This reflects the historical adoption of the Gregorian calendar by the Catholic and Protestant churches and the widespread influence of Christian tradition.

In countries such as the Philippines, Christmas isn’t just a day but also a season that begins as early as September and continues well into January. Festivities blend deeply rooted religious practices with lively public celebrations and rich culinary traditions.

Other nations follow alternative dates tied to the Orthodox Christian calendar. In Russia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and parts of Eastern Europe , Christmas is observed on January 7, according to the Julian calendar still used by many Orthodox churches. This variation underlines the diversity of Christian liturgical traditions around the globe.

Despite global spread, Christmas is not a public holiday in several countries, especially where Christian populations are small or the state observes different religious calendars. For example, nations including China, Saudi Arabia and several Middle Eastern states do not officially recognise December 25 as a public holiday, though secular or private celebrations still occur in many urban centres.

Even where Christmas isn’t a national holiday, elements of the season can be widely visible. In Japan, where Christians make up only around 1% of the population, secular celebrations are popular as millions of families order KFC meals as a holiday tradition, a custom that began in the 1970s and persists today.

Beyond spiritual and cultural meaning, Christmas has become a global travel phenomenon, too. Airlines are reporting record-breaking holiday travel volumes this year, with hundreds of millions expected to fly between mid-December and early January, underscoring the economic and social connectivity tied to the season.

Globally, the number of Christians experiencing persecution rose to 388 million during the reporting period from October 2024 to September 2025, up from 380 million a year earlier, marking the highest figure since the annual survey began.

These are the 10 countries that topped Open Doors’ watch list: 

Why North Korea is No. 1

Among the 15 worst places in the world for Christians, nine belonged to Asia. 

North Korea retained its position as the most dangerous country to be a Christian for the 24th consecutive year, with the report citing “dictatorial paranoia” by the ruling regime and the continued imprisonment of tens of thousands of believers in forced labour camps.

Open Doors estimates that between 50,000 and 70,000 Christians are detained in North Korea, with documented cases of brutal interrogation and punishment of those forcibly returned from China.

It also noted the use of church buildings as a propaganda tool to signal tolerance of faith. 

“While the church buildings displayed in the capital Pyongyang might suggest a degree of tolerance, this is propaganda. The reality is very different,” the report said. 

“Christianity has no place in North Korea, a country where homage must be directed one way only: towards the Kim regime,” it continued. 

To help Christians in North Korea, Open Doors called for prayers for Kim Jong-un and his family: “Ask God to change their hearts – knowing that He did the same for the Apostle Paul.”

Nigeria is deadliest country for Christians

Beyond the Korean peninsula, the report highlighted rising pressure across Asia, including tougher restrictions on religious practice in China, sweeping anti-conversion laws in India and persistent violence in Myanmar’s civil war.

China ranked 17th overall, with Open Doors warning of an intensifying crackdown on religious groups as authorities tighten control over worship, organisation and religious expression.

The list of the 15 most hostile countries also included Somalia, Yemen, Sudan, Eritrea, Syria, Nigeria, Pakistan, Libya, Iran , Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Myanmar and Mali, showing that persecution remains widespread beyond Asia.

The report said conditions in Syria had deteriorated following political upheaval, while Africa continued to account for the highest number of killings despite a lower overall share of persecuted Christians.

During the year covered, at least 4,849 Christians were killed worldwide, 4,712 were detained and more than 3,600 churches and Christian properties were attacked.

Nigeria, ranked seventh overall, remained the deadliest country for Christians, with more than 25,200 believers killed there since 2020, according to the report.“It seems the violence in northern Nigeria is never-ending,” it said. “Ask God to bring peace to this country.”

Open Doors said its findings were based on field research in 100 countries, measuring both violent incidents and pressure on Christians across private, family, community, national and church life.

However, what many people do not realise is that Africa has been the historic and modern heartland of frankincense and myrrh production.

The biggest producers of these gems in Africa

Somalia

Somalia is the world’s largest producer of frankincense and is internationally known for high-quality varieties such as Boswellia sacra and Boswellia frereana. Harvested mainly in Puntland and Somaliland, Somali frankincense is still used in church incense, perfumery, and wellness products, especially during the Christmas season. According to Horn Frank , Somalia's frankincense market value is estimated at $504.5 million.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a major producer of both frankincense and myrrh. For centuries, Ethiopian Orthodox churches have burned frankincense during Christmas liturgies, making the resin both a cultural and spiritual staple. Much of the frankincense used in global religious ceremonies originates from Ethiopian dryland forests. Unfortunately, the West's desire for wellness is reported to be impacting Ethiopia's production negatively.

Until roughly two decades ago, frankincense was largely a niche product with demand concentrated in religious institutions. “The demand for frankincense was mostly from churches,” says Frans Bongers , professor of forest ecology and management at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.

That dynamic has shifted dramatically. Today, the ancient resin has entered global commercial markets, driven by growing interest in its purported health benefits and its adoption by the wellness industry, an industry valued at approximately $5.6 trillion annually.

As demand accelerates, supply chains are also changing. “Now big companies are buying up everything they can,” Bongers says. “Anything you can produce, there is a market.”

Kenya

Northern Kenya produces large quantities of myrrh from Commiphora species. Myrrh remains important not only in Christian tradition but also in African traditional medicine and modern cosmetics, with demand rising during festive and religious seasons. For generations, it has played a central role in traditional medicine , where it has been applied to support wound healing, relieve oral sores, ease pain from injuries and broken bones.

Frankincense and myrrh are not relics of the past. They are living products, still harvested by hand, still sustaining rural African livelihoods, and still carrying spiritual meaning thousands of years after the first Christmas.

It is worth remembering that two of the most sacred symbols of Christmas come from Africa’s soil as the world celebrates.

In Coptic Christian communities in Ethiopia and Egypt, Christmas is not celebrated on December 25 but on January 7, following the Julian calendar. Known as Genna in Ethiopia and Eid al-Milad in Egypt, the day is preceded by a long fasting period and centred on prayer, church services, and community meals rather than gift-giving or consumer excess. Worshippers often attend all-night services, dressed in traditional white garments, underscoring the spiritual weight of the occasion.

In this episode, our guests from around the Global South candidly discuss celebrating amid economic hardship, political uncertainty, and conflict , reshaping Christmas into a moment of quiet resilience rather than a commercial celebration.

We also challenge how global media portrays Christmas, arguing that dominant narratives erase the diversity of experiences in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Stories of fasting, collective care, and local rituals rarely make it into global headlines, despite revealing how communities adapt faith to lived realities.

We want our audiences to rethink Christmas not as a single global event, but as many local experiences shaped by history , inequality, and culture.

Click here to watch our previous episodes

World Reframed is produced in London by Global South World, part of the Impactum Group. Its editors are Duncan Hooper and Ismail Akwei.

ISSN 2978-4891

This story is written and edited by the Global South World team. You can  contact us  here.

