Zimbabwe is entering a period of heightened political uncertainty, with the country facing a constitutional crisis . While the document does not spell out the exact trigger, the context strongly suggests tensions linked to constitutional amendments and the broader balance of power within state institutions. The absence of specifics signals that this is still unfolding, rather than a resolved dispute, with potential implications for governance and legal stability.

Zanu PF intensifies long-term political positioning

Zanu PF is actively advancing its 2030 Bill campaign , taking the message to Heroes Acre, a site loaded with national and historical symbolism. This move underscores the strategic weight of the campaign, positioning it as part of a longer-term political project rather than routine legislation. At the same time, provincial outreach on Amendment No. 3 is being stepped up, indicating a coordinated national effort to build public backing for constitutional changes.

Referendum stance signals confidence in mobilisation

The Zanu PF party’s assertion that it does not fear a referendum reflects a calculated posture. It suggests confidence in its ability to secure public approval if a national vote is called. When viewed alongside the intensified outreach campaigns, this stance points to active preparation for a referendum scenario, even if no formal timeline has been announced.

ZiG transition exposes gap between policy and confidence

The debate around the Zimbabwe Gold currency is sharpening, highlighting a distinction between adoption and stability. Authorities are pushing for ZiG-only payments as a key step in the transition, but the need to emphasise stability separately suggests that confidence in the currency remains uncertain. The reference to the latest Monetary Policy Committee statement indicates that this is an ongoing policy challenge, not a settled issue.

Economic measures reflect mounting pressure on households and growth

Government responses point to rising economic strain, with plans to cut fuel taxes aimed at cushioning consumers. At the same time, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe has held interest rates despite global fuel shocks, while authorities review construction sector fees to stimulate activity. Taken together, these measures reflect an attempt to balance immediate cost-of-living relief with broader economic stability.

“Today is a historic day, worthy of remembrance as our constitution transitions from a provisional one to an official, lawful one,” Nur said .

The constitution will be formally signed into law by President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.

It replaces the provisional constitution adopted in 2012, when more than 800 delegates endorsed the document at a conference in Mogadishu while the country was under a transitional government .

Lawmaker and Minister of Family Affairs and Human Rights Khadija Mohamed Al-Makhzoumi said the move marks a major step for the country.

“Today marks a defining milestone for Somalia as we fulfil our constitutional mandate to complete and adopt our Constitution, transitioning it from provisional status to the supreme law of the land,” she said.

Among its key provisions, the new constitution extends the presidential term from four to five years. It also maintains that the president will be elected by parliament, while members of parliament will be chosen directly by citizens.

The document further states that the prime minister will be appointed by the president but can be removed from office by parliament.

The court produced two judgments with different reasoning. Justice Zukisa Tshiqi found section 27 unconstitutional, saying the DMA does not give the National Assembly a clear way to disapprove disaster regulations that can significantly affect rights.

But Justice Leona Theron’s second judgment overruled that view and dismissed the appeal, stressing that a state of disaster is fundamentally different from a state of emergency. “Under a national state of disaster, the state will still be required to justify each and every limitation of a constitutional right in section 36(1),” the judgment said .

“A declaration of a national state of disaster neither suspends the constitutional order nor dilutes it. A state of emergency allows the executive to cut across all laws and the Bill of Rights,” the court explained.

Theron’s judgment also said there is no constitutional requirement for the DMA to spell out special oversight mechanisms because parliamentary oversight is an “obligatory component” of the Constitution.

A produced by The World in Maps categorises these nations by their official or constitutionally endorsed faiths — Christianity (in red), Islam (in green), and Buddhism (in dark grey) — pointing to the enduring complexity of how states and religions interact globally.

What a “state religion” means and how it varies

A state religion (also called an official or established religion) is one that a government formally endorses or gives special status, privileges, or constitutional recognition. But this does not necessarily mean the state is a theocracy or that it compels all citizens to follow that faith.

In many nations, religious freedom still exists, albeit within a framework where the “official” religion enjoys preferential treatment , whether in funding, influence over ceremonial functions, or constitutional prominence.

This landscape is diverse in practice. Some states explicitly define their religion in their constitutions, others make public references, or provide institutional support.

For instance, Jordan’s constitution states that “Islam is the religion of the State” while still permitting other faiths to be practised.

Malaysia’s federal constitution similarly affirms Islam as the religion of the federation, though it allows other religions to be practised peacefully.

