purity form is intended for wholesale distribution and requires processing before consumption. Post-processing, the quantity would yield up to 70 quintals, multiplying its initial weight tenfold.

The Ministry of Defense confirmed the 701 kg seizure was the largest cocaine haul in Algeria since 2012, when 165 kg of cocaine was smuggled into the country hidden in milk powder imported from New Zealand.

The Spaniard was flown aboard a military jet from Tin Zaouatine, Algeria’s southernmost commune near the Mali border, where the operation to secure his release reportedly took place.

While details surrounding the rescue mission remain undisclosed, but Algerian officials emphasised their commitment to combating cross-border threats and ensuring the safety of foreign nationals in the region.

The event, held in the heart of Algiers, was organized by the municipality of Alger Centre and aimed to bring together Algerians from all walks of life, with a special focus on younger generations.

Karima Hamzaoui, the deputy mayor of Alger Centre, explained the significance of the event: "The goal is to bring Algerians, especially young people , together to rediscover our rich heritage and traditions," she told the AFP.

The second edition of "La table du couscous Yennayer" (The Yennayer Couscous Table) saw volunteers and city officials working together to prepare a diverse array of couscous dishes, showcasing the variety of regional flavours that are part of the Amazigh culinary tradition.

Dalila Hemiss, a 51-year-old volunteer from France, extended her warm wishes to attendees, saying, "Assegas ameggaz! Happy New Year! Best wishes for the Amazigh year 2975. We are all here today to celebrate together, and it's an honour to be part of this tradition."

The "mega-couscous" event is part of a movement to celebrate and preserve the cultural legacy of the Amazigh people, whose history spans across North Africa.

"The moment these wild birds are caged, they often suffer from serious health problems, such as intestinal swelling, due to abrupt changes in their diet and environment," explained Zinelabidine Chibout, a volunteer with the Wild Songbird Protection Association in Setif, located 290 kilometres (180 miles) east of Algiers.

Goldfinches, native to Western Europe and North Africa, have deep cultural significance in Algeria. They are seen as symbols of freedom and were celebrated during the country’s independence movement. Algeria even designates an annual day in March to honour the bird.

Despite laws introduced in 2012 that classify the goldfinch as a protected species and ban its capture and sale, enforcement remains weak. Markets and pet shops continue to sell the birds openly, with little oversight, as reported by the AFP.

A study conducted in 2021 by Guelma University estimated that over six million goldfinches are currently kept in captivity in Algeria. Researchers documented hundreds of birds being sold in a single day, with around 300 observed for sale at one market in Annaba, eastern Algeria.

To address the issue, Chibout's association rescues injured and neglected goldfinches, nursing them back to health before releasing them into the wild. "We treat them in large cages, and once they recover and can fly again, we release them back into the wild," he said.

Some conservationists advocate for breeding programmes to meet demand without harming wild populations. 

"Our goal is to encourage the breeding of goldfinches already in captivity, so people no longer feel the need to capture them from the wild," said Madjid Ben Daoud, a goldfinch enthusiast and member of an environmental group in Algiers.

Souhila Larkam, who raises goldfinches at home, supports this approach but stresses responsible care. "People should only keep a goldfinch if they ensure its reproduction," she said.

Mali's Ministry of Foreign Affairs has condemned Algeria for its "persistent" interference in Mali's internal affairs, following comments from Algerian Foreign Minister Ahmed Attaf regarding Mali's counter-terrorism strategy. Mali stated that its security decisions are sovereign and accused Algeria of supporting terrorist groups destabilizing the country. According to Morocco World News , The Malian ministry emphasized its military successes against Algeria-backed groups and criticized Algeria's condescending attitude, urging it to address its internal issues instead. This incident highlights ongoing tensions, with Mali frequently accusing Algeria of harbouring separatist insurgents.

Mali court jails dissident politician over remarks about Burkina junta

Mali court has sentenced dissident Issa Kaou N'Djim to two years in prison, with one year suspended, for remarks about Burkina Faso's junta. He was fined 1 million CFA francs ($1,600) by the national anti-cybercrime office. N'Djim's comments were made on Joliba TV News, which was subsequently closed by authorities. His jailing follows the abduction of another opposition figure, Ibrahim Naby Togola, raising concerns over repression in Mali, where military regimes have curtailed press freedoms. N'Djim, a former vice-president of Mali’s National Transitional Council, had previously been convicted for similar offences, Citizen Digital reports.

Prominent Malian religious leader abducted

An esteemed religious leader, Amadou Hady Tall, was abducted by armed men in Mali near the Mauritanian border, according to a security official and a family source on Saturday, December 28. Tall, the calif of the Tijaniyyah—the largest Sufi order in West Africa—is known for his advocacy of non-violence. His political and religious beliefs contrast sharply with the strict, literal interpretation of Islam promoted by jihadist groups in the Sahel region. His disappearance occurred on Friday, December 27, while he was returning from a religious pilgrimage called a ziyara, and no group has yet claimed responsibility, Barron's reports.