Across much of Europe, Christmas is deeply embedded in national calendars. Countries such as Germany, Sweden, and parts of Eastern Europe often observe two to three public holidays around December 25 and 26, reflecting Christian traditions and strong labour protections.

In North America, the picture is more mixed. Canada recognises Christmas Day as a public holiday nationwide. In the United States, Christmas Day is a federal holiday, and days off depended largely on employers rather than the law until recently.

President Donal trump oin December 18, signed and declared December 24 and 26 as federal holidays .

Across Latin America, Christmas Day is widely observed, though most countries grant only one official day off. In nations such as Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico, the holiday is culturally significant, but extended breaks are uncommon unless Christmas falls near a weekend.

In Africa, countries with large Christian populations, such as Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia, and South Africa, recognise Christmas as a public holiday, typically for one day, though some also observe Boxing Day. In contrast, in several North African and Middle Eastern countries, Christmas is not a public holiday at all, reflecting different religious majorities.

Much of Asia reflects a similar divide. Christmas is a public holiday in countries like the Philippines and South Korea, but not in others such as China, where it is treated as a commercial or cultural event rather than a state holiday.

This year, conversations about Christmas holidays are intersecting with wider global debates on work-life balance, burnout , and labour rights. With remote work blurring the lines between personal time and professional obligations, workers in many countries are questioning why major cultural holidays still come with limited rest.

The International Labour Organisation has repeatedly warned that insufficient rest periods contribute to declining productivity and poorer mental health outcomes, renewing calls for stronger protections around public holidays and paid leave.

From Papá Noel in much of South America to Viejo Pascuero in Chile and Colacho in parts of Colombia, colonial history and culture have shaped how Latin America refers to the man in red.

In most Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America , Papá Noel is the dominant name. The term comes from the French Père Noël, introduced through European influence in the 19th and early 20th centuries as Christmas customs spread globally.

According to the Museum of Arts and Sciences , the modern Santa Claus figure evolved from Saint Nicholas traditions blended with European folklore and later popularised worldwide through literature and advertising.

Brazil, the region’s largest country and Portuguese-speaking nation, uses Papai Noel, a direct linguistic adaptation that mirrors its colonial heritage. In contrast, Mexico often uses Santa Claus or Santa Clós, reflecting the country’s proximity to the United States and strong cultural exchange across the border.

Chile stands out with Viejo Pascuero, meaning “Old Man of Christmas.” The term emphasises age and familiarity rather than formality, aligning with Chile’s tradition of blending Catholic celebrations with local expression.

In parts of Colombia, particularly in Antioquia, Santa is sometimes called Colacho or Nicolacho, names derived from Saint Nicholas (San Nicolás). This reflects older religious traditions that predate the commercialised Santa image now common worldwide.

Despite the different names, the role Santa Claus plays across Latin America is remarkably similar: a symbol of generosity, family, and childhood joy. Whether he arrives as Papá Noel, Papai Noel, Viejo Pascuero, or Santa Clós, the figure adapts seamlessly to local customs, climates, and cultural rhythms, sometimes swapping snow for summer heat and reindeer for imagination.

Demographic estimates show that Muslims make up roughly 59% of Lebanon’s population, Christians around 34%, Druze about 5%, and Alawites approximately 1%, with small numbers belonging to other groups.

Sunni and Shia Muslim communities dominate much of the south, the Bekaa Valley, and parts of the north. Christian populations remain concentrated in Mount Lebanon, parts of Beirut, and the north-central regions. Druze communities are largely clustered in the Chouf Mountains and surrounding areas, while Alawites are concentrated near Tripoli in the north.

This religious geography is inseparable from Lebanon’s confessional political system, established under the National Pact of 1943, an unwritten agreement that shaped the post-independence state. The pact formalised power-sharing among religious groups based on demographic realities at the time, granting Christians a leading political role while recognising Muslim participation in governance.

After 15 years of civil war , the system was recalibrated by the Taif Agreement of 1989–1990, which shifted greater executive power to the Council of Ministers and introduced parity between Christian and Muslim representation in parliament.

Under the current framework, the country’s top offices remain allocated by religious affiliation : the president must be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of parliament a Shia Muslim.

Parliamentary seats and senior public-sector positions are also divided along sectarian lines. While this structure was intended to guarantee inclusion and stability, critics argue it has institutionalised patronage networks, weakened state accountability, and made reform exceptionally difficult.

What the above map makes clear is why this system endures despite widespread frustration. Lebanon’s religious communities are not confined to isolated enclaves; they overlap in cities, towns, and strategic regions.

Any attempt to alter the balance of power risks being interpreted as a zero-sum game for one group and a loss for another. In a country still shaped by memories of civil war and ongoing regional tensions, even modest political shifts can quickly become destabilising.

As Lebanon struggles with economic collapse , political paralysis, and spillover from regional conflicts, its religious map remains a critical lens for understanding both the country’s fragility and its resilience. The same diversity that complicates governance has also sustained Lebanon’s pluralistic identity for decades, making it a rare, if imperfect, experiment in coexistence in a deeply divided region.

While most European countries mark Christmas on December 25, several observe it on January 7, and in a few places it is not a public holiday at all. This divergence is not accidental but rooted in history, theology, and calendars that still shape modern Europe today.

December 25 vs January 7

The majority of Europe celebrates Christmas on December 25, following the Gregorian calendar , which was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and is now the global civil standard. Western Christian traditions, including Roman Catholic, Protestant, and many Anglican churches, use this calendar to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ.

However, parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, including Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, parts of Ukraine, and Georgia, celebrate Christmas on January 7. These countries largely follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity , which still uses the Julian calendar for liturgical purposes. The Julian calendar currently runs 13 days behind the Gregorian one, meaning December 25 (Julian) corresponds to January 7 (Gregorian).

The map also highlights countries where Christmas Day is not an official public holiday, most notably Turkey, where Christianity is a minority religion and public holidays are aligned with Islamic traditions. While Christmas is widely observed by Christian communities there, it does not carry national holiday status.

This calendar divide has taken on renewed significance amid current geopolitical and cultural developments. In Ukraine, for example, Christmas has become part of a broader conversation about national identity.

In 2023, Ukraine officially moved its Christmas Day public holiday to December 25, distancing itself from Russian religious tradition and aligning more closely with Western Europe.

This year, vast crowds made the journey carrying statues, photos and offerings. Many travelled on their knees, reflecting both devotion and the burdens they hoped to leave behind. For some, the pilgrimage is connected to economic hardship, migration challenges or health crises, issues that resonate widely across the Global South and diaspora communities.

One young student, for example, completed the route crawling after promising to repay the Virgin if he was able to resume his studies following serious financial difficulties. A local businesswoman returned to give thanks for work and health during the year and to pray for her husband’s safe return from the United States . Another father completed the journey on his knees with his children after believing his infant son, once given little chance of survival due to a tumour, had been granted another chance at life.