Where state religions persist, and which ones

The map shows a concentration of state religions in parts of the Middle East, Southeast Asia , and parts of Europe and Africa.

Islamic state religions are particularly frequent: countries like Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Jordan, Kuwait, and others have Islam as the constitutionally recognised religion.

In the sphere of Buddhism, a few nations (such as Bhutan and Cambodia) declare Buddhist identity in their constitutions as a “spiritual heritage” or state faith.

In Europe, some countries maintain established Christian churches (e.g. the Church of Denmark), though the practical role of these churches varies, and secularisation trends are strong.

It’s also worth noting that many more countries, beyond those with formal state religions, still favour one religion through policy, funding or cultural entanglement. According to Pew , over 80 nations give official or unofficial advantages to particular faiths.

The proposed constitution extends the presidential term from five to seven years, allows two terms, and crucially removes a ban preventing junta members, including General Mamady Doumbouya, from standing for office.

Additionally, it introduces a new Senate, one-third of whose members the president would appoint.

The vote comes ahead of planned general and presidential elections in December 2025, which the referendum is meant to enable legally.

The stakes

In September 2021, Doumbouya seized power in a coup, which dissolved the constitution with a vow to return the country to civilian rule. He initially promised that no junta member would run in future elections. That promise is now in shambles.

Opposition leaders, including Cellou Dalein Diallo, are either under suspension, in exile, or stripped of political space, and are calling for a boycott of the referendum.

The media landscape is also experiencing the heat with severe restrictions. Private outlets have been shut, websites suspended, and campaign coverage tightly regulated.

The AFP, however, reports that some media restrictions have been eased ahead of the vote.

Critics argue these conditions support a process that looks democratic on paper but is deeply curtailed in practice

What September 21 means

If the draft passes, Doumbouya is almost certain to run in December. A “Yes” vote would mark a legal framework that elevates executive power, leverages a compliant legislature, and further limits opposition.

If the referendum fails or if turnout is very low, legitimacy instantly becomes the issue. The junta would face internal pressure and external scepticism.

Delay or reform of the election schedule might follow. Unrest, protest, or resistance which have been banned in the country since 2022 could grow.

In a decree ordering the National Electoral Council to prepare the vote, Noboa argued that Ecuador’s worsening security crisis requires new strategies against organised crime. The proposals would overturn a 2008 constitutional ban on foreign bases, which led to the closure of the US military installation in Manta a year later. Washington has already signalled openness to returning if formally invited.

Alongside the question on military bases, Noboa also decreed a referendum on convening a Constituent Assembly, a flagship promise of his campaign. Under his plan, the body would consist of 80 representatives — provincial, national and from abroad — tasked with drafting a new constitution within six months, extendable by two.

But Noboa’s decision to sidestep the Constitutional Court has fuelled a deeper clash between the executive and judiciary. The court recently blocked parts of several laws pushed by his administration, and critics accuse him of undermining constitutional safeguards. In a statement, the presidency dismissed those concerns, insisting that “politicised obstruction will not prevent the will of the Ecuadorian people ”.

“Pending the hearing and determination of this petition, a conservatory order is hereby issued forbidding and or preventing the forwarding of the Constitution of Kenya Amendment Bill to the President for assent. If assented to, the same shall not take effect until the petition is heard and determined,” the judge is quoted by Nation.Africa .

What the Bill seeks to do

The Bill, co-sponsored by MPs Otiende Amollo (Rarieda) and Samuel Chepkonga (Ainabkoi), aims to enshrine the National Government Constituencies Development Fund (NG-CDF), the Senate Oversight Fund (SOF), and the National Government Affirmative Action Fund (NG-AAF) into the Constitution.

The Bill sailed through the National Assembly with overwhelming support, with 304 MPs voting in favour at Second Reading and 298 at Third Reading, clearing the two-thirds threshold. It is currently before the Senate for debate and approval. 

Why did the court step in?

Several civil society groups, including the Katiba Institute, the Kenya Human Rights Commission, and Transparency International, challenged the Bill. They argued that Parliament was amending the Constitution without first passing a referendum law, despite Article 255(1) requiring some amendments to be subjected to a public vote.

The petitioners also faulted lawmakers for attempting to constitutionalise the NG-CDF despite it having been declared unconstitutional three times - by the High Court, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court - for violating the principle of separation of powers.