Hummingbird secures $35.6M loan to support Mali subsidiary

Hummingbird Resources PLC has secured a $35.6 million loan to refinance its Mali subsidiary, Société des Mines de Komana (SMK). The loan has a 9% interest rate, is due on December 31, 2025, and is unsecured, although it will be backed by existing security to Coris Bank International. This refinancing aims to alleviate financial pressures and help the company attain self-sustaining cash flows. The terms were deemed fair by Hummingbird's independent directors. Interim CEO Geoff Eyre highlighted the importance of support from Coris during challenging times. Hummingbird operates the Yanfolila Gold Mine in Mali and is involved in several projects across West Africa, Investing.com .

Qatar Charity's residential village in Mali set to benefit 10,000 people

Qatar Charity (QC) has inaugurated a residential village in N'Gabacoro Droit, Mali, built on two hectares at a cost of over QR4.5 million. The project aims to provide safe housing, enhance healthcare and education, and ensure access to clean drinking water for approximately 10,000 people. The village includes 66 housing units, a health centre, a mosque, a primary school, a Qur'an memorisation centre, and two wells. As reported by Gulf Times , Qatar's ambassador to Mali highlighted the partnership with local authorities and the project's alignment with Qatar's commitment to human dignity. Community leaders expressed gratitude for the significant improvement in living conditions for families previously living in straw huts.

The named parks:

Rwanda is advancing its aquaculture sector by establishing a national research and breeding centre in Nyamagabe District, aiming to enhance fish production and reduce import dependency. This centre targets an annual broodstock production of between 1,000,000 and 3,000,000, thereby aiming to bolster food security and support job creation. According to New Times , The certification of six private tilapia hatcheries will ensure increased accessibility to fingerlings, significantly contributing to domestic fish production, alongside cage farming initiatives that could amplify total fish output from 4,000 tonnes to 80,620 tonnes by 2035 under the National Aquaculture Strategy.

UNSC urges Rwanda, DRC to honour ceasefire, back talks

The UN Security Council is advocating for peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo amidst escalating violence attributed to armed groups such as M23 and ADF. With over 6.4 million individuals displaced due to ongoing conflicts, the Council has called for both Rwanda and DRC to respect a ceasefire and facilitate peace dialogues. Accusations from DRC officials regarding Rwanda's military involvement have been met with denial, as the complexities of the situation are acknowledged, reports The Mirage . The Council reiterated its commitment to protect civilians and ensure humanitarian access.

Investors eye leather factories in Rwanda

Investors are increasingly interested in Rwanda's leather industry following the government's initiative to set up a tannery park in Bugesera’s Special Economic Zone. This initiative emerged from discussions at the Africa Leather Value Chain Annual Forum 2024, to bolster local production and reduce imports of finished leather goods. A significant investment of $15.1 million is anticipated for the leather processing plant, which could generate substantial job opportunities and local manufacturing, with plans to produce 900,000 pairs of shoes monthly, The New Times reports.

Nearly 75,000 mine workers need training

The Rwanda Extractive Workers' Union has highlighted a critical skills gap in the mining sector, with nearly 75,000 workers unqualified for their roles. This pressing issue was brought to light after the Rwanda Mining Week. To combat this, REWU aims to increase the proportion of trained miners from 5% to reduce safety risks and enhance production efficiency. As reported by The New Times , The government’s commitment to improving training opportunities is part of a broader strategy to boost mineral export revenues significantly by 2029.

Kagame, Algeria's president discuss infrastructure, agric partnerships

President Paul Kagame of Rwanda and Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune recently convened to enhance bilateral relations in key sectors such as agriculture and education. Held during the African Union’s Continental Forum, the discussions focused on advancing cooperation and potential agreements, including visa waivers and trade collaborations to support the growth of both nations, reports The New Times .

Morocco secured victories in the CAF Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers, defeating Gabon 5-1 and Lesotho 7-0, but these results weren't sufficient to hold their position amidst the competition.

According to CAF , Algeria has ascended to fourth in Africa, surpassing Nigeria. During the international break, Nigeria faced disappointing results, with a draw against Benin and a loss to Rwanda, leading to a drop from 36th to 44th globally. Algeria managed a convincing 5-1 win over Liberia, which helped them maintain their global ranking despite a minor point reduction.

Niger made significant gains this month, climbing nine places in the rankings after impressive victories over Sudan (4-0) and Ghana (2-1), resulting in a net gain of 31.23 points. This leap marks Niger as the standout performer among African nations.