Many described the physical strain of the last stretch as overwhelming, speaking of the moment when the entrance to the basilica comes into sight, and the sense of weight becomes almost unbearable. Others framed the pilgrimage as an act of renewal, saying they had come to express gratitude for health , protection and the hope of remaining “clean” and free from the struggles that once defined their lives.

According to tradition, the Virgin Mary appeared in 1531 to an Indigenous man named Juan Diego, and devotion to Our Lady of Guadalupe has since become woven into Mexico’s cultural and spiritual identity. Yet its significance extends far beyond the country. Authorities estimate that around four million pilgrims will visit the basilica between 11 and 12 December, placing the event among the world ’s most attended religious gatherings.

Pope Leo XIV’s first international trip took him to Turkey, where he met President Erdoğan and held key religious and diplomatic meetings. The visit highlighted shared calls for peace amid global crises and underscored Türkiye’s historic role as a bridge between cultures. The Pope also visited İznik, reflecting the country’s deep Christian heritage and recent steps toward greater religious pluralism.

Interior ministry probes security lapse after Barzani’s Cizre visit

Türkiye’s Interior Ministry has launched an investigation into security arrangements during former KRG President Mesud Barzani’s recent visit to Şırnak, after images of his guards carrying long-barreled weapons in military-style uniforms sparked public criticism. Barzani, now a political party leader with no official government role, visited Cizre on Nov. 29 for the Melaye Ciziri Symposium. Footage of his armed detail drew swift backlash and raised protocol concerns. AK Party spokesman Ömer Çelik called the images “unpleasant” during a Habertürk interview and confirmed a formal inquiry, noting that Türkiye is fully capable of providing security for visiting figures.

Turkey's TIKA restores historic Ottoman-era cemetery in Damascus

Turkey has completed the restoration of the historic Ottoman-era cemetery in the courtyard of the Sheikh Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi Mosque in Damascus, repairing decades of damage and neglect, the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TIKA) announced Monday. The cemetery, home to the graves of Ottoman statesmen and their families, had deteriorated due to wear, deliberate destruction, and lack of upkeep, leaving it in a state seen as inconsistent with the site’s spiritual and historical importance. With Syria reopening to visitors, the cemetery has again become a stop for official delegations and cultural tourists. TIKA said the first phase of restoration, removing debris, uncovering graves buried under concrete and soil, and reorganising the area, was completed in late August.

Turkey seeks permanent, fair solution to Russia-Ukraine War

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reaffirmed Turkey's push for a diplomatic, fair and lasting resolution to the Russia-Ukraine war during a meeting with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán on Monday. At a joint news conference in Istanbul, Erdoğan said they reviewed regional and global developments, including the Middle East and Ukraine, and praised Hungary’s role in the Organisation of Turkic States, noting the historic informal summit held in Budapest in May. He emphasised that Turkey has worked from the start of the conflict to advance a just peace, adding, “No one wins a war, and no one loses from a just peace.”

Parliament speaker says peace bid enters 'riskiest phase'

Parliament Speaker Numan Kurtulmuş says Turkey's latest peace initiative has entered its “most risky phase” after the PKK announced it would lay down arms, warning that the process must move forward without delays. Speaking to Milliyet, he said it must be confirmed that the PKK has disarmed, ended its activities, and will integrate with the new administration in Syria, noting the YPG’s March agreement to join Syria’s national army. Kurtulmuş said the process has progressed well but stressed that the next stage is the most delicate, urging the group to fulfil its promises without hesitation. Under the government’s “terror-free Turkey” plan, the PKK declared a ceasefire, began disarming, and said in late October that it had withdrawn from Turkish territory.

U.S. President Donald Trump recently claimed that Christians are being specifically targeted , citing figures that 3,100 of the 4,470 victims were Christian.

However, security experts dispute this assertion, noting that Islamist violence in Nigeria is often indiscriminate, affecting both Christians and Muslims alike.

Analysts emphasise that many of the deadliest attacks have struck Muslim-majority communities, and no reliable data proves Christians are disproportionately targeted.

Experts point instead to complex, overlapping causes behind the violence, from struggles over political power and land disputes to deep-rooted ethnic tensions.

Meanwhile, Nigeria’s military remains overstretched, underfunded, and mired in corruption , leaving it unable to sustain gains against insurgents who have adapted with new funding networks, local alliances, and control of rural zones.

A map from around 400 CE illustrates the region's remarkable diversity. Across the peninsula, people practised everything from traditional tribal polytheism, worshipping many gods tied to nature and tribe, to newer monotheistic faiths like Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Hanifism, which focused on the belief in one God.

This blend of faiths paints a fascinating picture of the world Islam would later grow. It also reminds us that questions of belief, identity, and coexistence are not new; they’ve shaped human societies for centuries and still matter deeply today.

In many tribal and rural areas, polytheism was the main belief system. People worshipped gods and spirits connected to the land, sky, and their own communities.

According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica , these deities were often linked to celestial bodies, like the sun and stars, and played central roles in local traditions.

Meanwhile, monotheistic faiths were spreading their roots. Jewish communities had long been established in some regions, and by the 4th and 5th centuries, Christianity had begun to thrive, particularly in southern and northern Arabia.

Further east, Persian influence introduced Zoroastrianism, the official religion of the powerful Sassanian Empire. It didn’t dominate the region but found small footholds along the trade routes and coastal settlements connected to Persia.

There were also smaller, lesser-known groups like the Sabians. Though historians still debate exactly who they were, their presence adds another layer to the region’s vibrant mix of beliefs.

A produced by The World in Maps categorises these nations by their official or constitutionally endorsed faiths — Christianity (in red), Islam (in green), and Buddhism (in dark grey) — pointing to the enduring complexity of how states and religions interact globally.

What a “state religion” means and how it varies

A state religion (also called an official or established religion) is one that a government formally endorses or gives special status, privileges, or constitutional recognition. But this does not necessarily mean the state is a theocracy or that it compels all citizens to follow that faith.

In many nations, religious freedom still exists, albeit within a framework where the “official” religion enjoys preferential treatment , whether in funding, influence over ceremonial functions, or constitutional prominence.

This landscape is diverse in practice. Some states explicitly define their religion in their constitutions, others make public references, or provide institutional support.

For instance, Jordan’s constitution states that “Islam is the religion of the State” while still permitting other faiths to be practised.

Malaysia’s federal constitution similarly affirms Islam as the religion of the federation, though it allows other religions to be practised peacefully.

Where state religions persist, and which ones

The map shows a concentration of state religions in parts of the Middle East, Southeast Asia , and parts of Europe and Africa.

Islamic state religions are particularly frequent: countries like Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Jordan, Kuwait, and others have Islam as the constitutionally recognised religion.

In the sphere of Buddhism, a few nations (such as Bhutan and Cambodia) declare Buddhist identity in their constitutions as a “spiritual heritage” or state faith.

In Europe, some countries maintain established Christian churches (e.g. the Church of Denmark), though the practical role of these churches varies, and secularisation trends are strong.

