This reflects the historical adoption of the Gregorian calendar by the Catholic and Protestant churches and the widespread influence of Christian tradition.

In countries such as the Philippines, Christmas isn’t just a day but also a season that begins as early as September and continues well into January. Festivities blend deeply rooted religious practices with lively public celebrations and rich culinary traditions.

Other nations follow alternative dates tied to the Orthodox Christian calendar. In Russia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and parts of Eastern Europe , Christmas is observed on January 7, according to the Julian calendar still used by many Orthodox churches. This variation underlines the diversity of Christian liturgical traditions around the globe.

Despite global spread, Christmas is not a public holiday in several countries, especially where Christian populations are small or the state observes different religious calendars. For example, nations including China, Saudi Arabia and several Middle Eastern states do not officially recognise December 25 as a public holiday, though secular or private celebrations still occur in many urban centres.

Even where Christmas isn’t a national holiday, elements of the season can be widely visible. In Japan, where Christians make up only around 1% of the population, secular celebrations are popular as millions of families order KFC meals as a holiday tradition, a custom that began in the 1970s and persists today.

Beyond spiritual and cultural meaning, Christmas has become a global travel phenomenon, too. Airlines are reporting record-breaking holiday travel volumes this year, with hundreds of millions expected to fly between mid-December and early January, underscoring the economic and social connectivity tied to the season.

According to pre-Christmas estimates highlighted by EuroNews, gift spending in Europe’s largest economies was projected to exceed €360 billion ($423 billion), with the United Kingdom, Germany and France forecast to account for the largest shares.

The projections reflected both population size and consumer resilience, even as inflation, high interest rates and geopolitical uncertainty continued to weigh on household budgets in the run-up to Christmas.

The United Kingdom was forecast to lead spending, with Christmas gift purchases estimated at €103.9 billion, followed by Germany at €85.24 billion and France at €71.65 billion. Southern Europe was expected to record lower, but still substantial spending, with Italy projected at €43.04 billion and Spain at €30.6 billion, while the Netherlands (€15.13 billion) and Belgium (€11.18 billion) completed the ranking.

EuroNews reported that while consumers approached the season cautiously, many still prioritised Christmas gifting, often cutting back in other areas or actively seeking discounts rather than abandoning festive traditions altogether.

Although headline inflation had eased in several eurozone countries compared with its 2022 peak, prices for food, energy and housing remained elevated ahead of Christmas. Retailers across Europe reported a noticeable shift toward discount-driven shopping, earlier purchasing and greater reliance on online sales during the festive period.

The report also indicated that many shoppers opted for fewer but more meaningful gifts, while budget retailers and second-hand platforms saw increased demand in the weeks leading up to Christmas.

For retailers, the festive season remained a critical trading period. In countries such as Germany and France, Christmas sales were estimated to account for up to a quarter of annual retail revenue, making the period vital for overall business performance.

Taken together, the spending projections offered cautious optimism to retailers after several challenging years marked by pandemic disruption, supply-chain shocks and rising operating costs, even as consumers continued to navigate economic uncertainty.

However, what many people do not realise is that Africa has been the historic and modern heartland of frankincense and myrrh production.

The biggest producers of these gems in Africa

Somalia

Somalia is the world’s largest producer of frankincense and is internationally known for high-quality varieties such as Boswellia sacra and Boswellia frereana. Harvested mainly in Puntland and Somaliland, Somali frankincense is still used in church incense, perfumery, and wellness products, especially during the Christmas season. According to Horn Frank , Somalia's frankincense market value is estimated at $504.5 million.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a major producer of both frankincense and myrrh. For centuries, Ethiopian Orthodox churches have burned frankincense during Christmas liturgies, making the resin both a cultural and spiritual staple. Much of the frankincense used in global religious ceremonies originates from Ethiopian dryland forests. Unfortunately, the West's desire for wellness is reported to be impacting Ethiopia's production negatively.

Until roughly two decades ago, frankincense was largely a niche product with demand concentrated in religious institutions. “The demand for frankincense was mostly from churches,” says Frans Bongers , professor of forest ecology and management at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.

That dynamic has shifted dramatically. Today, the ancient resin has entered global commercial markets, driven by growing interest in its purported health benefits and its adoption by the wellness industry, an industry valued at approximately $5.6 trillion annually.

As demand accelerates, supply chains are also changing. “Now big companies are buying up everything they can,” Bongers says. “Anything you can produce, there is a market.”

Kenya

Northern Kenya produces large quantities of myrrh from Commiphora species. Myrrh remains important not only in Christian tradition but also in African traditional medicine and modern cosmetics, with demand rising during festive and religious seasons. For generations, it has played a central role in traditional medicine , where it has been applied to support wound healing, relieve oral sores, ease pain from injuries and broken bones.

Frankincense and myrrh are not relics of the past. They are living products, still harvested by hand, still sustaining rural African livelihoods, and still carrying spiritual meaning thousands of years after the first Christmas.

It is worth remembering that two of the most sacred symbols of Christmas come from Africa’s soil as the world celebrates.

In Coptic Christian communities in Ethiopia and Egypt, Christmas is not celebrated on December 25 but on January 7, following the Julian calendar. Known as Genna in Ethiopia and Eid al-Milad in Egypt, the day is preceded by a long fasting period and centred on prayer, church services, and community meals rather than gift-giving or consumer excess. Worshippers often attend all-night services, dressed in traditional white garments, underscoring the spiritual weight of the occasion.

In this episode, our guests from around the Global South candidly discuss celebrating amid economic hardship, political uncertainty, and conflict , reshaping Christmas into a moment of quiet resilience rather than a commercial celebration.

We also challenge how global media portrays Christmas, arguing that dominant narratives erase the diversity of experiences in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Stories of fasting, collective care, and local rituals rarely make it into global headlines, despite revealing how communities adapt faith to lived realities.

We want our audiences to rethink Christmas not as a single global event, but as many local experiences shaped by history , inequality, and culture.

Click here to watch our previous episodes

World Reframed is produced in London by Global South World, part of the Impactum Group. Its editors are Duncan Hooper and Ismail Akwei.

ISSN 2978-4891

This story is written and edited by the Global South World team. You can  contact us  here.