Meanwhile, Senegal's position has strengthened, moving up three places to 17th globally, reinforced by victories over Burkina Faso and Burundi. Comoros also continues to impress, climbing five places to reach 103rd worldwide after qualifying for the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations, further highlighting their development on the international football stage.

The updated ranking positions Morocco at the forefront of African football, closely followed by Senegal and Egypt in a highly competitive landscape.

The Algerian embassy in Tanzania commemorated its liberation revolution's 70th anniversary , signifying a deep-rooted partnership between the two nations. Ambassador Ahmed Djellal underscored Algeria's dedication to freedom and self-determination, whilst Tanzanian Minister Dr. Khalid Salum Mohamed acknowledged Algeria's pivotal role in pan-African unity through initiatives like the African Union. Both nations are focused on enhancing bilateral cooperation, particularly in energy, trade, and security, addressing common challenges affecting the continent.

Building collapse

The collapse of a four-storey building in Dar es Salaam highlights the urgent need for rigorous construction regulations. The incident , which claimed the lives of at least 13 individuals and injured many others, has stirred public concern regarding building safety. The government has responded by promising audits and reinforced oversight, aiming to prevent future tragedies in a city under pressure from rapid development.

China pledges support

Economic partnerships are also evolving, as China vows to bolster Tanzania's tourism sector, targeting the attraction of 5 million tourists by 2025. This commitment includes significant investment in tourism infrastructure, which is critical as Tanzania seeks to enhance its global appeal amidst growing competition in the region. The establishment of the Ngorongoro-Lengai Geopark Information Center is a noted initiative that embodies these efforts, aligning with broader cooperation frameworks such as the Belt and Road Initiative.

Tanzania attains 128% sufficiency without GMOs

Agricultural progress in Tanzania has reached a noteworthy 128% food sufficiency level, distinguishing the nation as a net exporter without resorting to GMOs. President Samia Suluhu Hassan's emphasis on sustainable farming practices aligns with global movements advocating against genetically modified crops. This strategy reflects a commitment to biodiversity and local agricultural systems, offering a model for other nations grappling with food security.

Bilateral cooperation

Indonesia and Tanzania are enhancing bilateral cooperation through initiatives discussed at the recent G20 Summit, focusing on energy, trade, and human resource development. The proposed preferential trade agreement and strengthened educational initiatives in the agriculture and oil sectors signify a commitment to mutual growth and South-South cooperation, further solidifying their international partnerships. Both countries remain vigilant in supporting humanitarian causes, emphasizing shared values in an increasingly interconnected global landscape.

According to the report published by Reduxx, medical records obtained by Aoudia suggest that Khelif has “testicles” and an XY chromosome pattern, indicative of a condition related to sexual development. The report was allegedly compiled through a collaboration between Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital in Paris and Mohamed Lamine Debaghine Hospital in Algiers in June 2023.

Khelif’s gold medal win was marred by controversy in the ring - Italian boxer Angela Carini abandoned her opening bout against Khelif after just 46 seconds, launching a barrage of media scrutiny towards the Algerian boxer. 

This is not the first time Khelif’s participation has drawn scrutiny; last year, she was disqualified from the World Championships in New Delhi after failing a gender eligibility test issued by the International Boxing Association (IBA).

The medical report, which includes MRI scans and hormone analyses, outlines characteristics associated with a disorder of sexual development. Khelif reportedly lacks a uterus, possesses internal testes, and shows traits of a "micropenis" or enlarged clitoris, according to the report’s findings. Chromosome tests purportedly indicate an XY karyotype and hormone levels reportedly align with typical male ranges.

Additionally, the report suggests that Khelif may have 5-alpha reductase deficiency, a condition that impacts sexual development in genetic males and often leads to delayed masculinisation until adolescence. Individuals with this condition may experience body hair growth, increased muscle mass, and absence of menstruation, yet are often raised as females if the disorder is undetected early.

Khelif’s family maintains her female identity. “My child is a girl. She was raised as a girl. She's a strong girl,” her father, Omar Khelif, stated amidst the controversy. 

The report further advises Khelif to undergo a "sexual transition," recommending "surgical correction" to remove her gonads and monthly hormone therapy, specifically Decapeptyl injections, to reduce testosterone levels.

Below is a list of the 5 largest economies in Africa:

South Africa

South Africa leads the list with a GDP of $373.3 billion. As Africa's most industrialized nation, it continues to dominate the continent's economic landscape. The country's diverse economy, which includes mining, manufacturing, and services, plays a significant role in maintaining its top position.

Egypt

Egypt follows closely with a GDP of $347.5 billion. Despite recent economic challenges, including currency devaluations, Egypt remains a key player in Africa's economy. Its strategic location and robust sectors such as tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing contribute to its economic resilience.

Algeria

Algeria ranks third with a GDP of $266.7 billion. The country's economy relies heavily on hydrocarbons, with oil and gas exports being the primary revenue sources. Efforts to diversify the economy are ongoing to reduce dependence on the energy sector.