It’s also worth noting that many more countries, beyond those with formal state religions, still favour one religion through policy, funding or cultural entanglement. According to Pew , over 80 nations give official or unofficial advantages to particular faiths.

Groups that fail to comply risk penalties, suspension of credentials, and possible criminal investigation. They are also required to align religious doctrine with state ideology under the principle of “Sinicisation.”

“Religious clergy engaging in online activities should love the motherland, support the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, uphold the socialist system, follow national laws and regulations, and adhere to relevant provisions on managing religious affairs,” according to Article 2 of the rules translated to English by religious rights magazine Bitter Winter .

Further provisions tighten political control: Article 7 states that organisations are banned from publishing content that “incites subversion of state power, opposes the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, [and] undermines the socialist system.”

The measures also restrict where preaching can take place. Article 5 limits online religious activity to official websites, apps, forums and platforms that have secured an Internet Religious Information Services Licence. Personal social media accounts, livestreams and private groups are explicitly forbidden.

According to Bitter Winter, the rules also extend to youth activities. 

“Clergy may not evangelize to underage users or organize youth religious camps or training,” it reported. The same provision bans attempts to commercialise religious life, including fundraising, merchandise sales, or monetising online religious activities.

Technology is not exempt. Generative artificial intelligence cannot be used to produce or disseminate religious content.

National security is a key theme underpinning the new rules, with provisions forbidding foreign “religious infiltration,” extremist teachings, and even fortune-telling or astrology. 

The rules also restrict worship itself, outlawing livestreamed sermons, online rituals, and even meditation sessions unless conducted on state-approved platforms.

Beijing formally recognises five faiths: Buddhism, Catholicism, Islam, Protestantism and Taoism. 

Controls across these beliefs are stern, with activities such as proselytising and Sunday schools facing bans. Groups outside the recognised framework, including Falun Gong, remain outlawed.

Under Xi Jinping, enforcement of these rules has hardened. Rights groups say more than a million Uyghurs have been detained in camps in Xinjiang, accusations China rejects as “counter-terrorism” measures. 

Christians worshipping in unauthorised “house churches” and underground Catholic clergy have also faced arrests, keeping China high on global rankings for religious restrictions.

The visualisation shows the largest religion in every district across the country, revealing that Hinduism is the majority faith in nearly every part of India, while pockets of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and others form distinct majorities in certain regions.

According to the 2011 Census, Hindus make up roughly 79.8% of India’s population, Muslims about 14.2%, Christians 2.3%, Sikhs 1.7%, Buddhists 0.7%, and Jains 0.4%. Most districts reflect this Hindu majority, but the map shows exceptions.

In Jammu & Kashmir and Lakshadweep, Muslims form the largest group. Large parts of the Northeast—including Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya—have Christian majorities, while Punjab remains predominantly Sikh.

There are also small Buddhist-majority pockets in Ladakh and parts of Arunachal Pradesh. These regional differences are reminders that India’s national identity is rooted in religious diversity as much as in shared culture.

Yet, the picture is not static. Research shows that between 1950 and 2015, the Hindu share of India’s population dropped by about 7.8 percentage points, while the Muslim share rose from 9.8% to 14.1%. Some districts have seen noticeable shifts between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, driven by migration, fertility rates, and conversion patterns.

This evolving demography has major social and political implications. The majority of faiths often shape local governance , voting patterns, and cultural priorities. At the same time, minority-majority districts are increasingly in the national spotlight, especially amid concerns over rising religious tensions.

A 2023 report by the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom highlighted growing incidents of violence and discrimination targeting Muslims and Christians in India. These developments show that while census data maps the distribution of faith, it cannot capture the full lived experience of religious communities.

Globally, India’s trends fit into a broader pattern. Islam remains the fastest-growing major religion worldwide, and Pew Research projects that India will continue to see a gradual rise in its Muslim population in the coming decades.

Meanwhile, within India, some communities—such as Lingayats in Karnataka—are pressing for separate recognition in future censuses, which could further shift how religious identity is measured.

Islam first reached Africa in the seventh century when the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates spread the faith across the northern edge of the continent. Over time, Muslim kingdoms and trans-Saharan trade networks entrenched Islam across North and West Africa.

Christianity arrived in parts of northeast Africa within a few centuries of Jesus’s death, but its rapid expansion in sub‑Saharan Africa occurred much later, during European colonial missions in the 15th century. Several countries lying between the two zones, including Nigeria, Cameroon and Sudan, now have large populations of both faiths.

In Nigeria’s case, a roughly 50‑50 split between Muslims and Christians means it hosts about 115 million Muslims – the largest absolute number in any African country. Mauritius stands out because Hindus make up about 47.9 % of its population, a legacy of indentured Indian labourers who were brought to work on sugar plantations during colonial times.

The Pew Research Centre notes that between 2010 and 2020, the population of sub‑Saharan Africa grew by 31 % to 1.1 billion. Christians now account for 62 % of the region’s population, while Muslims make up roughly one‑third; religiously unaffiliated people and followers of traditional African religions each represent about 3%.

In absolute terms, the number of Christians rose to 697 million (up 31 % from 2010) and Muslims to 369 million (up 34 %); Hindus numbered just over a million. Pew emphasises that Muslim‑majority countries cluster in the north, near the Middle East and North Africa, while Christian‑majority countries dominate the south.

This division is so pronounced that it appears within countries: Nigeria’s mostly Muslim northern states and Christian south share a porous frontier, and this north‑south fault line contributed to Sudan’s split into Sudan and South Sudan in 2011. By comparison, the Middle East–North Africa region is overwhelmingly Muslim—94 % of its 440 million people identify as Muslim and only about 3 % as Christian.

Some countries resist neat classification. In Eritrea, estimates of religious composition vary widely: some sources put the Christian share between 47 % and 63 % and the Muslim share between 37 % and 52 %.

A 2010 national health survey found 61.4 % Christian and 38.4 % Muslim, whereas the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom’s 2021 report described the population as split roughly in half.

Ethiopia also balances a large Muslim minority with a dominant Orthodox Christian tradition, and in Sudan, the Muslim‑dominated northern provinces separated from the mostly Christian south in 2011. Mozambique saw the region’s largest increase in Christian share over the past decade, while the Muslim share has increased in Benin.

According to data from the Pew Research Centre , the percentage of Christians varies widely by country, from a tiny fraction in places like Iran (0.2%) and Yemen (0.2%) to large communities in Lebanon (31%) and Cyprus (78%).

Where Christians live in the Middle East

By contrast, Turkey (0.5%), Iraq (0.8%), Iran (0.2%), and the Palestinian territories (1%) have only small Christian populations today, a steep decline from the early centuries of Christianity.

Historical shifts and decline

Christianity’s presence in the Middle East has been shrinking for decades due to migration, conflict, and discrimination. Civil wars in Iraq and Syria forced millions of Christians to flee. In countries like Egypt , many Copts face social and political pressures that drive emigration.