Factory owner Zeng Hao said the majority of the products are exported to Europe, North America and South America , with additional shipments going to nearby markets such as Japan and the Republic of Korea.

Zeng attributed the strong overseas demand to the company’s focus on design and aesthetics. He said consumers are increasingly attracted to distinctive styles and colour combinations, an area the company has prioritised over the past two years by developing new palettes and pairing them with varied product designs.

Beyond aesthetics, Zeng said the core strength of 3D printing lies in its flexibility. Unlike traditional manufacturing lines, production can be switched almost instantly in response to market changes. If demand for toys falls, the factory can pivot to jewellery, handicrafts, lighting products, homeware or even flower pots with minimal downtime.

Inside the facility, each worker oversees roughly 400 machines, moving between printers to replace materials and collect finished items, a workflow that allows the factory to scale output rapidly without large labour increases.

China’s 3D printing farm industry has expanded dramatically in recent years. What began with a few thousand printers has grown to more than 100,000 machines nationwide, reflecting how additive manufacturing is reshaping mass production, particularly for seasonal goods where speed, customisation and adaptability are critical.

As Christmas approaches, factories like Jinqi Toys are showing how China’s manufacturing sector is blending advanced technology with global consumer trends to meet festive demand at scale.

Across much of Europe, Christmas is deeply embedded in national calendars. Countries such as Germany, Sweden, and parts of Eastern Europe often observe two to three public holidays around December 25 and 26, reflecting Christian traditions and strong labour protections.

In North America, the picture is more mixed. Canada recognises Christmas Day as a public holiday nationwide. In the United States, Christmas Day is a federal holiday, and days off depended largely on employers rather than the law until recently.

President Donal trump oin December 18, signed and declared December 24 and 26 as federal holidays .

Across Latin America, Christmas Day is widely observed, though most countries grant only one official day off. In nations such as Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico, the holiday is culturally significant, but extended breaks are uncommon unless Christmas falls near a weekend.

In Africa, countries with large Christian populations, such as Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia, and South Africa, recognise Christmas as a public holiday, typically for one day, though some also observe Boxing Day. In contrast, in several North African and Middle Eastern countries, Christmas is not a public holiday at all, reflecting different religious majorities.

Much of Asia reflects a similar divide. Christmas is a public holiday in countries like the Philippines and South Korea, but not in others such as China, where it is treated as a commercial or cultural event rather than a state holiday.

This year, conversations about Christmas holidays are intersecting with wider global debates on work-life balance, burnout , and labour rights. With remote work blurring the lines between personal time and professional obligations, workers in many countries are questioning why major cultural holidays still come with limited rest.

The International Labour Organisation has repeatedly warned that insufficient rest periods contribute to declining productivity and poorer mental health outcomes, renewing calls for stronger protections around public holidays and paid leave.

From Papá Noel in much of South America to Viejo Pascuero in Chile and Colacho in parts of Colombia, colonial history and culture have shaped how Latin America refers to the man in red.

In most Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America , Papá Noel is the dominant name. The term comes from the French Père Noël, introduced through European influence in the 19th and early 20th centuries as Christmas customs spread globally.

According to the Museum of Arts and Sciences , the modern Santa Claus figure evolved from Saint Nicholas traditions blended with European folklore and later popularised worldwide through literature and advertising.

Brazil, the region’s largest country and Portuguese-speaking nation, uses Papai Noel, a direct linguistic adaptation that mirrors its colonial heritage. In contrast, Mexico often uses Santa Claus or Santa Clós, reflecting the country’s proximity to the United States and strong cultural exchange across the border.

Chile stands out with Viejo Pascuero, meaning “Old Man of Christmas.” The term emphasises age and familiarity rather than formality, aligning with Chile’s tradition of blending Catholic celebrations with local expression.

In parts of Colombia, particularly in Antioquia, Santa is sometimes called Colacho or Nicolacho, names derived from Saint Nicholas (San Nicolás). This reflects older religious traditions that predate the commercialised Santa image now common worldwide.

Despite the different names, the role Santa Claus plays across Latin America is remarkably similar: a symbol of generosity, family, and childhood joy. Whether he arrives as Papá Noel, Papai Noel, Viejo Pascuero, or Santa Clós, the figure adapts seamlessly to local customs, climates, and cultural rhythms, sometimes swapping snow for summer heat and reindeer for imagination.

Each December, thousands of visitors, many from Europe and North America , descend on cities like Accra and Lagos. The surge in demand pushes up prices across flights, accommodation, transport and entertainment.

Airfares on popular routes to West Africa can more than double during the festive season, with some travellers paying thousands of dollars for last-minute tickets. Hotel prices in prime areas such as Osu and Labone in Accra or Victoria Island in Lagos often rise, sometimes doubling compared to off-season rates.

Food and drink prices also spike, with restaurants and bars charging festive premiums for everyday items. Large concerts and high-profile parties add to the expense, with ticket prices placing many events out of reach for average earners and locals.

Inflation and weak currencies

These seasonal pressures are compounded by existing economic challenges. Both Ghana and Nigeria have faced high inflation and currency weakness, pushing up the cost of imported goods, fuel and food, staples of the festive season.

In Nigeria, inflation has driven up transport and grocery prices, making Christmas spending harder even without added tourism demand. In Ghana, a weaker cedi has increased costs across the board, affecting locals and visitors alike.  

Locals feel priced out

While Detty December has brought major economic benefits, Ghana’s Tourism Authority says visitors generated a record $4.8 billion, while Lagos alone earned more than $70 million last year, critics say ordinary residents are increasingly being priced out of their own cities.

Rents rise, basic goods become more expensive, and public spaces are reshaped to cater to wealthier visitors. For many locals, the festive season now means higher living costs rather than celebration.

Social media has amplified these concerns, with many Ghanaians and Nigerians questioning whether the festivities still serve the wider population.

Is Detty December slowly dying?

The growing costs have also sparked debate about whether Detty December is becoming unsustainable. Some travellers report “Detty December fatigue”, budgeting more carefully or opting for smaller gatherings instead of big-ticket events. On social media, some Ghanaian X user even prayed for the death of Detty December in the country. For others, it was about congestion, traffic and mainly poorly organised shows.