Nigeria

Nigeria, with a GDP of $252.7 billion, is Africa's fourth-largest economy. Known for its vast oil reserves, Nigeria's economy has faced challenges due to fluctuating oil prices and currency devaluation. However, sectors like agriculture, telecommunications, and services are contributing to its economic diversification.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia rounds out the top five with a GDP of $205 billion. The country's rapid economic growth is driven by sectors such as agriculture, construction, and services. Ethiopia's ambitious infrastructure projects and industrialisation efforts are key factors in its economic expansion.

Some economies have leveraged manufacturing sectors to drive economic growth, create jobs, and enhance global competitiveness.

According to data from Our World in Data , here are the top 5 economies where manufacturing holds the highest share of GDP:

Tebboune won with a landslide of nearly 95 percent of the vote on Saturday, according to the country's electoral authority, ANIE.

Following the elections, Hassani and Aouchiche have described the results as a ‘fraud’.

“ANIE bears full responsibility for these dangerous deviations that undermine the election," Aouchiche said.

He vowed to appeal the results at the Constitutional Court.  The court is expected to review all appeals and validate the final results. Hassani also described the figures announced by the ANIE as ‘false’, adding that they did not correspond to the statements presented by the polling stations to the candidates’ representatives.

So far, there have been reports of human rights and media suppression in several parts of the country under the leadership of P resident Tebboune. 

Who are the candidates?

There are three presidential candidates in this election. President Abdelmadjid Tebboune, running as an independent, seeks re-election after winning a controversial vote in 2019. His main challengers include Youcef Aouchiche, the 41-year-old candidate from the Socialist Forces Front (FFS), and Abdelaali Hassani Cherif, leader of the Movement for Society for Peace (MSP), an Islamic political party aligned with the Muslim Brotherhood. 

Tebboune has promised to continue building a "new Algeria," with backing from the military and major trade unions, while his opponents push for change, citing dissatisfaction with his leadership.

Government Structure and Electoral System

Algeria is a multiparty republic where the president, elected by popular vote, serves a five-year term. The president holds significant power, including appointing the prime minister and cabinet members. Algeria’s electoral system includes different methods for presidential, parliamentary, and local elections. 

Voters will elect the president through an absolute majority vote, possibly requiring two rounds if no candidate wins outright in the first round.

Early Voting and Election Day

While the main election day is September 7, early voting began on September 2 for Algeria’s nomadic populations and citizens in remote southern areas. Algeria’s overseas diaspora has also been voting since Monday.

Human Rights and Media Blackout

The lead-up to the election has been marked by restrictions on media and civic freedoms. A media blackout has been in place since Wednesday, with no campaign coverage allowed. 

Amnesty International has expressed concerns over Algeria’s ongoing crackdown on human rights, including restrictions on freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.

“In recent years Algeria has experienced a steady erosion of human rights through the authorities’ dissolution of political parties, civil society organizations and independent media outlets, alongside a spike in arbitrary arrests and prosecutions using trumped-up terrorism charges. Alarmingly, this reality has remained bleak in the run-up to the elections,” said Amjad Yamin, Deputy Regional Director for the Middle East and North Africa. 

2019 Election and Protests

Tebboune’s 2019 victory was marred by protests and a low voter turnout of 40%. Many Algerians were dissatisfied with the election results, viewing Tebboune as a continuation of the regime of former President Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Protests erupted in the capital, Algiers, with demonstrators calling for greater political change. 

Eligibility to Vote

All Algerian nationals aged 18 or older who fully enjoy their civil and political rights are eligible to participate in the election.

Over 800,000 Algerians abroad are also scheduled to cast their ballots overseas with polling stations opened on September 2.

Tebboune faces no real challenger although he is being challenged by other opposition candidates, Abdelaali Hassani and Youssef Aouchiche.

These two emerged from the initial 16 candidates who submitted their documents, providing the minimum number of signatures required.

The National Independent Authority for Elections (ANIE) required that prospective candidates provide  600 individual signatures from elected members of municipal, provincial, or parliamentary councils, or at least 50,000 signatures from eligible voters across at least 29 provinces, with a minimum of 1,200 signatures in each province.

Here is a brief profile of all three candidates vying to be Algeria’s president in the upcoming elections.

Abdelmadjid Tebboune

The 78-year-old incumbent is gunning for a second term as an independent candidate but is being backed by all major political parties in the country including the National Liberation Front (FLN) the first Algerian political party until other parties were legalised.

Tebboune’s campaign has mostly focused on correcting past wrongs and restoring Algeria’s economic fortunes as Africa’s third-largest economy. The incumbent is also expected to tackle issues of political deficit and a clamp down on media freedom. Unemployment and continuous gas export flow are also areas of focus for the government which appears to have the backing of the EU and neighbouring countries.

