The Transparency Commission reviewed the archdiocese's response to cases between 2001 and 2025. The archdiocese received 37 complaints during the period, of which 24 were analysed. The other 13 fell outside the investigation's location, timeframe or criteria.

Archbishop of Panama José Domingo Ulloa asked victims and survivors for forgiveness during the presentation of the report on September 22.

“Wherever members of our Church caused harm, and wherever our institutional response fell short of what the victims needed and had a right to expect, we ask for forgiveness in the name of the Church,” Ulloa said.

Panamanians respond to Church apology

The apology has prompted reactions from residents, with some stressing the importance of accepting responsibility and preventing further abuse.

"I think it's important to acknowledge one's mistakes, to recognize them, to take responsibility, and to ensure they never happen again," said driver Rogelio Justavino.

Artist Erlin Navarro said the Church should remain guided by the teachings it represents.

"Completely in grace, as the Lord Jesus Christ taught us, right? With peace and love. I think that's what the Catholic Church truly embodies: the teachings of Jesus. For me, Jesus was a great prophet, a good man who perfectly embodied religious principles. I think the Church should firmly instill these teachings.”

Report identifies areas for improvement

The independent commission identified five areas requiring improvement in the Church's response: listening to and accompanying victims, recordkeeping, prevention, justice for victims and reparation.

Ulloa also said the archdiocese remains committed to reporting relevant allegations to civil authorities under existing laws and taking complaints seriously while protecting those involved.

The report found that the archdiocese's handling of cases improved after guidelines were introduced in 2015 and the Pastoral Care and Prevention Office and Listening Office were established in 2024.

Yet, as the map above shows, a small group of countries remains outside this global circle. From communist giants to war-torn regions and ideologically rigid states, here’s a breakdown of why some nations still have no diplomatic ties with the Holy See.

Countries without diplomatic relations with the Holy See

Highlighted in red on the map, these countries currently have no formal diplomatic engagement with the Vatican:

Why do these countries stand apart?

1. China

China’s relationship with the Vatican is one of the most complex. Although there has been a provisional agreement since 2018 on the appointment of bishops, full diplomatic relations have not been restored since the Holy See recognised the government in Taiwan. The Chinese Communist Party maintains tight control over religion, making diplomacy difficult.

2. North Korea

With strict isolationist policies and no freedom of religion, North Korea has never established ties with the Holy See. There are no official Catholic churches, and any underground religious activity is met with severe punishment.

3. Vietnam

Vietnam and the Vatican have improved ties in recent years, with a resident papal representative now allowed, but no formal diplomatic status exists yet. Talks are ongoing, and observers expect a breakthrough shortly.

4. Saudi Arabia and Oman

Both nations are Islamic monarchies with no formal churches and strict bans on public Christian worship. Religious freedom is limited, making official ties with the Holy See nearly impossible under current laws.

5. Afghanistan

Ongoing conflict, the resurgence of the Taliban, and a strict interpretation of Islamic law leave no room for a formal Catholic presence or diplomatic recognition of the Holy See.

6. Somalia and Comoros

Both nations have weak governance and fragile internal conditions , especially Somalia, which faces instability and terrorism. Religious minorities, including Christians, are often persecuted.

The Holy See's global role

The Holy See isn’t just a religious authority—it’s a sovereign entity under international law , actively participating in:

Its diplomatic influence is seen as a moral and ethical counterbalance in global affairs, particularly on issues like migration, conflict resolution, poverty, and climate change .