In Ghana, the label itself has come under scrutiny. Kofi Okyere-Darko, the country’s Director of Diaspora Affairs, has said he is uncomfortable with the term being linked to Ghana’s national image, despite the tourism boom it brings.

DHS Secretary Kristi Noem explained that the temporary “departure bonus” aims to facilitate voluntary returns during the holiday period. “If you wish to return voluntarily to your country of origin and are illegally present in the US, we will provide $3,000 and a plane ticket to help you get home,” Noem told Fox News . She emphasised that the programme is valid only until the end of the year.

The initiative follows an earlier scheme announced in May, which offered $1,000 and a return flight for migrants opting for voluntary departure. Noem stressed that those who wait to be intercepted, detained, or deported through enforcement channels may lose the opportunity to return legally in the future.

Migrants seeking to participate are advised to download and use the official CBP Home app to coordinate their departures. The DHS has indicated it will prioritise ensuring participants reach their home countries in time for Christmas, framing the programme as a combination of logistical support and financial incentive aimed at encouraging voluntary compliance with immigration rules.

Footage recorded this week shows shelves and tables throughout Valencia’s home filled with nativity displays of varying sizes, materials and styles. The scenes represent countries and regions including Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Spain, Italy and Hungary, as well as broader cultural interpretations from Africa, the Caribbean and the Middle East , highlighting the diversity of Christmas traditions beyond their European origins.

Valencia began building the collection in 1991, after the death of her father just days before Christmas Eve. What started as a way to preserve the spirit of the season during a period of personal loss gradually evolved into an annual event, with visitors coming to view the displays and engage with the different cultural expressions of the nativity story.

Encouraged by growing interest from both local and international visitors, Valencia now plans to seek global recognition for her collection. “I want to fill out the application, apply to the Guinness Records,” she said, explaining that visitors from Peru and abroad have told her they have not seen an entire house dedicated to such a wide range of nativity scenes and traditions.

Despite suffering a serious fall earlier this week, Valencia said she remains committed to continuing the tradition, which takes around two months each year to assemble. For her, the project has come to represent more than a seasonal display, reflecting a long-standing effort to share cultural diversity and keep a personal legacy alive through a universally recognised celebration.

Fake online stores offering heavily discounted products are one of the most common traps. These sites often look legitimate, complete with professional layouts and countdown sales, but disappear once payments are made. Shoppers may only realise they have been scammed when goods never arrive, or their bank accounts are compromised. 

In South Africa, Mongezi Mpahlwa, a partner at law firm Cox Yeats, says the country is already seeing a sharp rise in cyberattacks. South Africa recorded more than 2,300 formally reported data breaches between April 2024 and March 2025, averaging about 200 incidents a month. That number has since climbed, with nearly 2,000 breaches reported from April 2025 to date, close to 300 cases every month.

“These attackers know people are distracted, shopping quickly and sharing payment details more often,” Mpahlwa said. “That makes the festive season a perfect hunting ground,” the Citizen quotes.

Government departments, hospitals, banks, retailers and telecoms companies have all been hit by ransomware attacks, data theft and extortion schemes. In some cases, cybercriminals have stolen massive volumes of sensitive information or disrupted essential services.

The average data breach now costs South African businesses about $2.6 million, while consumers lost more than $53 million in 2023 alone to digital banking and mobile app fraud . Industry figures show total cyber-related losses can reach $175 million a year, with online banking fraud and associated losses rising steeply.

Mpahlwa recommended verifying emails and messages before clicking links, shopping only on trusted websites, avoiding public Wi-Fi for payments, and reporting suspicious activity immediately.

While most European countries mark Christmas on December 25, several observe it on January 7, and in a few places it is not a public holiday at all. This divergence is not accidental but rooted in history, theology, and calendars that still shape modern Europe today.

December 25 vs January 7

The majority of Europe celebrates Christmas on December 25, following the Gregorian calendar , which was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and is now the global civil standard. Western Christian traditions, including Roman Catholic, Protestant, and many Anglican churches, use this calendar to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ.

However, parts of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, including Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, parts of Ukraine, and Georgia, celebrate Christmas on January 7. These countries largely follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity , which still uses the Julian calendar for liturgical purposes. The Julian calendar currently runs 13 days behind the Gregorian one, meaning December 25 (Julian) corresponds to January 7 (Gregorian).

The map also highlights countries where Christmas Day is not an official public holiday, most notably Turkey, where Christianity is a minority religion and public holidays are aligned with Islamic traditions. While Christmas is widely observed by Christian communities there, it does not carry national holiday status.

This calendar divide has taken on renewed significance amid current geopolitical and cultural developments. In Ukraine, for example, Christmas has become part of a broader conversation about national identity.

In 2023, Ukraine officially moved its Christmas Day public holiday to December 25, distancing itself from Russian religious tradition and aligning more closely with Western Europe.

At the heart of this festive tradition is El Castillo de la Esfera, “The Castle of the Bauble”, a workshop that has come to symbolise Chignahuapan’s artistry. Footage captured on Saturday, November 29, shows artisans shaping molten glass with steady breaths, transforming glowing droplets into fragile globes. Once cooled, each ornament is hand-painted with the kind of precision and creativity that has become a hallmark of the town’s craft.

“The Castle of the Bauble started 30 years ago as a tiny workshop of no more than five people ,” recalls sales director Javier Tirado Lozada. “Today, we are a team of more than 120.”

Despite international recognition, Chignahuapan’s artisans face stiff competition, especially from mass-produced ornaments in Asia. China’s dominance in plastic baubles has reshaped the market, pushing the Pueblo Mágico to innovate without losing its soul.

“To keep competing with the giants is our biggest challenge,” Tirado says. “We started producing plastic baubles about seven years ago, but with the same artisanal decoration, preserving that essence of craftsmanship.”

This commitment has paid off. Chignahuapan has become a magnet for holiday visitors, with families travelling from across Mexico to witness the ornament-making process and stock up on Christmas treasures.

“We love coming here in November,” one visitor shared. “We come mainly to buy baubles for the Christmas tree.”

According to the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), the town’s 370-plus workshops produce more than 70 million baubles each year, an astonishing figure for a community rooted in tradition rather than mass manufacturing.

