Others argued that Europe is struggling to cope with rising migration, linking the influx to concerns over crime and pressure on public services .

The developments have renewed debate across Europe over border security , migration policy and the need for a coordinated response to one of the continent's most pressing challenges.

Spain's Interior Ministry estimated that around 50,000 people entered Ceuta, while the regional government put the figure as high as 60,000. Many crossed on foot or by swimming around coastal border barriers.

Thousands, including unaccompanied children , were left without shelter. Some migrants said they were returning to Morocco because they could not find food or accommodation in Ceuta.

Spanish authorities said at least 57 people died during the crossings, either by drowning or in crushes near the border.

Spanish security officials estimated that around 53,000 people later returned voluntarily to Morocco, although they said departures were easier to count than arrivals.

Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez described the mass crossing as a "violation of Spain's territorial integrity" and said the government was working with Morocco to accelerate returns and strengthen border security.

The crisis also prompted political tensions across Europe. Italy temporarily restored border checks for air and sea travel from Spain, while France strengthened controls along its border with Spain.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen described the scenes as "unacceptable", calling for an end to dangerous crossings, action against migrant smuggling networks and faster returns under European Union rules.