“The Bill contains provisions that will need to be approved in a referendum. Therefore, Parliament should be compelled to enact a referendum law, which it has failed to do for the past 14 years,” Katiba Institute argued.

However, the Attorney-General, the Director of Public Prosecutions, and the National Assembly opposed the petitions, insisting the court had no jurisdiction and that the lawmaking process was within Parliament’s powers. 

Former Prime Minister Raila Odinga announced on his social media platforms that Kenya is preparing to launch a national digital coin built on the Solana blockchain. He described the initiative as “an ambitious step towards strengthening financial systems and supporting sustainable economic growth.” Odinga emphasised that the project aims to empower youth through innovation, entrepreneurship, and investment opportunities in the digital economy.

Kenyan athlete fighting for Ukraine

Kenyans have expressed shock after footage emerged of a Kenyan athlete, identified only as Evans, captured while fighting for Russia in Ukraine’s Kharkiv region. Evans told Ukraine’s 57th Motorised Infantry Brigade that he had travelled to Russia as a tourist but was tricked into joining the Russian army. “I joined the Russian military not knowing I was being recruited. I have never been in military and I have never wanted the military job,” he said in a video statement.

High court halts constitution amendment bill

Kenya’s High Court has issued a temporary order stopping Parliament from forwarding the Constitution Amendment Bill to President William Ruto for assent. Justice Lawrence Mugambi ruled that the Bill raised “serious constitutional questions” flagged by a petition filed by Katiba Institute. The petition has now been consolidated with other related challenges, with the court set to make a final determination after full hearings.

World Championship gold

Kenya celebrated a major triumph after 21-year-old Faith Cherotich stunned Olympic and world champion Winfred Yavi to win gold in the women’s 3000m steeplechase at the World Championships in Tokyo. Cherotich clocked a championship record of 8:51.59, powering past Yavi on the final stretch. “I wanted to let it go, but I turned on the afterburners,” Cherotich said after the race, dedicating her win to her faith and resilience.

Robbery suspect in Samburu

Police officers in Samburu have arrested 20-year-old Christopher Ayok Lemarkele in connection with a string of violent robberies in Maralal town. According to the Directorate of Criminal Investigations (DCI), Lemarkele was armed with an AK-47 rifle when he and an accomplice attempted to rob a shop. A cashier was grazed by a bullet during the incident but was treated and discharged from hospital in stable condition.

The Supreme Court will deliver its opinion on Friday regarding questions raised by the Cabinet on the interpretation and application of amendment provisions in Fiji’s 2013 Constitution . These questions include whether the amendment and transitional provisions of the 2013 Constitution are binding and if they can ever be altered. The high court will also rule on questions raised by Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka about the process for constitutional amendments, including whether a referendum and special majority are required.

Ex-Fiji PM, police chief to testify in court

Former Fiji Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama and ex-Police Commissioner Sitiveni Qiliho are set to take the stand as defence witnesses tomorrow at the Suva High Court. Bainimarama faces one count of making unwarranted demands, while Qiliho faces two counts of abuse of office. Prosecutors allege both men influenced disciplinary actions against police officers. Defence lawyers said they will not file a no-case-to-answer application.

India to open defence wing in Suva 

India will establish a defence wing at its High Commission in Suva as part of efforts to strengthen defence and security cooperation with Fiji. The initiative, announced during Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka’s visit to New Delhi, includes the appointment of a defence attaché, maritime security support, training, equipment, and the creation of a cybersecurity training cell in Fiji. In a joint statement, Prime Ministers Rabuka and Narendra Modi reaffirmed a shared commitment to a secure Indo-Pacific. Rabuka said the cooperation will help protect Fiji’s Exclusive Economic Zone, while Indian officials noted the focus remains on capacity building and maritime security.

Police probe motive behind Hindu statue thefts in Nadi

Police are investigating the theft of Hindu religious statues in Nadi, with five cases reported on Friday. Officers said the motive behind the incidents is too early to confirm at this stage and will be determined following the investigation. Three cases occurred in Korociri where five statues and a clay lamp were stolen, while separate incidents were reported in Nakurakura and Sagayam Road. 