Chignahuapan’s craftsmanship has earned global prestige. The town was designated a Pueblo Mágico in 2012, and in 2011, its ornaments were even used to decorate the Chapel of the Virgin of Guadalupe in the Vatican grottoes.

In his Christmas Eve message, Abune Mathias, the patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, called for peace and reconciliation.

“We must come together as a nation,” he was quoted as saying .

Ethiopia has faced both man-made and natural disasters. Mudslides and recent earthquakes in the Afar, Amhara, and Oromia regions have displaced thousands. In Amhara, government troops have been fighting local militias, causing widespread suffering.

Priest Isaias Seyoum from Selassie Church in Addis Ababa said the Christmas celebration is about more than food and festivities.

“It is a time to share meals with the needy and help those impacted by conflict, including many sheltering in Addis Ababa,” he was quoted as saying .

Ethiopia signed a peace deal in 2022 to end a conflict in Tigray. However, fighting continues in regions like Amhara and Oromia. UNICEF says these conflicts have forced 9 million children out of school.

Orthodox Christians across Ethiopia hope this Christmas will bring healing to their nation.

To commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ, the son of God, over 2 billion Christians around the world have various traditions for this special day.

In the Czech Republic, single women toss their shoes over their shoulders on Christmas Day. If the shoe lands with the toe pointing to a door, marriage is said to be in the future.

Mexicans reenact Mary and Joseph's search for shelter in Bethlehem for nine nights leading to Christmas.

In Japan, KFC outlets are always filled on Christmas Day. Due to a 1970 marketing campaign, the Japanese have their holiday meals at KFC .

In Venezuela's capital, Caracas, however, it is a tradition to roller-skate to morning mass on Christmas Eve. For safety, roads are even blocked.

Norwegians on the other hand hide their brooms to prevent evil spirits from 'borrowing' them on Christmas Eve.

Ethiopia surprisingly celebrates Christmas on January 7 with a mass and a hockey-like game called ganna.

According to WorldRemit's 2023 Cost of Christmas study , the expenses associated with the holiday season vary widely across different countries.

Let's take a look at how much families around the world are likely to spend on Christmas this year.

WorldRemit's study reveals that families spent up to 24% more on Christmas in 2023 compared to the previous year. This increase was driven by rising costs of food, gifts, and decorations, which are essential components of the festive season.

In Canada, despite a 17% decrease in spending from 2022, Canadians still spent the most overall, with an average of $2,100 per household. This accounts for 41.6% of their monthly income.

Lebanon surprisingly is the second largest spender on Christmas. Families spent an average of $2,058 during the festive season. This represents 688% of their monthly income.

American families were not left out as they spent around $1,236, which is about 18.14% of their monthly income.

UK households spent approximately $1,075, a 9.7% decrease from 2022, representing 23.2% of their monthly income.

Australians saw a 10.69% increase in spending, with an average cost of $1,077 per household.

Breakdown of costs

The study categorises Christmas expenses into three main areas: food, gifts, and decorations. Here's a closer look at how these costs are distributed:

The church, which dominates the city’s Manger Square, was nearly empty, and Christmas decorations were scarce. The only sounds filling the crypt, where Christians believe Jesus was born, were the chants of Armenian monks, as reported by the AFP.

Bethlehem has remained relatively calm amid the surge in violence across the West Bank following the outbreak of war in Gaza on October 7. However, the economic and social impact on the predominantly Muslim city has been profound.

Mohammed Awad, a coffee vendor with 26 years of experience in Manger Square, lamented the challenges of this year. “Unfortunately, this year is one of the most difficult years that the Palestinian people have gone through because of the wars and problems. We were living better than today. The situation is very, very, very difficult,” he said.

Rayan, who sells corn nearby, echoed similar sentiments, reflecting on the sharp decline in tourism. “In the past, it was much better. There were many people, in addition to tourists from abroad—from the Philippines, Ethiopia, America, and many others. Now there are none. They also used to come here from the Arabs of 1948, but now there is no one,” Rayan shared.

The city’s struggles are compounded by increased restrictions. Bethlehem Mayor Anton Salman highlighted the challenges faced by potential visitors. “On top of pre-existing checkpoints, the Israeli army had set up new roadblocks around Bethlehem, creating an obstacle for those wanting to visit,” Salman told AFP. “Maybe part of them will succeed to come, and part of them, they are going to face the gates and the checkpoints that Israel is putting around.

December is a popular time to travel to Africa being an African or not. The African economy gets to experience a boost in its economy during the festive season.

Ghana is becoming a global destination, attracting people from all corners of the world during what is now known as 'Detty December'. This surge in international visitors has impacted the country's tourism economy and generated substantial revenue for national development.

In 2021, the Ghana Tourism Authority (GTA) projected an addition of US$2 billion to the Ghanaian economy, with an anticipated arrival of 600,000 individuals during the festive season, local media Business and Financial Times reported.

Diaspora Homecoming

During the African Christmas season, families are reunited, and when people from the diaspora visit, it brings life to local economies. The transportation sector is experiencing a surge, with flight tickets, hotel bookings, and airport services going up. Oluwatoyosi, a representative for a Lagos hospitality brand in Nigeria, featured by local media The Guardian said December remains the month that brings substantial impact on the hospitality industry, noting a remarkable 55% increase in extended-stay bookings during December 2021.

Similarly, during the Christmas season, Nigerian airlines witness heightened demand, with fares soaring by over 50%, as reported by This Day Newspaper in 2022.

Christmas events

The festive Christmas season in Africa welcomes a wave of events that attract people from around the world. Christmas events like the popular Calabar carnival in Nigeria, a masterpiece of African tradition; Sierra Leone street carnivals in the country’s capital, Freetown; AfroFuture; AfroNation; and the Rusinga Festival in Kenya take centre stage. These events, extending a warm invitation to attendees from around the world, not only showcase rich traditions but also serve as economic stimulants.

Beyond the joyous festivities, visitors actively contribute to local economies by spending on various offerings both at the event and in the surrounding areas.

A study by the University of Benin in 2020 emphasized the significant potential of such Christmas events to create job opportunities for unemployed youths and artisans, positioning them as forms of tourism drawing millions of visitors during the holiday season.