According to Open Doors International , persecution remains a major concern. Churches in several countries face restrictions, and open expression of faith is often limited.

Interestingly, the Gulf states show higher percentages of Christians, but most are not indigenous communities. Migrants from the Philippines, India , and Africa form the backbone of Christian populations in places like Qatar, Bahrain, and the UAE.

The holiday has deep roots in Catholic tradition – it marks Mary’s “ascent to heaven” according to Catholic doctrine. In Eastern Orthodox churches (where it’s often called the Dormition of the Theotokos), August 15 is likewise a central feast day.

The date has been celebrated since the early centuries of Christianity (established by the 6th–7th centuries) and remains a Holy Day of Obligation in the Catholic Church, meaning the faithful attend special Masses on this day. Many towns host religious processions, masses, and community festivals on August 15 to honour the Virgin Mary’s assumption.

Because of its religious importance, August 15 (Assumption Day) is a public holiday in numerous European countries. Nations with strong Catholic or Orthodox heritage have long designated this date as a nationwide day off, despite secular governance in some cases (for example, officially secular France still observes Assumption Day).

Major Catholic-majority countries such as France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Austria, Belgium, and Portugal all mark August 15 as a national public holiday, as do several smaller European states.

Predominantly Orthodox countries like Greece, Cyprus, and Romania also treat this day as a national holiday. Even microstates and regions with Catholic traditions (e.g. Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, Malta, and Liechtenstein) celebrate August 15 with official closures.

In total, well over a dozen European countries suspend work nationwide on this date in honour of the Assumption.

However, in a few countries, the observance is regional rather than nationwide. For instance, Germany does not have a federal public holiday on August 15, but the day is a day off in its heavily Catholic states of Bavaria (mostly in communities with Catholic majorities) and the state of Saarland.

Switzerland similarly observes August 15 only in its Catholic-majority cantons (about 12 of the 26 cantons, such as Lucerne, Ticino, Valais, and others). Parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina with significant Catholic populations also recognise August 15 as a local holiday.

On the other hand, countries with largely Protestant or secular backgrounds – for example, the UK, the Netherlands, and most of Scandinavia – do not treat August 15 as a day off, reflecting the holiday’s specifically Catholic/Orthodox origins.

Yet, the Buddhist population seems to be catching up quickly. The religion boasts a global population of about 500 million followers and it's the fourth largest religion in the world.

China ranks number 1 in total number of Buddhists — over 254 million — which represents only 18.3% of its population. This is due to China’s vast population base and the presence of many other religious and philosophical traditions, including Taoism, Confucianism, Christianity, and Islam.

Nonetheless, China is home to a rich history of Mahayana Buddhism, which deeply influences its temples, art , and monastic practices.

In contrast, Thailand (66.1 million, 92.6%) and Cambodia (15.7 million, 96.8%) rank as the most intensely Buddhist societies in the world by proportion.

In these nations, Theravāda Buddhism is not just a religion — it's a central part of national identity, education, and daily life. Monastic life remains highly respected, and many young men enter monasteries temporarily as a rite of passage.

Japan (41.4 million Buddhists) and South Korea (10.9 million) reflect a more syncretic approach. In both countries, Buddhism coexists with Shintoism (in Japan) and Christianity (in Korea). Many individuals participate in Buddhist rituals while identifying culturally rather than exclusively religiously.

Though Buddhism originated in India in the 6th century BCE, it now accounts for just 0.7% of India’s population. Still, India remains spiritually significant, home to sacred pilgrimage sites such as Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, and Kushinagar. The modern resurgence of Buddhism in India has been driven in part by the Dalit Buddhist movement, influenced by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Although not announced officially, the decision was made during the first closed-door meeting of cardinals since Pope Francis' funeral on Saturday, April 26.

The exercise will involve about 135 cardinals under the age of 80 from around the world who will vote to choose the new leader of the 1.4 billion-member Church.

As the papal election approaches, speculation continues over who might emerge as the next pope. Since Pope Francis' passing, several prominent names have surfaced, each offering unique experiences and visions for the future of the Catholic Church.

Here’s a closer look at the leading contenders:

Cardinal Michael Czerny, 78

Leader of the Vatican’s Social Justice Office (Canada)

Born in Czechoslovakia and raised in Canada, Cardinal Czerny embodies global citizenship. A Jesuit like Pope Francis, Czerny has led humanitarian missions in El Salvador and Africa and played a critical role in the Vatican's response to migration crises.

Czerny's commitment to human rights positions him to likely continue Pope Francis' emphasis on social justice. However, his age—already 78—could be a significant barrier, as the Church often looks for younger leadership.

Cardinal Robert Prevost, 69

Prefect of the Vatican Dicastery for Bishops (United States)

Cardinal Prevost's leadership of the Vatican office for bishop appointments positions him at the Church's administrative heart.

Born in Chicago but deeply connected to Latin America through his service in Peru, Prevost could bridge North and South American interests. While American cardinals historically face scepticism due to U.S. geopolitical clout, Prevost’s Latin ties could soften resistance.

Cardinal Matteo Zuppi, 69

Archbishop of Bologna (Italy)

Zuppi is widely admired for his diplomatic prowess, leading a 2023 Vatican peace mission to Ukraine and previously helping mediate Mozambique’s civil war.

His inclusive vision, especially regarding outreach to LGBTQ+ Catholics, resonates with the Franciscan model of the Church as a "field hospital." CNN notes that Zuppi’s mix of traditional diplomacy and progressive pastoral care makes him a formidable candidate.

Cardinal Gérald C. Lacroix, 67

Archbishop of Quebec (Canada)

A pragmatic leader with pastoral sensitivity, Lacroix’s strength lies in managing a highly secularised society like Quebec.

Although he faced a sexual abuse allegation from the 1980s—an accusation Vatican investigations found baseless—his candidacy could still face media scrutiny, as Vatican analysts caution.

Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle, 67

Leader of the Vatican Office for Evangelisation (Philippines)

Frequently dubbed the "Asian Francis," Cardinal Tagle is seen as a charismatic and humble figure.

His deep ties to the Global South—where the Catholic Church is growing fastest—make him a particularly strong candidate. CNN and Vatican insiders regard him as a symbol of the Church's future, though critics wonder if he has enough Roman experience to consolidate Vatican support.

Cardinal Pablo Virgilio S. David, 66

Bishop of Kalookan (Philippines)

Cardinal David, known as "Ambo," is a courageous advocate for justice, having boldly criticised Philippine President Duterte’s drug war.

He leads with moral clarity aligned with Pope Francis’ vision of an inclusive Church. Analysts believe that his strong regional influence could make him Southeast Asia's first pope, should his peers rally behind him.

Cardinal Tarcisius I. Kikuchi, 66

Archbishop of Tokyo (Japan)

An anti-nuclear activist with missionary experience across Africa, Kikuchi champions a globalised, peace-focused Church.