Hindu federation concerned by vandalism of Hindu figures in Fiji

The World Hindu Federation (Pacific) has written to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, expressing deep concern over recent vandalism and thefts at Hindu temples and homes in Nadi, including the removal of sacred statues and Shivlings. Federation President Sunil Kumar said these repeated attacks have caused widespread distress within the Hindu community and questioned whether the current political climate under Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka has emboldened such behaviour. The Federation has called on Modi to ask Rabuka how his government intends to safeguard the sanctity of religious sites and to explain the measures in place to protect the Hindu minority.

President of the Senate, Francis Escudero, announced the schedule, emphasising that all actions require plenary approval amid a politically charged atmosphere.

“That’s what’s on our schedule. That’s what I plan to do,” Escudero said, addressing the June 11 target date. He added, “But as I’ve said, everything will go through a motion, everything will go through plenary action.” On past practices, he noted, “Let me repeat, everything that was done in the past was put to a vote, and no one complained.”

The schedule, initially set for June 2, was moved to June 11 with no formal objections, though some senators argued convening is automatic under the 1987 Constitution .

With only three session days before Congress adjourns sine die on June 14, urgency is high.

Just last week, Senator Ronald dela Rosa, a staunch ally of Duterte drafted a resolution seeking to dismiss the impeachment against the Vice President.

The draft says the Senate did not act promptly to begin proceedings upon receipt of the impeachment article, so the case was "de facto dismissed" as 100 days had already passed. 

The trial, requiring a two-thirds vote for conviction, could bar Duterte from public office and impact her 2028 presidential bid.

The 2025 midterm elections strengthened Duterte’s Senate allies, with four pro-Duterte senators elected, potentially complicating proceedings. Two pending Supreme Court petitions—one to compel the Senate to proceed and another by Duterte to block the trial—add legal uncertainty.

“ We are a country fighting for our autonomy: security autonomy, economic autonomy, but a nation where we count on ourselves to make those transformations,” he said, adding: “ W e count on the ingenuity, the mindset of Malians, because we have been for centuries traders, adventurers. And we think that it's possible for us to do those things .”

The military government in Bamako has taken several measures to bolster the economy in recent months, including new regulations on mining, which accounts for a fifth of public revenues. The new rules will see Malian public and private entities controlling up to 35% of operations with a levy on revenues for local development.

However, introducing the rules comes amid a long-standing dispute with miner Barrick Gold , which has concerned some international investors. The company’s contractors reportedly began firing staff last week as a row over previous changes to ownership regulations continues. 

Diop told Global South World that any investors from any country would be welcome as long as they fulfil three conditions - respecting the country’s sovereignty, following the decisions of its government, and acting in the interests of its people.

As well as the new rules around mining, Diop said the country was keen to ensure that value-added processing of raw materials takes place locally. Mali is a major supplier of cotton and lithium as well as gold, but most exports are raw materials, meaning the bulk of the profits are generated outside the country’s borders.

To fulfill that goal, Mali needs to contain a decade-long insurgency which has crippled the economy and brought down several governments.

Mali threw out French troops based in the country in 2022, complaining that they were not responding to the population's needs. A United Nations Peacekeeping mission ended the following year as the country’s military rulers promised to take control of the situation.

Groups affiliated with al-Qaeda and ISIS want to form an Islamist state within the region and have gained substantial footholds in the countries of the Alliance of Sahel States. International experts say the countries are relying too much on counter terrorism tactics such as raids and not making enough effort to reassert state authority.

Diop rejects these claims, asserting that government forces are now able to operate in all parts of the country. With 25% of government spending going to the military, “the situation has improved significantly,” he told Global South World.

Nevertheless, he acknowledged that arms alone would not win the war against the terrorists.

“ We are mindful that a total military response will never be sufficient, but it is necessary when you are attacked to respond, but we are working for national reconciliation in our country. To promote peace at the community level. To also promote economic development. To create more hope for these young people who are growing up in many of these areas where people are tempted to be in the terrorist networks or to join criminal groups or to be even on the road to illegal migration.”

Videographer: Anoir4art

The political parties now warn that any disregard for the Constitution and the principles of political pluralism could have "irreversible consequences" for the nation.

Oumar Ibrahim Toure, president of the APR Party and spokesperson for the coalition of parties, stressed the risks associated with recent political developments.

"The drift towards amateurism is dangerous," he said, warning that violating the Constitution, the Transition Charter, and the Political Parties Charter would undermine the very foundations of Mali’s democratic progress.