In Africa, Christmas isn't just a time for religious and cultural celebrations; it's also a season that impacts economies. This shows that the joy of the season goes beyond the festivities.

Yes, it does snow in some parts of Africa but only at points like Mount Kilimanjaro or Mount Kenya where snow covers the tip of these mountains year-round. Some far northern regions, like Morocco, witness snowfall during the Christmas period. While rare, the phenomenon does take place.

In July 2023, South Africa's biggest city Johannesburg witnessed snowfall in over a decade, international media Reuters reported.

While certain areas in South Africa experience regular snowfall during the winter months of the southern hemisphere, typically from June to August, Johannesburg's most recent encounter with snow dates back to August 2012.

Similarly, the Algerian town of Ain Sefra in the Sahara desert experienced snowfall on December 19, 2016. That was the first time in 37 years that snow had fallen in the region.

In most African countries, snowfall is a rare sight due to the consistently high temperatures. The weather in Africa is known for its complexity, and snow is only likely to fall when temperatures reach 0℃ or below. However, the average temperature in the coldest African countries usually stays between 16-18℃, making it challenging for snow to form.

While not all regions of Africa experience snowfall, some high-altitude areas welcome a beautiful snowy blanket during the festive season. The Atlas Mountains, stretching through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, transform into a snowy spectacle, providing residents with a Christmas experience like no other.

Likewise, the Drakensberg Mountains in South Africa become a serene and enchanting setting as they are touched by snowfall during this time of the year.

Regions such as the Western Cape and Northern Cape in South Africa are particularly known for experiencing more frequent instances of snow. Lesotho stands out as one of the rare African countries where snowfall is an annual occurrence.

In Morocco, located at the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea and closest to Europe, the hilly areas witness snowfall from December to March, creating beautiful scenes for Moroccans.

Although snow is not a usual occurrence in Kenya, Mount Kenya, the nation's highest peak, is covered with snow throughout the year likewise the tallest peak in Africa and one of the world's largest free-standing mountains, Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.

Winter does make an appearance in Africa, but you likely won't require a snow shovel as the snowy periods are brief. Appropriate clothing is necessary, and if you're fortunate, you might come across a few ski resorts to enjoy some snow activities.

Beyond religious celebrations in Asia

Christmas in Asia combines elements of carnival and Valentine's Day, mostly an excuse to have fun and relax. In China, Christmas is known as Sheng Dan Jieh or Holy Birth Festival.

Decorations include evergreen plants, posters, and a Tree of Light (Christmas tree) adorned with lanterns, flowers, and red paper chains symbolizing happiness. Young couples would exchange gifts like on Valentine's Day.

Apples are given on Christmas Eve, known as Ping'an Ye, or peaceful evening in Chinese. It is  believed  that eating an apple will bring a peaceful and safe new year. In Japan, a unique tradition involves indulging in some KFC fried chicken.

Starting from September 1st and lasting until early January, Filipinos put up vibrant parols, and star-shaped lanterns illuminating the country, symbolizing the star that guided the Wise Men. In Indonesia, Bali uniquely fashions Christmas trees from chicken feathers, and fireworks are a prominent part of the celebrations. Some islands incorporate bamboo cannons fired across cities on Christmas Eve.

Varied traditions in Africa

In Africa, where Christians make up a significant portion of the population, Christmas is a vibrant and festive occasion, even in predominantly Muslim countries. For many across the continent, Christmas is a time to gather with loved ones and attend church services.

In some countries like the Congo, Christians bring gifts for the Communion table in church. At the same time, Malawian children go door-to-door singing carols and playing traditional instruments for small cash donations.

In other countries like The Gambia, a parade follows the Christmas Eve church service, featuring locals dancing through the towns carrying 'fanals' (large lanterns shaped like houses or boats).

Tanzanians will say , “Failing to plan is planning to fail.” Tanzanians start planning for the big day at the beginning of the year by acquiring a goat or a cow and tenderly caring for it throughout the year. On Christmas Eve, the already-fattened animal is slaughtered, roasted, and washed down with home-brewed beer.

In Liberia, Christmas takes on a unique flavour with the presence of "Old Man Bayka," known as the devil, who roams the streets on Christmas Day, not giving presents but instead asking for them.

Christmas in the Caribbean and Latin America

Starting in late October, buckets of white beach sand are carried home and deposited in piles in the front yard to create an illusion of winter. On December 24th, this sandy canvas is raked into blankets of white and is not to be stepped on until Christmas morning.

Cuban Christmas dinners are incomplete without roasted pork, complemented by black and white beans and traditional Cuban bread. Meanwhile, in the Dominican Republic, Christmas Eve is marked by a heartwarming tradition of sharing food with neighbours.

Of all the traditions and celebrations throughout the year, Christmas is probably the most important one in Latin America. 

The festive season kicks off in Colombia on December 7 with "la celebración de las velitas," a celebration where believers light up the streets with candles and torches for the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception.

In Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela, residents attend the Christmas mass on skates.

Across various Latin American countries, it is common for families to stay awake until midnight to open their presents, while others prefer to extend the warmth of the season by visiting friends and family late into the night.

Christmas across the Global South is a colourful blend of unique traditions, not just a holiday but a shared celebration deeply woven into each nation's identity, bringing communities together with joy and tradition.

"I thank God for allowing me to do this 27 times in a row," said the 78-year-old firefighter, reflecting on the continuity of his mission. "The children in this area have been waiting for Santa Claus to come and give them a present for Christmas."

Residents like Ana Meda celebrate Chacon’s dedication, with many eagerly anticipating his annual appearance. "It's a very nice feeling because they love to see how he comes down from the bridge, and they are going to welcome him with great joy; year after year, they wait for him," Meda told AFP.

Her young daughter is among the children who count down the days until Santa's visit. "She keeps asking, 'When is Santa coming down?'" she shared.

"The Christmas atmosphere this year is very beautiful," said Aya, a Damascus resident, speaking to AFP. "Every year we eagerly await the opening of the Christmas market to go shopping and have a good time. This year, the ambience is even more joyful because Syria was liberated and our problems have finally been resolved."  