Abdeli Hassani Cherif

The 57-year-old civil engineer is the leader of the Movement of Society for Peace (MSP), Algeria's main Islamist party. Aside from advocating for freedoms, Abdeli preaches a society where equal rights are exercised and the tenets of Islam are upheld. He has also advocated that his administration will focus on the devaluation of Algeria’s currency, the dinar, which has affected purchasing power and average wages of citizens. He also hopes to tackle the country's unemployment issue.

Youcef Aouchiche

Aouchiche is 41 years old. The former journalist and parliamentarian is the leader of the Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Algeria's oldest opposition party with a historic stronghold in the Berber-majority Kabylie region. The FFS has boycotted elections in Algeria since 1999. This year, Aouchiche is hopeful to win the votes of citizens to focus on the release of prisoners of conscience and to review unjust laws, particularly on media and tourism. Similar to his other contenders, Aouchiche hopes to change the fortunes of Algerians by altering economic reforms and tackling social challenges that will improve the living conditions of Algerians. His projects include the Forsa (Opportunity) project which seeks to provide equal income generation opportunities to the poor and most vulnerable.

Tebboune is expected to be challenged by opposition leaders although they are considered fragmented and weak.

The president has secured the support of main political parties and civil society organisations but what are citizens saying about his first term?

Young people in Algeria express divided opinions about his record.

"The last five years have brought nothing. Since 2019, we haven't achieved anything concrete. After our victory in the African Cup, everything stagnated. In short, the last five years have brought nothing, we have seen nothing," Abdenour Benkherouf, a hairdresser said.

Another student, Wafa Khouni told AFP, "He has achieved a lot in the last five years. I will be voting for the first time this year and my vote will be for Abdelmadjid Tebboune. I wish him every success."

"Over the last five years, I'm telling you the truth, we've suffered a lot, especially because of the Covid-19 pandemic and other problems that we've endured a lot. The economy has collapsed and so have a lot of other things. On top of rising prices and the cost of living, you can't do anything easily without thinking about it a hundred times beforehand," said 20-year-old student, Abdelhamid Megunine.

Despite these criticisms, Tebboune remains a strong contender, with significant support from the ruling National Liberation Front (FLN) and the military.

On the other hand, some citizens believe that Tebboune's leadership has brought stability and continuity, which are crucial for the country's progress. They argue that his experience and connections within the political establishment make him the best candidate to navigate Algeria through its current challenges.

"I'm satisfied with what has been achieved in the country over the last five years. We've seen a marked improvement in infrastructure, in the upkeep of streets and avenues, and in the country as a whole. I visited Oran in February and was able to see this improvement too. There are still things to do, but we can see that there has been a lot of progress, and a lot of help. People are much freer and happier. They've always been free, you might say, but you can really see this joy of life in the eyes of Algerians," added Rabah Zerrougni, a nurse told AFP.

The younger generation, particularly those involved in the Hirak protest movement, has been vocal about their desire for change.

The Hirak movement, which began in 2019, successfully pressured former President Abdelaziz Bouteflika to resign. However, many young activists feel that the political system remains largely unchanged and are calling for a complete overhaul.

The 25-year-old athlete was greeted by cheering crowds and chants of "Tahia Imane" (Long live Imane) at the airport.

Khelif has been the centre of a gender identity controversy. Her win over China’s Yang Liu led to intense debate and criticism, including comments from former US President Donald Trump and billionaire Elon Musk. Trump said he would "keep men out of women's sports", while Musk and others joined the debate.

Khelif, along with Taiwan’s Lin Yu-ting, was previously disqualified from last year’s world championships due to gender eligibility issues. Despite this, both were allowed to compete in Paris. The International Boxing Association (IBA) claimed that Khelif and Lin had failed gender eligibility testing, but the International Olympic Committee (IOC) cleared them to participate.

In response to the online abuse she faced, Khelif has filed a complaint for cyberbullying, with her lawyer describing it as a "fight for justice".

Khelif, who won gold in the women's 66-kilogramme boxing competition, faced a barrage of online abuse and accusations regarding her gender eligibility.

Despite being born female and not identifying as transgender or intersex, Khelif's participation in the Olympics was met with widespread controversy, particularly on social media platforms after Italian boxer Angela Carini abandoned her Olympic bout against her after 46 seconds.

The lawsuit, filed with French authorities, accuses Rowling and Musk of contributing to the cyberbullying through their public comments and social media posts.

Rowling allegedly posted a picture from Khelif's fight, accusing her of being a man and "enjoying the distress of a woman he's just punched in the head." Musk, on the other hand, shared a post from swimmer Riley Gaines, asserting that "men don't belong in women's sports," which he endorsed with his comment.