Toure, rallying the assembled crowd, called for political vigilance and mobilisation. "Mali's political parties have therefore invited you to be ready on 26 April 2025. Comrades, are you ready? Are you ready? Are you ready?" he declared.

Tensions have been high in Mali since the military junta seized power following two coups in 2020 and 2021.

Justice Minister Constant Mutamba announced that more than 300 gang members had been convicted, with 127 sentenced to death.

This comes after the government lifted a 20-year ban on executions last year, arguing that it was necessary to address growing security issues.

Religious leaders have strongly opposed the move, saying it goes against the sanctity of life, local reports say.

While some churches including representatives from the Catholic Church and some Islamic leaders have opposed the decision, calling for rehabilitation and respect for the constitution, some other churches and religious groups support the action, calling for swift action by the government to protect the nation.

Justice Minister Mutamba dismissed the criticism, calling it a “fruitless debate” and saying national security is the government’s priority.

Human rights groups, including Amnesty International, have raised concerns about potential mass executions.

Meanwhile, over 170 prisoners sentenced to death have been moved to a high-security prison, sparking fears that executions could begin soon.

“It was important to stabilise the political and social framework,” Dossou d'Almeida stated. “In recent years, we have been able to observe unconstitutional changes in the subregion that are not likely to promote economic development and the development of human capital.”

The reform further consolidates the rule of President Faure Gnassingbé, who has governed Togo since 2005 after succeeding his father, General Gnassingbé Eyadéma. The Gnassingbé family has held power for nearly six decades, and the new constitutional setup allows this legacy to potentially continue.

Dossou d'Almeida, however, emphasised that the reforms aim to benefit the Togolese people. “All the reforms aim to build peace and consolidate the well-being and quality of life of Togolese people,” she explained.

This constitutional referendum represents a critical step toward the junta's pledge to transition to civilian rule, ending 55 years of the Bongo family's dominance. Gabon's 860,000 registered voters are presented with two options: a green ballot to vote "yes" for the new constitution or a red one to vote "no."

Authorities have mobilised extensive public outreach via television, radio, and social media, urging citizens to participate in this historic vote.

In order to ensure access, the government declared a two-day public holiday leading up to the vote and implemented measures allowing voters to switch polling locations to accommodate travel and weather concerns during the rainy season.

Key provisions of the new constitution

The proposed constitution outlines a two-term, seven-year presidential tenure, eliminates the prime minister role, and bans dynastic transfers of power. It mandates that presidential candidates be exclusively Gabonese, requiring at least one parent born in Gabon and a Gabonese spouse.

According to the military leadership, this is part of its vision to bring stability and transparency to the oil-rich Central African nation.

The coup

This vote follows the August 2023 coup that unseated President Ali Bongo Ondimba shortly after he was declared the winner of an election widely denounced as fraudulent by opposition leaders and the army.

Bongo, who ruled for 14 years, had assumed office following the death of his father, Omar Bongo, who held power for over four decades. Allegations of corruption, embezzlement , and misgovernance plagued the Bongo administration, fueling public discontent and support for the junta's intervention.

General Brice Oligui Nguema , the head of the ruling military junta, has pledged to transition back to civilian rule within two years, with presidential elections slated for August 2025.

While Oligui has openly expressed ambitions to contest that election, the new constitutional framework aims to ensure a fairer, more transparent political system.

In Vanuatu's inaugural referendum, the electorate affirmed two constitutional amendments designed to stabilize the nation's volatile political landscape. The government's objective is to halt the practice of party-switching and compel independent politicians to affiliate with established parties, with the populace casting the decisive vote. This comes on the heels of numerous no-confidence motions and a trio of governmental turnovers in 2023. Article 17A garnered the approval of 59.28 percent of the voters, which equates to 53,809 individuals. This provision mandates the automatic relinquishment of a parliamentary seat by members who resign or are dismissed due to withdrawing their support from a political party, reports Scoop .

Teachers end strike

Schools in Vanuatu have resumed classes following the suspension of a countrywide teachers' strike. The strike was called off after the Vanuatu Teacher’s Union settled with the government. The protest, which saw over 1,000 educators, predominantly from state schools, abandon their posts, was sparked by postponed payments of dues, according to ABC . Johnathan Yona, the Secretary General of the Vanuatu Teachers Union, stated that the accord necessitates a governmental blueprint for the disbursement of these entitlements. "Within 14 days, the Government will plan when and how much to pay the outstanding claims," said Mr Yona. "I hope the message is clear to the government...worker's rights are very important and should be considered whenever Government implements policy."