As Vatican reports indicate, his leadership could appeal to a Catholic community increasingly diverse in culture and language.

Cardinal Jean-Claude Hollerich, 66

Archbishop of Luxembourg

A fellow Jesuit, Cardinal Hollerich, has played a key role in Vatican synods on Church reform.

Fluent in multiple languages and praised for his reformist stance, he is seen as a global figure—one who could navigate Europe ’s increasingly secular environment while steering the Church through contentious debates on modernisation.

Cardinal Fridolin A. Besungu, 65

Archbishop of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Leading a Church of over seven million Catholics, Cardinal Ambongo is one of Africa’s most prominent religious figures.

He is a fierce defender of democracy and human rights, but remains doctrinally conservative, especially on issues like the blessing of same-sex couples. CNN experts argue that his strong African base could significantly influence the outcome if a progressive-conservative compromise is sought.

Among those arriving is U.S. President Donald Trump, accompanied by First Lady Melania Trump. Interestingly, Trump's arrival will coincide with the sealing of Pope Francis' coffin. Other heads of state confirmed to attend include French President Emmanuel Macron, British Prime Minister Keir Starmer, and Hungarian President Viktor Orbán. Notably, both Vladimir Putin from Russia and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu will miss the event, as they are subject to outstanding warrants from the International Criminal Court.

As the public prepares to pay their respects, over 90,000 visitors poured into the basilica on Thursday, prompting the Vatican to extend its opening hours late into the night. In a special tribute, a group of poor and homeless individuals will gather around Pope Francis' coffin prior to the funeral.

The late pontiff is to be laid to rest at the Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major, chosen for its proximity to an icon of the Virgin Mary that had always been a source of prayer for him. Following the funeral, the cardinals of the church will not convene to select the next pontiff until at least May 5. Arrivals of cardinals have been ongoing, with an initial meeting of 113 members taking place on Thursday to deliberate church-related matters. They are scheduled for another gathering on Friday, though it appears to be more of an organizational meeting.

Italian Cardinal Fernando Filoni commented on the preparations, stating, “We are getting ready, but we still have not entered into the more intense phase. We are in the organizational phase”. The tension and anticipation for both the funeral and the eventual conclave hangs palpably in the air as Rome accommodates those wishing to honor Pope Francis’ legacy.

Opened to the public on Wednesday, St. Peter's Basilica allows visitors to pay their final respects. The pontiff's coffin will remain on display until his funeral. Due to the high number of attendees, the Vatican may extend visiting hours beyond midnight in Rome to accommodate the influx of pilgrims.

More than 20,000 people have already gathered at the Vatican to honor Pope Francis. The coffin is positioned before the Papal Altar for public viewing over three days. President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines has also announced four days of national mourning, reflecting the profound impact of the pope's passing on the Filipino community and highlighting his contribution to peace and compassion during his visit to the country.

Pope Francis's body was moved to St. Peter's Basilica in a solemn procession led by cardinals, where it lies in state for public mourning. The emotional impact of his death was noted by Cardinal Mario Zenari, who remarked on the late pope's joyous character as thousands queued to pay their respects. In Jerusalem, a Mass was conducted at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in remembrance of the pope, demonstrating his global influence.

Crowds in the Vatican remained visible, streaming inside the Basilica as they prepared to say their goodbyes. The funeral on Saturday is anticipated to draw over 200,000 attendees, united in their grief and respect for the late pontiff.

Tributes continue to pour in from all corners of the globe, honouring Pope Francis, who dedicated his life to promoting peace, justice , and human dignity.

"I believe that all of us who knew him—and even those who knew him only from afar, through the news—remember this great man who worked tirelessly not only for the Church, but for the world, for peace in the world, for peace among nations, and dialogue between people s. His concern for the environment, and at the same time, his concern for debt and people in need of greater dignity," Orani Joao Tempesta, Cardinal of Rio de Janeiro, told AFP.

Upon convening in the Sistine Chapel, typically within 15 to 20 days after the pope’s death, the cardinals follow a strict protocol. After announcing "extra omnes" to exclude all but the voting cardinals and select officials, the doors to the chapel are securely locked, and the cardinals take an oath of secrecy, cutting off all communication with the outside world . Their phones are confiscated, and the chapel is meticulously checked for any listening devices to safeguard confidentiality throughout the conclave.

The conclave takes place at St. Martha’s House, a designated facility near the chapel where the cardinals, including Pope Francis, have resided during prior conclaves. The proceedings commence with a mass, followed by deliberations and voting that ensues daily, both morning and afternoon, until a candidate secures a two-thirds majority. A day is reserved for prayer after every seven ballots, and should the process fail after 30 ballots, a simple majority will suffice for election.

Any baptized male may potentially be elected as pope, but a serving cardinal is typically the choice. Each elector receives a ballot card inscribed with the phrase eligo in summum pontificem, indicating their selection. The secrecy of the ballot does not preclude the possibility of intrigue or lobbying among the cardinals. After each voting round, the ballots are burned, with chemical agents added to produce white smoke for a successful election or black smoke for inconclusive results.

Once a candidate is determined, he is asked to accept the election and decide upon a papal name. Following this, the cardinals vow their allegiance to the newly elected pope, who is then escorted to the adjacent Room of Tears for dressing in the traditional white cassock, skull cap, and red slippers. The Vatican has prepared three sets of vestments to accommodate different sizes.

Finally, the dean of the cardinals announces the election of the new pope from the balcony of St. Peter’s Basilica, addressing the congregation gathered below with the words: “I announce to you with great joy: We have a pope”. This announcement marks a significant moment for Catholics worldwide, signifying the continuation of their faith under new leadership.

However, due to diversity and rights to worship, Easter is not the same for everyone.

From Brazil’s beaches to the snowy slopes of Sweden, Easter is a public holiday. Schools close, offices go quiet, and streets come alive with parades, feasts, and old-world rituals.

In the Philippines, candlelit processions wind through towns, while in Italy, massive chocolate eggs hide secret surprises. In Ethiopia, where Orthodox traditions thrive, fasting ends with a grand feast, known as Fasika.

Hop across the globe, however, and Easter's presence shifts. In places such as China, Turkey, and much of North Africa (large Muslim populations), Easter is just another day on the calendar.

Life goes on, business as usual, though you might still find hidden enclaves celebrating with quiet reverence, like a small congregation in Morocco or expats cracking red eggs in Beijing.

Then there’s the United States . Here, Easter dances a delicate line between celebration and routine. It’s not a federal public holiday, yet church bells ring across cities, and parks bloom with egg hunts as children search through the grass.

In the Bible Belt, entire towns might close up shop for Good Friday, while in others, business continues.

The mass, held in the Philippine capital, is part of a long-standing tradition observed by many Filipino Catholics. The annual gathering marks one of the most important events in the Christian calendar.

“To be healthy is important because that is the custom of Filipinos, as with Catholics. I also ask him to give me a strong body and a good life,” one attendee told AFP.