Khelif's lawyer, Nabil Boudi, confirmed that the lawsuit names both Rowling and Musk, along with other high-profile figures, including former U.S. President Donald Trump. The Paris Prosecutor's Office has launched an investigation into the allegations, focusing on cyber harassment, public insult, and incitement to discrimination.

The case highlights the ongoing challenges faced by athletes, particularly women, in the digital age. Khelif's victory, which should have been a moment of triumph, has instead been overshadowed by a contentious debate over gender and sports.

The outcome of this lawsuit could set a significant precedent for how online harassment is addressed in the future.

The victory came before a lively crowd at Roland Garros, which chanted her name throughout the bout.

Khelif defeated Thailand's 2023 world silver medallist Janjaem Suwannapheng by unanimous decision in the women’s 66kg category. “I am like all athletes, I am here to achieve my dream,” Khelif told AFP after the fight.

Khelif received a huge ovation as she entered Roland Garros, usually known for tennis, but now hosting Olympic boxing. The Algerian crowd, waving flags and shouting “Imane, Imane,” created an electrifying atmosphere.

During the bout, Khelif, who had a clear height advantage, overwhelmed Suwannapheng, who took a standing count in the third round.

After the fight, Khelif celebrated with a dance in the ring, drawing cheers from the crowd. She will face Yang Liu of China in the final, who won her semi-final against Taiwan's Chen Nien-chin.

"I am focusing on the competition and other things are not important. The important thing is that I am in the final now," Khelif said.

Khelif's father, Omar Khelif, has publicly defended his daughter amid the scrutiny. "My child is a girl. She was raised as a girl. She's a strong girl. I raised her to be hard-working and brave. She has a strong will to work and to train. The Italian opponent she faced was unable to defeat my daughter. Because my daughter was stronger and she was softer,” Omar Khelif is quoted by the AFP.

Khelif’s 5’11” frame towered over Carini’s 5’7” stature, and the bout, which lasted approximately 46 seconds, raised concerns about the Algerian's eligibility to fight at the Olympics. These concerns were amplified by Khelif's previous disqualification from the women’s world championships last year for failing gender eligibility tests.

In the aftermath of the match, Carini refused the customary handshake after Khelif was declared the winner. She has since apologised , stating, "It wasn't something I intended to do… Actually, I want to apologize to her and everyone else. I was angry because my Olympics had gone up in smoke." Carini expressed her sadness over the controversy, telling the Italian newspaper Gazzetta dello Sport, "All this controversy makes me sad."

What they said

"I am a fighter. My father taught me to be a warrior. When I am in the ring, I use that mindset, the mindset of a warrior, a winning mindset. This time I couldn’t make it. I didn’t lose tonight, I just surrendered with maturity,” Carini told reporters. Adding that "I'm out, my dream is over…I felt really sad, with a broken heart. It's not right for my Olympics to end here, it's not right for my dream to end here, because an athlete makes so many sacrifices. I'm not ashamed to say that I gave up, I'm not even afraid to go back to that ring." Ahead of the bout, IOC spokesman Mark Adams defended the body's decision for Paris 2024 saying, "This involves real people and we are talking about real people's lives here," he told reporters on Thursday. "They have lost and they have won against other women over the years." British author J.K. Rowling wrote on X that, "A young female boxer has just had everything she’s worked and trained for snatched away because you allowed a male to get in the ring with her. #Paris2024 will be forever tarnished by this brutal injustice.” Italy's right-wing Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni said Carini's bout against Khelif was not a fight among equals. "I think that athletes who have male genetic characteristics should not be admitted to women's competitions. And not because you want to discriminate against someone, but to protect the right of female athletes to be able to compete on equal terms."

UAE's humanitarian project in Morocco aims to provide medical relief for over 25,000 people each year in earthquake-stricken areas across the Middle East and North Africa. The mobile medical service unit, Asterians United, will offer consultations and first-aid treatment directly to communities in need. The project will run for 10 years and may be renewed, with plans to expand aid missions to other areas in the region, Arab News reported. Morocco was severely affected by a deadly earthquake in September 2023, leaving many injured and lacking essential services.

UAE-Morroco diplomatic relations

The UAE Embassy in Rabat celebrated the 52nd anniversary of diplomatic relations between the UAE and Morocco with a seminar on the prosperous and promising future of their relations. The event highlighted the strong economic and trade ties between the two countries and discussed their geopolitical significance. The News Mill reported the seminar was attended by government officials, diplomatic mission heads, academic experts, and media representatives.

Visa-free entry

Azerbaijan and Morocco have lifted visa requirements for each other's citizens. According to Visa Guide , the decision was made to increase tourism and business between the two countries. Morocco has experienced a significant increase in tourist arrivals in the first half of 2024, aiming to attract over 15 million tourists by the end of the year.