The city’s vibrant markets have drawn crowds from diverse backgrounds, with Muslims joining Christians in the festivities. "Muslims are coming to the Christmas market more than Christians," shared Batoul Al-Law, another Damascus resident. "We have always celebrated both Christian and Muslim holidays together, and this has not changed at all since the revolution. On the contrary, you feel that people are now happier and more comfortable."  

The festive celebrations come just weeks after al-Assad fled the country on December 8, marking the end of more than 50 years of rule by the al-Assad family. 

In a troubling incident at a prison in Tabasco, southern Mexico, a violent riot has led to the deaths of seven inmates. WDRB reports that the disturbance arose as inmates resisted efforts to transfer them to different facilities, resulting in injuries to ten individuals, including four police officers. Police chief Víctor Hugo Chávez disclosed that during the officer’s attempt to group inmates for transfer, they came under gunfire; one inmate managed to hold off authorities for nearly three hours, supported by a group of 20 fellow inmates.

Energy sector policies

In an analysis of Mexico's energy sector, the Baker Institute has identified that recent constitutional reforms have significantly hampered progress in this critical industry. The implications of these reforms pose a disadvantage to Mexico's energy policies, as highlighted in an article published by BNamericas on December 20, 2024. Such reforms have raised concerns about their impact on the national energy landscape.

Release of sea turtle hatchlings

An environmental victory emerged from Cancún, where local officials celebrated the release of approximately 950,000 sea turtle hatchlings into the ocean, marking the conclusion of the nesting season. These hatchlings, predominantly green sea turtles, boast an improved survival rate of around 97% at incubation sites, a noticeable increase from last year's 94%. Mexiconewsdaily reports that this year's hatchling count, while lower than the previous year's 1.2 million, reflects typical fluctuations. 7,500 nests were safeguarded throughout the season, containing an estimated 978,000 eggs. Notably, female sea turtles are known to return to their birthplace for nesting, with four species observed along Cancún's shores this season.

Christmas events

The festive spirit in Mexico City is alive with the annual Christmas Verbena held at the Zócalo, which runs until December 30. Launched on December 17 by Mayor Clara Brugada, the event features a stunning array of Christmas decorations, including a tunnel of lights and three monumental Christmas trees adorned with over 6,000 poinsettias. According to Mexiconewsdaily , the celebration also includes a large Nativity scene featuring a handcrafted baby Jesus figure from Iztapalapa. Furthermore, the Verbena hosts a Christmas bazaar presenting traditional crafts and foods from over 250 artisans, alongside daily musical performances from a diverse lineup of artists, including Regina Orozco and Los Tecolines. The event promises engaging comedic pastorelas and concerts, running up to December 29.

Rainfall predictions

On a more serious note, meteorological reports predict heavy to very heavy rainfall across various Mexican states, notably in Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. Plenglish reports that regions like Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Zacatecas will also face substantial rain, while lighter showers are expected in areas such as Campeche and Chihuahua. Coastal regions should prepare for north winds ranging from 30 to 50 km/h, with gusts potentially reaching as high as 90 km/h. Additionally, significant swells of up to three meters are anticipated in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, necessitating caution in coastal activities.

FiveThirtyEight reveals the latest popular music in the film. Take Jingle Bells , for instance. It was never meant to be a Christmas song written in 1857 by James Lord Pierpont and originally titled  One Horse Open Sleigh . Intended as a Thanksgiving tune, it wasn’t until decades later that it became a quintessential holiday classic. Its cheerful melody has since found a home in countless films, cementing its place in the hearts of audiences worldwide.

The hauntingly beautiful Silent Night has a more sombre origin. Composed during the “Year Without a Summer” in 1816—a time of great hardship following volcanic eruptions—this Austrian carol carries a poignant reminder of resilience and hope. Its cinematic appearances have only added to its emotional resonance during the holiday season.

Meanwhile, Auld Lang Syne , with its 18th-century Scottish roots penned by Robert Burns, has become a staple of New Year’s Eve scenes in movies, evoking a sense of reflection and connection. Its inclusion in films has made it a powerful anthem for bidding farewell to the past and welcoming new beginnings.

Other classics, like We Wish You a Merry Christmas , trace their origins back to 16th-century England. These timeless songs have seamlessly blended history with modern storytelling, becoming the soundtrack to our collective holiday memories.

Films and Christmas songs share a unique symbiosis, with movies amplifying the emotional impact of these melodies while the songs themselves create unforgettable cinematic moments. From joyous jingles to heartfelt hymns, holiday music remains a vital thread in the tapestry of festive storytelling.

Visitors are calling the tradition magical and heartwarming.

"Every year we come to see the tree. It’s incredible how they make it so big and beautiful," said Pablo Querubín, who visited with his family.

Santa Claus also made an appearance, to take photos with visitors.

People are also enjoying the decorated window displays on Fifth Avenue, including those at Saks department store.

“I appeal to governments and the international community that a ceasefire may be reached on all war fronts by the Christmas celebrations,” the Pope said during the Angelus prayer on Sunday, December 8.

The appeal was part of a broader request for unity in prayer for peace in nations affected by conflict. Highlighting the ongoing suffering, the Pope specifically mentioned Ukraine, the Middle East, Sudan, Myanmar, and other regions grappling with violence.

“Let us continue to pray for peace in tormented Ukraine, in the Middle East—Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, and now Syria—in Myanmar, in Sudan, and wherever people suffer from war and violence,” he pleaded.

The announcement follows a highly disputed election in July, in which Maduro was re-elected for a third term. This outcome was met with widespread criticism both domestically and internationally.

The early Christmas declaration has also suffered the same fate.

José Ernesto Ruiz, a 57-year-old office worker from Caracas, expressed "Christmas is supposed to be a time of joy, family reunions, parties, presents. But without money and with this political crisis, who can believe that there will be an early Christmas?"

Inés Quevedo, a 39-year-old secretary and mother of two, echoed the concerns of many citizens: "We are all worried about how we are going to put food on the table, how we are going to pay for the bus, send the children to school, and buy medicine when we need it?"

As reported by CNN , the country's religious body, the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference on Tuesday, September 3 warned Christmas "is not to be used for political or propaganda goals".