Chinese disguised as Vanuatuan arrested

Vigilant immigration officials at Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) apprehended a man suspected of being a Chinese national impersonating a Vanuatuan during the past weekend, just as he was about to embark on a Thai Airways journey to Bangkok. The individual, identified by Immigration Commissioner Norman Tansingco on Sunday as 43-year-old Alex Cooper, a Vanuatu passport holder, has been taken into custody. As reported by The Manila Times , Cooper is currently held at the Bureau of Immigration (BI) detention centre in Taguig City, facing an investigation over his dubious identity, which could lead to his deportation.

Grounded carrier Air Vanuatu eyes potential investors for revival

The appointed liquidators representing the now-defunct airline Air Vanuatu have disclosed that multiple parties have shown interest in acquiring the airline. On May 9, 2024, Air Vanuatu ceased operations, grounding its aircraft and nullifying all scheduled flights, while designating the advisory company EY to manage its liquidation. The abrupt halt in Air Vanuatu's operations resulted in numerous travellers from Australia and New Zealand being marooned in the South Pacific, necessitating the arrangement of alternate flights with different carriers in the vicinity, reports Aerotime Hub . “We have received interest from a range of parties seeking to resume Air Vanuatu’s operations,” says Morgan Kelly, Partner in Strategy & Transactions at EY. “We’re reviewing these offers and will be working toward a resolution as soon as possible.”

Citizenship controversy

The Citizenship Commission of Vanuatu has confirmed that an Australian businessman, despite his conviction, passed all required screenings before being awarded citizenship and a Vanuatu passport. Andrew Spira received his citizenship several months post his arrest on charges of fraud and narcotics in Australia, yet prior to his conviction. This incident has once again spotlighted the debate surrounding Vanuatu's citizenship-by-investment program. Moreover, it coincides with the European Commission's contemplation to revoke Vanuatu's visa exemption status within the EU, as ABC has reported. Allan Liki, the secretary general of Vanuatu's Citizenship Commission, stated that Spira underwent multiple vetting processes, including checks by INTERPOL and Vanuatu's Financial Intelligence Unit. "We received from Interpol at the Vanuatu police force, they have given an offence against Mr Spira but it was specifically on his passport, that his passport was either lost or stolen, which to us is not categorised as a criminal offence or any other activity as such," said Liki.

The government of Lesotho has approved the importation of poultry meat from Brazil. Negotiations began in November of last year. Lesotho imports approximately 8,000 tons of poultry meat annually. Brazil exports poultry products to 172 countries, constituting 38% of the global trade in this product. Last year, Brazil's poultry exports surpassed $9.61 billion, totalling 5 million tons. Since the beginning of 2023, Brazil has expanded its export markets to include 121 new agricultural products in 51 countries across five continents. The achievement is the result of coordinated efforts between the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Constitutional reforms

Lesotho is once again tackling key constitutional reforms to stabilise its turbulent political landscape, but a new obstacle has emerged: a disagreement between the government and parts of civil society on the approach. Last week, Law and Justice Minister Richard Ramoeletsi introduced the long-awaited Tenth and Eleventh Amendments to the Constitution Bills, which the previous government under Prime Minister Moeketsi Majoro failed to pass before the 2022 elections. While the current government aims to amend the existing constitution, some civil society organizations, including the Transformation Resource Centre (TRC), advocate for drafting a new one. According to News24 , the TRC criticized the government for "continued misdirection against sound counsel and advisory to its political leadership on astute principles of engagement in constitutionally legitimate reform procedures," arguing that the Bills represent a "dismemberment of the constitution's original design."

Houses donated to workers

40 houses were donated to families living in Kgubetswana Township in Clarens, Free State, as part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. The houses were originally built for project staff and were intended to be sold, but due to affordability issues, they were donated to the original occupants. According to SA News , the current value of the houses is between R380,000 and R640,000, and the transfer of ownership is being finalised. The project aims to provide water to South Africa’s Gauteng region and generate hydroelectricity for Lesotho, with Phase II expected to be completed by 2028.