Heatwaves

Heatwaves are forecast to persist in Algeria and Morocco through at least the end of July, with temperatures projected to escalate to 47 degrees centigrade. The heatwaves are attributed to climate change, and authorities have issued warnings in both countries. Earlier this year, heatwaves swept through most of Southern Africa. Last year, Morocco also suffered a devastating earthquake. Victims of the earthquake protested outside Parliament in Rabat, demanding increased support and compensation, according to reports from CAJ News Africa .

National archaeological map

The Ministry of Culture in Morocco has launched the country's first national archaeological map, in collaboration with the National Agency for Land Conservation, Cadastre, and Cartography (ANCFCC). The map aims to systematically catalogue Morocco’s cultural heritage, boost preservation efforts, and enhance the management of archaeological sites and monuments. It features known and previously documented archaeological sites from various regions, with plans to expand coverage in the future. Morocco World News indicated the ministry is also developing regional digital predictive maps and atlases to integrate cultural heritage into tourism planning and development projects.

A World Bank report suggests that as of 2023, these figures shifted, with only 12% of countries in the low-income category and 40% in the high-income bracket.

In Asia, particularly South Asia, the shift has been notable. In 1987, 100% of South Asian countries were classified as low-income. By 2023, this number has dropped to just 13%, reflecting significant economic growth and development in the region.

Africa has also seen changes, though the trends are more varied. The Middle East and North Africa region, for example, had no low-income countries in 1987, but this has increased to 10% in 2023. This according to the report highlights persistent economic challenges in some parts of the continent despite overall growth.

Changes in these classifications can be attributed to various factors, including economic growth, inflation, exchange rates, and population growth, all of which influence Atlas Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. Additionally, the World Bank adjusts income classification thresholds annually for inflation using the SDR deflator. 

A case in point is Algeria, which saw its income classification upgraded in 2023 with a 4.1% economic growth. This reclassification was largely due to a comprehensive revision of national account statistics by the Algerian authorities to align with international standards. This revision resulted in an upward adjustment of the GDP estimates of the country. 

The World Bank categorizes global economies into four income groups: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high. These classifications are updated annually based on the previous year's GNI per capita, converted to US dollars using the Atlas method.

This phenomenon is made possible by the continent's incredible geographical diversity, which creates pockets of elevated landscapes that defy the tropical climate.

Below are 5 countries in Africa that experience snowfall:

Lesotho

Lesotho, a small landlocked country is often referred to as the "kingdom in the sky." Its elevated terrain, with an average altitude of 1,800 meters (5,900 feet), makes it the perfect candidate for snowfall . The Maluti Mountains, which cover a significant portion of the country, receive occasional snowfall during the winter months (June to September).

Morocco

Morocco is known for its vibrant cities and arid desert landscapes but surprisingly, it gets snow! The Atlas Mountains, which stretch across the country, create a dramatic backdrop for winter sports enthusiasts. The Oukaimeden ski resort near Marrakech is a popular destination for skiers and snowboarders. The snow-capped peaks of the Atlas Mountains offer breathtaking views, making Morocco a must-visit for winter enthusiasts.

South Africa

This country renowned for its diverse climate and geography, experiences snowfall in certain regions. The Drakensberg Mountains, which form the border between South Africa and Lesotho, receive occasional snowfall during the winter months. The town of Sutherland, located in the Western Cape province, is known for its snowy landscapes and is often referred to as the "coldest town in South Africa."

Algeria

The largest country in Africa, Algeria is primarily known for its arid desert landscape. However, the northern regions of the country, particularly the Tell Atlas Mountains, receive irregular snowfall. The ski resort of Chréa, located near the capital city of Algiers, offers a rare winter treat for locals and tourists alike.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia, a country rich in history and culture also gets snow. The Simien Mountains National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is home to some of the most spectacular snow-capped peaks in Africa. The park's highest point, Ras Dejen, reaches an altitude of 4,533 meters (14,872 feet), making it the perfect spot for snowfall.

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), here are the 8 richest countries in Africa by GDP per capita (PPP).

Mauritius

Mauritius holds the top spot as the richest country in Africa in 2024, with a GDP-PPP per capita of $31,157. Renowned for its diverse economy, Mauritius has successfully expanded beyond traditional sectors such as sugar and textiles.

Libya

Despite recent political and economic challenges, Libya ranks second with a GDP-PPP per capita of $26,527. The country's wealth primarily stems from its vast oil reserves, and ongoing efforts to stabilise its economy have been crucial in maintaining its position among Africa's richest nations.

Botswana

Botswana, with a GDP-PPP per capita of $20,311, is known for its stable economic growth and successful diversification strategies. The country has effectively managed its diamond resources and invested in sectors like tourism and agriculture, strengthening its economic resilience.