Despite the criticism, Maduro insists that the early Christmas celebration will bring "peace, happiness, and security" to the country.

This is not the first time Maduro has declared an early Christmas. It has become a norm, described as a political manoeuvre aimed at diverting attention from the country's ongoing crises: similar announcements were made during the COVID-19 pandemic, though never this early in the year.

Beyond the fogged political atmosphere, Venezuela's economic situation has been dire for several years, with hyperinflation and shortages of basic goods severely impacting the population. The minimum wage has remained stagnant at 130 bolivars per month (approximately $3.55) since 2022.

Baked jollof rice

It’s a meal anyone will enjoy any day. The rice meal is prepared by cooking a gravy sauce with a variety of spices and adding rice and any proteins of one’s choice.

Baked or smoky jollof is even more delightful with its unique flavourful taste. The trick if it's not baked in the oven is to have a little bit of the bottom burnt, to create the smoke feel.

It is widely enjoyed by many families during the holidays in West Africa. Jollof rice is popular in countries including Nigeria, Ghana, and Sierra Leone and is served with fried plantain, vegetables, and meat or any preferred protein.

Pounded Yam and Efo Riro

Definitely a delicacy for the holidays in Nigeria, Efo Riro is a traditional food prepared with vegetables. The leaves used for the vegetable soup are usually called efo tete but in place of that, spinach or kale can be used.

The name Efo Riro simply means stirred leafy vegetable. It is popular in many Nigerian homes and can be described as a festive food that goes with rice, plantain or pounded yam which is the most popular.

Pounded yam on the other hand is made from boiled yam that is pounded until it becomes ball-like and smooth. Your Christmas will be made with a bowl of this.

Pork Vindaloo

It is a specialty in many homes in Goa, India, during the holidays. Pork Vindaloo is made with marinated pork loin cooked with chilli peppers, onions, and spices.

The word vindaloo comes from the Portuguese recipe ‘vino de alhos’. ‘Vino’ means vinegar and ‘alho’ means garlic. Pork Vindaloo can be served with rice and or flatbread.

Ayam Rica

Ayam Rica is a special dish that originated from Manado, the capital city of the Indonesian province of North Sulawesi. It is a typical Christmas dish that comes from the Manado language and means spicy or chilli chicken. It is prepared with spices, herbs, and a lot of chilli pepper.

Indonesian food is usually very spicy and Ayam Rica is just the perfect meal when combined with rice and vegetables. Christmas dinner with Ayam Rica will certainly do the trick for any family.

Chester

It can be described as Brazil’s signature Christmas main meal. The Chester is a special variety of chicken with high meat. They are roasted and carved like boneless honey ham for Christmas dinner. The name Chester comes from its meaty nature, particularly around the chest and thighs. It is usually carved over a bed of fresh fruit or vegetables and served with any preferred accompaniments including rice.

The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as an improved leap year system which skips 10 days to align with the solar year. The Gregorian calendar came to replace the Julian Calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BCE which was based on a solar year with 365.25 days.

Although most countries including Europe adopted the Gregorian calendar, some others stuck with the Julian calendar and therefore celebrate Christmas on January 7, about 13 days after the majority of the world does.

While the lights, gifts and trees are set aside for life to begin in a new year, many Orthodox groups in different countries now gear up for the Christmas festivities around the time.

Which African countries celebrate Christmas after New Year?

Egypt, Ethiopia and Eritrea are the three African countries that mark Christmas on January 7. These countries usually practice the Orthodox observation of Christ’s birth according to the Julian calendar.

Prior to their celebration, Coptic Christians in some of these three countries observe a fast that begins on November 25.

In Egypt for example, during Christmas, people avoid consuming meat and dairy products and stick strictly to a vegan diet during this period.

After 40 days of fasting, families in these countries per tradition hold special feasts to commemorate the end of their fast. Some prepare 12 dishes to represent the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ mostly with bread breaking. On January 7 which is considered Christmas day, families and friends organise parties and celebrate.

According to The Standard , families engage in singing at Orthodox ceremonies on the morning of Christmas (Ledet) on January 7 in Ethiopia and play games after service. Games like 'Gena' which are played with a curved stick are played whilst traditional foods like ‘wat’, a spicy and thick stew with meat, vegetables and eggs are shared.

Christmas day in Eritrea known as Gena is spent feasting with family. Many families enjoy Italian foods and coffee is shared around the table.

Other countries that do not recognise Christmas

Meanwhile, in some countries around in Global South, Christmas is not officially recognised as a holiday or a religious festival.

Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Afghanistan, Bhutan, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, and Yemen do not recognise Christmas on December 25 or January 7.

The rest are Bahrain, China, Cambodia, Comoros, Iran, Kuwait, Laos, Maldives, Mongolia, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam.

Here, a variety of items can be purchased, ranging from dolls and toys for the little ones, to clothes and antique art items for adults and art lovers.

These markets are usually organised between the Christmas holidays and the eve of Christmas to allow people all over the world to visit and enjoy while purchasing priceless gifts and items for their loved ones.

Striezelmarkt

The Striezelmarkt is considered Germany’s oldest Christmas market. The market is located in Dresden, the capital city of Saxony state, inside the Altmarkt, the oldest square in the city. It has over 240 stands and is usually open from November 29 to the eve of Christmas, on December 24.

Previously a one-day market to provide meat for Christmas festivities, the place now serves as a hub for a plethora of fun activities and Christmas items to purchase.  It is known for the Strüzel or Stroczel, from which its name was crafted. It is a type of light airy fruit cake sold at the market. There are various

Christmas ornaments including wooden ornaments sold at this market. The Christmas bakery where young bakers can practice baking under the guidance of expert bakers is also available. There is the plum potato house which has handicrafts for children and the crisp house where revellers can purchase decorated gingerbread cookies at the Knusperhaus. The Striezelmarkt market also has available mulled wine which is traditional and well spiced. There’s also the Santa cinema where movies are shown and there’s provision for funfair rides. Santa Claus also visits on Fridays to the delight of visitors.