Diamond mine sale

Lucapa Diamond is selling its 70% stake in the Mothae mine in Lesotho to focus on its core assets in Africa and Australia. The mine produces large, high-value diamonds and has attracted significant interest from potential buyers. The company also holds a stake in the Lulo mine in Angola and is involved in exploration projects in several countries. The diamond industry has faced challenges due to excess stockpiles and the growing popularity of laboratory-made diamonds, as reported by the Northern Miner .

Lesotho nationals arrested for money laundering

Four Lesotho nationals are in police custody following their arrest for possession of suspected stolen property and money laundering. According to Algoa FM , police spokesperson Colonel Adele Myburgh reported that Sesing Tsabane, 32, was the first suspect arrested last week in Orkney, where he was found with chemicals used to wash dye-stained notes. The investigation then led police to another house, where Letlala Elias Qabano, 36, Joshua Molibeli, 34, and Molefe Abel Fusi, 26, were arrested. A substantial amount of dye-stained money was discovered at the scene. According to the South African Police Service (SAPS), there is a possibility that these men could be linked to ATM bombings. The case has been postponed to May 27th in the Klerksdorp Magistrates Court.

What they said

In a statement, the Dynamique Pour la Majorité du Peuple (DMP) opposition coalition and other signatories condemned the recent constitutional changes in Togo, asserting that the alterations aimed at presidential term limits and election procedures were merely a political ploy to perpetuate President Gnassingbe's rule indefinitely. "What happened at the National Assembly yesterday is a coup d'etat," they declared, reiterating their call for the populace to mobilize against the amendments. "Large-scale action will be organized over the next few days to say 'no' to this constitution," they affirmed. Brigitte Kafui Johnson, former presidential candidate and leader of the opposition CDPA party, echoed these sentiments, labelling the constitutional amendments as a blatant "power grab." Offering insights into the potential ramifications of the proposed changes, Komlan Avoulete, a Sahel researcher at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a U.S. think tank, said, “Should Gnassingbé promulgate this new constitution after the second or third review without a referendum, it is likely to erode confidence in Togo’s current leaders. This could lead some citizens to seek alternative, potentially undemocratic solutions for ending the Gnassingbé era. Such actions would risk instability and plunge the country into chaos. Hopefully, reason will win over ego.”

The constitutional reform approved by Togo's parliament in late March, aimed to transition the nation from a presidential to a parliamentary system . However, this move has stoked considerable debate and opposition.

The reform hands executive power to a figure similar to a prime minister, reducing the presidency to a largely symbolic role. Critics fear this could allow the current President, Faure Gnassingbé, to remain in power.

The Gnassingbé family has ruled Togo since a coup in 1967, with Faure Gnassingbé in power since 2005, succeeding his father, Gnassingbé Eyadéma who ruled for 38 years.

The government's decision to delay the elections is said to be a response to the need for more consultations over the reform, which has been met with resistance from opposition parties and civil society.

The opposition's concerns are not unfounded, given that they are poorly represented in Togo's parliament, which allowed the constitutional change to be approved almost unanimously - with only one legislator voting against and one other abstaining.

According to Sierra Leone Times, opposition coalitions, including the National Alliance for Change (ANC) party, have pledged to obstruct the passage of the bill into law and have called for demonstrations.

Nine opposition activists were detained last week for purportedly disturbing public order. They were released on April 9, with their spokesperson, Thomas Kokou Nsoukpoe, denouncing the arrests as arbitrary and abusive.

The Togolese government again on April 9, refused permission to a coalition of five opposition parties to stage a three-day protest against the legislative reform.

Authorities stated that the organisers of the planned rallies on April 11, had not applied for permits in due time, and permitting them would disrupt public order.

In a separate notice, the government declared the planned three-day protest over the arrest of opposition figures and the new legislation illegal, further heightening the situation.

What they said

 The government of Puntland in a st atement on March 31 said "Puntland will act independently until there is a federal government with a constitution that is agreed upon by a referendum in which Puntland takes part."

What they said

"This is the umpteenth preparation of a constitutional coup by a monarchical regime that has held the country's destiny hostage for almost 60 years," one of Togo's opposition parties, the Democratic Forces of the Republic said .

Parliament, dominated by Gnassingbe's UNIR party, adopted the law on Monday that would switch Togo from a presidential to a parliamentary system , giving the assembly the power to elect the president for a single six-year term.

But it remains unclear if the term can be renewed, sparking fears of an indefinite rule for Gnassingbe, who succeeded his father, General Gnassingbe Eyadema, who had seized power in a coup more than 50 years ago.