Gabon

Gabon ranks fourth with a GDP-PPP per capita of $19,865, driven by its abundant natural resources, including oil and minerals. The government's focus on sustainable development and economic diversification has been crucial in maintaining Gabon's status as one of Africa's wealthiest nations.

Egypt

Egypt secures the fifth position with a GDP-PPP per capita of $17,786. As one of Africa's most populous countries, Egypt boasts a diverse economy, with key sectors including tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing.

Equatorial Guinea

With a GDP-PPP per capita of $17,237, Equatorial Guinea heavily relies on its oil wealth to propel economic development. Despite oil's predominant role, initiatives to diversify the economy and invest in sectors such as agriculture and infrastructure have contributed to its economic prosperity.

South Africa

South Africa, the economic powerhouse of the continent, ranks seventh with a GDP-PPP per capita of $16,625. Despite struggling with challenges like inequality and unemployment, South Africa's diverse economy spans mining, manufacturing, and services, solidifying its pivotal role in the region.

Algeria

Taking the eighth spot, Algeria boasts a GDP-PPP per capita of $14,227. While the country's economy heavily depends on hydrocarbons, initiatives to diversify into sectors like renewable energy and manufacturing are underway to secure sustained economic growth.

What they said

Detailing the tragedies witnessed in the Sahara desert frequently, the coordinator of Alarm Phone Sahara, Azizou Chehou, said "They must not have been able to stand the heat. They must have also been exhausted and without water. We did not find any documents on them, so we weren't able to identify them. We are only in May, if the trend continues, we risk exceeding the 2023 figure of 23,000 deported."

Omar went missing during a decade-long conflict between Algeria's government and Islamist groups with fears that he had either been killed or kidnapped during the unrest.

Details provided in a statement from Algeria’s Djelfa Judiciary Council indicate that he was found in the house of his neighbor in the municipality of Al-Qadid on May 13.

This was after a complaint was filed by the brother of the victim to the Regional Division of the National Gendarmerie in Al-Qudid on May 12. The complaint was against an unknown person based on defamation on social media, that his brother (Omar) was in the house of his neighbor.

Omar was found in the warehouse of his 61-year-old neighbour after the Public Prosecutor at the Idrisiya Court ordered the National Gendarmerie to open an in-depth investigation and move judicial police officers to the said house.  

Local media reports indicate that the victim was found in an underground hole that served as a sheep pen, covered with hay.  

Activists circulated a clip capturing the moment the victim was rescued from the hole where he was detained for 26 years, in a state of shock and unable to speak.

The Public Prosecution has since ordered psychological and medical care for the victim.

Omar's cousin also took to social media to share photos of the victim with his dog with allegations that his dog which was with him at the time of the kidnap had been poisoned or hanged because he wouldn’t stop barking in front of his neighbour’s house where he was kept.

The prosecution case

The suspect is being prosecuted for kidnapping a person and luring him, detaining a person without an order from the authorities and outside the cases permitted by law, and human trafficking when the victim is vulnerable.

An investigating judge at the Djelfa Judicial Council on May 14 ordered that six defendants in the case be placed in temporary detention.

They are being prosecuted for failure to notify the competent authorities of the crime which is punishable by law.

Locally referred to as the Djamaa El-Djazair, the grand mosque which officially cost $898 million and was constructed by a Chinese construction company in the 2010s, has the highest minaret in the world, standing at 265 metres (869 feet), and can hold 120,000 people, Arab News reports.

The mosque has been criticised for being nothing more than a vanity project for former President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who was compelled to step down in 2019 after 20 years in office. According to Aljazeera , Bouteflika had intended to inaugurate the mosque in February 2019 but was unable to do so due to widespread protests and the military's subsequent intervention in Algeria, which forced him to resign.

The mosque, which covers almost 70 acres of land, is said to have a helicopter landing pad and a library with room for one million books.

It has been open to foreign tourists and state visitors to Algeria for approximately five years and first opened for prayers in October 2020.

The mosque’s official opening allows it to host many public prayers and events ahead of the holy Muslim month of Ramadan, which begins in March.

However, Algeria managed to sustain its role as a key supplier of gas in the Spanish market, Algerie Focus reported.

In the Spanish gas market, Algeria surpassed major competitors like the United States and Russia. Algeria exported 94.9 terawatt hours (TWh) of natural gas through the Medgaz pipeline in 2023, solidifying its leadership position.

The United States maintained its standing as the second-largest gas supplier to Spain, claiming a 21.1% market share, while Russia increased its gas exports to Spain, securing an 18.3% market share.

Data from Spanish gas network operator Enagás further indicates that the country’s imports of natural gas and liquefied gas experienced a significant decline in 2023, dropping from 446.6 TWh in 2022 to 398.0 TWh in 2023. This overall decrease was attributed to reduced demand, shifts in the energy mix, and environmental considerations.