Winter Wonderland

This place located in Hyde Park , London in the United Kingdom is popular for its wonderful beauty and array of activities, food and adventure. Inside this Wonderland is a Christmas market with unimaginable festive goods. From unique gifts to antique crafts, jewellery and decorations, and art pieces, shops at the Winter Wonderland can provide visitors with satisfying options. There are also ride options for children and adults alike. From Santa’s grotto to the circus to roller coasters, visitors are sure to have a fun-filled time during the holidays. There’s also a variety of food and drinks to purchase and enjoy.

Philadelphia Christmas Village

A lot can be said from its name. It’s a village created for the season and visitors will find all sorts of gift items here. The Christmas Village located in Philadelphia in the United States is held at the Love Park and the North apron of City Hall with over 100 vendors set up in wooden cottages. It has become a holiday tradition to set up this open-air Christmas market annually. Visitors will find items ranging from jewellery, food and drinks, arts and crafts, handmade toys and ornaments.

Trivoli gardens

Located in Copenhagen, Denmark, the Trivoli Gardens is a festive market that provides an array of entertainment options for visitors worldwide. Founded in 1843, the garden has become a national treasure and comes alive, particularly at Christmas. The lights, historical buildings and rides give a taste of adventure and excitement. There’s a variety of food options to buy from and different pastries. It is also known for its wooden roller coaster. There are also several gift shops available at Tivoli which visitors can explore for antique high-quality products that depict the country’s tradition.

Minsk Christmas Market

In the capital of Belarus, in Eastern Europe, is Minsk, a city that provides many Christmas markets. The markets are opened at the Kastrychnitskaya Square which is the city’s main square and near the Palace of Sports also in the capital. Many fairs are held at the market where visitors can find food, gifts and traditional crafts. The Metelitsa Fair and Art Arena sometimes serve as host fairs where revellers can visit to enjoy festive food, souvenirs and gift items.  Traditional crafts like wooden figurines, woven flax textiles, ceramics, felt boots, and more can be found at the different fairs in Minsk.

One of the most popular and distinctive features of African Christmas celebrations is the singing of carols, which are often performed in local languages and styles.

Some of the carols are adaptations of European or American tunes, while others are original compositions that reflect the culture and history of the region.

In Nigeria, one of the most widely sung carols is "Betelehemu" , which means "Bethlehem" in Yoruba. The song praises Jesus as the king of kings and the lord of lords and expresses gratitude for his birth.

One of the most beloved carols in South Africa is "Indodana" , which means "The Son" in Xhosa. The song tells the story of Jesus' life, death and resurrection, and emphasizes his role as the savior of humanity.

The tradition of singing carols in Africa dates back to the colonial era when missionaries introduced Christianity to various parts of the continent. However, over time, Africans have adapted and transformed the carols to suit their own musical tastes and religious expressions.

Some of the carols incorporate elements of African folk music, such as drums, rattles, flutes and xylophones. Others use modern instruments, such as guitars, keyboards and saxophones. Some of the carols are sung in acapella or choral arrangements, while others are accompanied by dancing and clapping.

The church services and carols that mark Christmas in Africa are not only a way of celebrating the birth of Jesus, but also a way of affirming the identity and diversity of African Christianity.

In a surprising turn of events, hundreds of Ugandans are crossing the Busia border into Kenya for their Christmas shopping, primarily drawn by the declining value of the Kenyan shilling. The depreciation of the Kenyan shilling against the Ugandan shilling, currently at Ksh24.5 ($0.16) compared to last year's Ksh35 ($0.22), has made goods more cost-effective in Kenya, attracting cross-border shoppers, The Nation reports. This shift marks a departure from the past when Kenyans were the ones heading to Uganda for similar purchases.

External debt surge

An analysis by the Controller of Budget (CoB) reveals a 17.6% increase in Kenya's dollar-denominated loans since 2013, attributed to the weakening of the Kenyan shilling against major world currencies. The exchange rate, which stood at Sh86.31 ($0.55) against the US dollar in December 2013, has now reached Sh148.10 ($0.95) in September 2023, The Nation reports. “The depreciation of the Kenya shilling against the major world currencies has increased the public external debt stock. For instance, dollar-denominated debt has grown by 17.6 per cent due to currency depreciation over the last 10 years,” the CoB stated. Over 60% of Kenya's external debt is denominated in US dollars, emphasizing the vulnerability of the country's total debt to foreign currency fluctuations. The National Treasury plans to diversify external debt into various currencies to manage forex volatility, the COB further indicated.

Campaign against alcohol and drug use

A recent raid by the National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse (NACADA) in Kilimani, Nairobi, resulted in the arrest of 25 individuals and the confiscation of 117 shisha bongs. Despite the ban on shisha since 2017, its use remains prevalent in the country, The Star reports. NACADA officials emphasized ongoing investigations to ascertain licensing compliance and public health standards. NACADA CEO Anthony Omerikwa said, “Shisha was declared illegal in 2017. The sale and use were banned. Our team and multi-agency will continue with the investigations to get to the bottom of it, we are trying to see if this place is licensed, whether they have a public license and also if public health come here to see if it is in the right shape,” he was quoted by The Star . The timing of the operation, linked to increased substance abuse during the Christmas season, underscores efforts to address the correlation between substance abuse and accidents, particularly drunk driving.

Solar-powered borehole benefits over 3,000

The First Lady has sponsored a solar-powered borehole benefiting over 3,000 residents, as a response to persistent drought challenges in Mukur Village, Tiaty. This initiative aims to address water scarcity, boost school attendance, and spur development, KBC reports. In addition to the borehole, the First Lady donated food to residents and outlined plans for long-term food production through kitchen gardens, beekeeping, small-scale irrigation, and the planting of fruit trees. The event emphasised the importance of collective support for vulnerable communities.

Africa Prize for Engineering Innovation

In a testament to Kenya's engineering prowess, six innovators from the country have been shortlisted for the 10th Africa Prize for Engineering Innovation. The recognition underscores Kenya's commitment to groundbreaking engineering solutions on a global scale. Among the shortlisted innovators are Purity Gakuo, Esther Kimani, Christopher Maara, Esther Mueni, Charles Oduk, and Kevin Maina, KBC reports. Their diverse innovations address critical challenges, ranging from affordable solar-powered fridges to early crop pest detection devices and environmentally friendly roofing materials.