Another worshipper said, “What matters to us is that this work is our obligation as Catholics.”

Easter Sunday is widely observed across the predominantly Catholic nation, with more than 86% of its population being Roman Catholic.

Subsequently, Christianity’s explosive rise from the 1st century CE became evident. Spurred by the Roman Empire’s adoption and European colonisation over centuries, Christianity surpassed all other religions by the 16th–17th century and has maintained that lead into the modern day.

In parallel, Islam rose swiftly after the 7th century CE, spreading from the Arabian Peninsula into the Middle East, North Africa , Central Asia, and parts of Europe and Southeast Asia. Today, it stands as the second-largest religion globally, and its growth trajectory remains steep due to high birth rates in Muslim-majority countries.

The fade of ancient faiths

Ancient polytheistic religions—such as those of the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and Norse—which once dominated their regions, saw a decline following the spread of monotheistic faiths.

Buddhism, although never the largest in terms of global population, however, retains a significant and steady presence, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, thanks to early missionary efforts and cultural integration.

Modern shifts: The rise of secularism

By the 20th and 21st centuries, a new category began to climb: the religiously unaffiliated. This includes atheists, agnostics, and those who identify as "spiritual but not religious." Driven largely by secularisation in Europe, North America, and parts of East Asia , this group has grown rapidly—making it one of the largest belief segments today.

In a nutshell, Christianity remains the largest religion, with over 2.3 billion followers. Islam follows closely with 1.9 billion, projected to surpass Christianity by the end of the 21st century. The "unaffiliated" now make up more than 1 billion people , a number that continues to grow.

A new partnership between SHONA Capital and Cornerstone Asset Managers is poised to inject significant funding into Uganda’s small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly within the agriculture and healthcare sectors. This $500,000 investment seeks to provide essential capital, thereby mitigating the reliance on foreign currency financing which has contributed to a staggering $4.7 billion financing shortfall for Ugandan SMEs. SHONA Capital is committed to providing not only financial resources but also managerial guidance, while Cornerstone Asset Managers will draw on their extensive wealth management expertise to support the initiative.

TCS World 10K Marathon

Prominent Ugandan and Kenyan runners are set to make their mark in the upcoming TCS World 10K Marathon scheduled for April 27 in Bengaluru. Ugandan Olympian Joshua Cheptegei will return to this prestigious event after almost ten years, where he will face tough competition, including local compatriot Stephen Kissa and a strong Kenyan contender in Vincent Langat, who has shown impressive recent form. The women's event will also witness fierce competition from Eritrea’s Rahel Daniel, Ethiopia ’s Asmarech Anley, and Uganda's Sarah Chelangat, all of whom have demonstrated remarkable performances at recent major competitions.

Christianity and Morality

Ugandan Catholic bishops have released a pastoral letter of significant concern regarding the declining moral and spiritual values within the nation. Titled “The Truth will set you free,” the document discusses grave issues such as escalating homicide rates, pervasive corruption, and human rights violations. The bishops emphasise the urgent need for actions to combat what they describe as a moral and spiritual crisis, exacerbated by growing poverty, youth unemployment, and rampant alcohol abuse. The letter further condemns abortion and corruption, advocating for enhanced protection for anti-corruption activists and ensuring the independence of anti-graft agencies.

Railway extension project

In regional infrastructure developments, Kenya has secured an impressive $5.3 billion in funding from a consortium of Chinese companies aimed at reviving a stalled railway extension project to Uganda. According to the agreement, the consortium will contribute 40% of the funding and will manage the 475-kilometre Standard Gauge Railway line from Naivasha to Malaba, collecting toll fees to recover their investment. Additionally, the Export-Import Bank of China will finance 30% of the project with loans, featuring a grace period that extends until 2029. The remaining costs will be covered by Kenya through a railway development levy. Republic of Congo, signalling an important step in regional connectivity.

FIFA U-17 World Cup

In the sphere of youth football, Uganda, Gambia, Angola, and Egypt are fervently battling it out for places in the FIFA U-17 World Cup, set to take place in Qatar in 2025. The decisive matches at the TotalEnergies CAF U-17 Africa Cup of Nations in Morocco will unfold on Saturday at El Abdi Stadium. Uganda's under-17 team is strategically positioned to face Gambia at 17:00 GMT, with aspirations of achieving their first World Cup qualification while facing a well-versed Gambia squad. Meanwhile, Angola will challenge Egypt at 20:00 GMT, with Angola seeking a defining victory, while Egypt aims for a return to the World Cup arena for the first time since 1997.

To commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ, the son of God, over 2 billion Christians around the world have various traditions for this special day.

In the Czech Republic, single women toss their shoes over their shoulders on Christmas Day. If the shoe lands with the toe pointing to a door, marriage is said to be in the future.

Mexicans reenact Mary and Joseph's search for shelter in Bethlehem for nine nights leading to Christmas.

In Japan, KFC outlets are always filled on Christmas Day. Due to a 1970 marketing campaign, the Japanese have their holiday meals at KFC .

In Venezuela's capital, Caracas, however, it is a tradition to roller-skate to morning mass on Christmas Eve. For safety, roads are even blocked.

Norwegians on the other hand hide their brooms to prevent evil spirits from 'borrowing' them on Christmas Eve.

Ethiopia surprisingly celebrates Christmas on January 7 with a mass and a hockey-like game called ganna.

“My father, my three uncles died in Commune 13, and this is an honour for them,” said businessman Jamerson Restrepo, who sponsored the statue.

“I want my family to look at this and say he did it, Jamerson did it, he honoured our relatives.”

The construction was a challenge, said Alejandro Sierra, one of the creative engineers. “More than 1,600 pieces had to be assembled, like Lego, to give it shape and structure. Then we used fibreglass and resin to protect the plastic from the weather,” he explained.

Residents and visitors say the statue is helping transform the area’s image.

“It’s great because now young people can see they can express themselves through art,” said Ashley Pozo, a student. Others believe the statue not only beautifies the city but helps bring hope to a place once scarred by conflict.

President Yoweri Museveni celebrated Christianity's impact on Uganda during the 60th anniversary of the canonisation of the Uganda Martyrs, emphasising its role in enhancing education, scientific knowledge, and social values. In a speech relayed by Deputy Speaker Thomas Tayebwa, he highlighted how Christian teachings have guided Uganda through conflict and inspired positive cultural practices. The Uganda Martyrs, executed between 1885 and 1887 for their faith, are revered as patron saints of Africa, with millions visiting their shrine annually, symbolising hope for persecuted Christians worldwide.

Concern about Uganda’s food insecurity

The Food Rights Alliance (FRA) has raised significant concerns over the rampant food insecurity in Uganda, highlighted by the 2024 National Population and Housing Census from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). Key areas across the country have many households suffering from severe food insecurity. FRA Executive Director Agnes Kirabo emphasised the immorality of food insecurity in a country capable of feeding Africa, noting that 26% of children are undernourished. The ongoing food insecurity has been exacerbated by external threats like climate change. An integrated approach to rethink food production, distribution, and consumption to ensure that food is accessible and nutritious for all has been encouraged.

Uganda signs deal with Saudi Arabia for pardon of migrant workers

Uganda and Saudi Arabia have signed an agreement to pardon and repatriate Ugandan migrant workers stranded in Saudi deportation centres and prisons. The deal was reached during a meeting between Uganda's Minister of State for Labour Esther Anyakun Davinia, and Saudi Arabia’s Minister of Human Resources Ahmed Alrajhi focusing on clemency for workers detained for non-capital offenses, especially women with children and those held for minor infractions. Workers sentenced for serious crimes, like drug trafficking and murder, will not be eligible for pardon.

49 new mpox cases reported in Uganda

Uganda has reported 49 new mpox cases , raising the total to 145 confirmed cases. Kampala recorded the highest number, with 27 new cases. Fortunately, no deaths have been reported among the 19 affected districts. The World Health Organisation is assisting Uganda in managing the outbreak by enhancing coordination, surveillance, and community engagement.

Calls for integration of art therapy in Uganda’s healthcare system

Health experts and art professionals in Uganda are advocating for the integration of art therapy into the country’s healthcare system, emphasising its healing potential. This call was made during the Global South Arts and Health Week (GSAHW) Uganda Pavilion 2024 at Kiggundu Art Studio, Kampala. The event brought together over 50 participants, including medical professionals and educators. Cancer survivor Vanesa Simon highlighted how art helped her cope during treatment, stating, “Art is as necessary to good health as medicine.”  

The announcement follows a highly disputed election in July, in which Maduro was re-elected for a third term. This outcome was met with widespread criticism both domestically and internationally.

The early Christmas declaration has also suffered the same fate.

José Ernesto Ruiz, a 57-year-old office worker from Caracas, expressed "Christmas is supposed to be a time of joy, family reunions, parties, presents. But without money and with this political crisis, who can believe that there will be an early Christmas?"

Inés Quevedo, a 39-year-old secretary and mother of two, echoed the concerns of many citizens: "We are all worried about how we are going to put food on the table, how we are going to pay for the bus, send the children to school, and buy medicine when we need it?"

As reported by CNN , the country's religious body, the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference on Tuesday, September 3 warned Christmas "is not to be used for political or propaganda goals".

Despite the criticism, Maduro insists that the early Christmas celebration will bring "peace, happiness, and security" to the country.

This is not the first time Maduro has declared an early Christmas. It has become a norm, described as a political manoeuvre aimed at diverting attention from the country's ongoing crises: similar announcements were made during the COVID-19 pandemic, though never this early in the year.

Beyond the fogged political atmosphere, Venezuela's economic situation has been dire for several years, with hyperinflation and shortages of basic goods severely impacting the population. The minimum wage has remained stagnant at 130 bolivars per month (approximately $3.55) since 2022.

Akon's $6 billion futuristic African metropolis project in Senegal faces an ultimatum from the government to commence substantial construction work or risk losing the land allocated for the project. The site remains undeveloped after four years, and financial viability concerns have been raised. Akoin cryptocurrency, touted as the project's economic backbone, has also plummeted in value. Newsweek reports that local leaders and residents are now expressing scepticism, and the project manager is awaiting further instructions to proceed with construction. Akon is expected to visit Dakar soon to address concerns and reassure stakeholders of the project's viability.

Preparations for the Youth Olympics

Senegal is preparing to host the Youth Olympic Games in Dakar in 2026. Senegalese musician Youssou N'Dour performed at the Africa Station in Paris, showing the country's readiness for the event. The mayor of Île Saint-Denis is also working towards the Youth Olympics and has received requests to visit from other cities hosting future Olympics. According to RFI , N'Dour emphasised the importance of solidarity among African nations in supporting sports and culture and praised the diversity of French champions at the Paris Olympics. He also mentioned his fascination with fencing.

Senegal appoints new judges

Senegal's new leadership is preparing a "witch hunt," claimed the former ruling party, after several judges were replaced. The opposition party APR stated that President Bassirou Diomaye Faye's new government, which took office in April, is using the guise of accountability to settle scores, following recent arrests of opposition figures, reports Barron's .

Islamic veil controversy

In Senegal, Prime Minister Ousmane Sonko has called for schools to allow girls to wear the Islamic veil, sparking controversy among Christians. The Catholic community has expressed indignation and urged schools to update their regulations to prevent conflicts over the issue. This is a recurring debate, with a recent example in 2019. As reported by La Croix International , despite the controversy, Catholic schools in Senegal are highly sought after and attended by political leaders.

Senegalese taxman surpasses expectations

Senegal’s tax authority, DGID, exceeded expectations by collecting 1,309 billion CFA francs (USD2.2 million) in the first half of 2024. This reflects the resilience of the Senegalese economy. According to APA News , the goal for the year is 2,700 billion CFA francs (USD4.5 million), with a focus on property tax. The director is optimistic about meeting and surpassing future targets.

The Vatican announced on July 1 that Pope Francis decreed the canonisation would proceed after the cardinals voted in favour of Acutis becoming the first millennial saint, along with 14 others.

Born in London to Italian parents, Acutis was raised in Milan. He was known for his dedication to his parish, managing its website and later working with a Vatican-based academy. Acutis earned the nickname "God's influencer" for his use of computing skills to promote the Catholic faith.

The path to sainthood typically requires two miracles attributed to the candidate. Each miracle undergoes a thorough investigation.

In 2020, Acutis was declared "blessed" following his first recognised miracle, the healing of a Brazilian boy with a pancreatic defect after his mother prayed to Acutis. His second miracle involved a Costa Rican girl recovering from head trauma in Florence after her mother prayed at Acutis' tomb in Assisi.

Pope Francis cleared the way for Acutis to become the first saint of the millennial generation after meeting with Cardinal Marcello Semeraro, head of the Vatican's saint-making department, in May.

The official proclamation of his sainthood is expected to occur in front of thousands during the Catholic Church’s Jubilee celebration in 2025 at St. Peter’s Square in Vatican City.

This religious book, written in Coptic script on papyrus in Egypt, dates back to between 250 and 350 AD. The codex, discovered in the 1950s, is believed to be one of the oldest in existence and was among several lots auctioned from Dr. Schøyen's collection. It contains a combination of biblical and other Christian texts, biblical extracts, and pagan literature, including the first complete epistle of Peter, the Book of Jonah, and an Easter homily.

Due to client confidentiality, the identity of the buyer could not be revealed. According to sources, it was initially bought by the University of Mississippi, where it remained until 1981.

It was acquired several times before being purchased by Norwegian manuscript collector Dr. Martin Schøyen in 1988. The manuscript itself includes texts such as the first complete epistle of Peter, the Book of Jonah, and an Easter homily.