Opposition parties in the West African country denounced the move as a power grab by Gnassingbe, in power since 2005, ahead of legislative and regional elections on April 20.

In an official announcement, the president emphasized the necessity for a thorough review of the text, citing the heightened interest among the populace since its initial approval. The objective of this decision is to mitigate tensions, particularly as the commencement of the election campaign draws near, Togo Web reports.

Constitutional Law Professor Ata Messan Zeus Ajavon believes that "the text is not bad. The text itself is good.” However, “I must say that I had already proposed a similar text myself in the past. So, basically, the text itself does not bother me. But it's the way they did it that's not good. It cannot be founded constitutionally or legally."

Faure Gnassingbe was last re-elected in a 2020 landslide, which the opposition disputed.

Despite calls for democratic reforms, the continent continues to grapple with the repercussions of prolonged leadership, undermining efforts towards democracy and stability.

In 2023, the prolonged tenure of African leaders became evident, with five sitting heads of state having ruled for over three decades each. Notable among them were Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, Paul Biya of Cameroon, Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of Congo, Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, Isaias Afwerki of Eritrea, and José Eduardo dos Santos of Angola

Gabon and Togo had witnessed a dynastic rule spanning more than fifty years. For instance, Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa extended his family's influence by appointing close relatives to his cabinet following his reelection in 2023.

Here are highlights of some leaders who have made staying longer in power a norm.

Teodoro Obiang Nguema of Guinea

Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo has ruled Equatorial Guinea since 1979, making him the world's longest-standing president. His rise to power through a military coup ousted his uncle, Francisco Macias Nguema, the country's first leader. However, his regime has been heavily criticised for its repressive and authoritarian rule, leading some to label Equatorial Guinea as the "North Korea of Africa." He has also appointed his son, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, as vice president.

Paul Biya of Cameroon

President Paul Biya of Cameroon follows closely, serving as the second-longest-serving leader since 1982. Despite surviving a coup attempt in 1984, Biya's presidency has faced scrutiny for its longevity and governance issues.

President Omar Bongo of Gabon

President Omar Bongo Ondimba of Gabon held power for nearly forty-two years, from 1967 until his passing in 2009. Following his demise, his son, Ali Bongo Ondimba, continued the family's rule for another fourteen years until August 2023. Amid corruption scandals conflict in the country's east under his presidency is considered one of the deadliest conflicts since World War II.

Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of Congo

Denis Sassou Nguesso has been a fixture in Congolese politics for over thirty-seven years, amending the constitution in 2015 to remove term limits, allowing him to maintain his grip on power.

Yoweri Museveni of Uganda

Yoweri Museveni is the only president a quarter of Uganda’s population under the age of 35 years has known. He has been Uganda's president since 1986, during which he has overseen a period of peace and significant developmental progress. However, his prolonged stay in power, marked by manipulation of institutions, has drawn criticism. Recent changes removing the age limit for the presidency suggest he could remain in power for life.

Isaias Afwerki of Eritrea

Isaias Afwerki has been the only President of Eritrea since the country gained independence in April 1993, making him the only leader Eritreans have known during their independent history. With three decades in power, Afwerki has never faced an election and is known for stifling dissent and arbitrarily arresting opponents without due process of law. Additionally, Eritreans under his presidency are expected to serve a mandatory 18-month military service which often extends indefinitely.

The issue persists because leaders are utilising tactics such as "constitutional coups" to secure longer terms in office. Many African countries have resorted to tactics such as amending constitutions to reset term limits, removing age restrictions, or creatively reinterpreting constitutional provisions. These measures, often controversial, perpetuate authoritarian regimes in a region where poverty remains pervasive.

What they said

Speaker of Parliament, Alban Bagbin has expressed displeasure about the president’s decision. According to him, the president invited him to discuss the matter and “when he raised this, I told him that I completely disagree with him and I gave my reasons,” he was quoted by local news outlet Ghana News Agency . Member of Parliament for Bawku Central, Mahama Ayariga has also called for the impeachment of the President. According to him, the president cannot make a unilateral decision not to assent the bill after it has been passed by parliament. “I think that what we should be beginning to do now is to trigger the constitutional provisions for impeaching the president. President Akufo-Addo has violated the constitution and we must not take it lightly,” he was quoted by media outlet GhanaWeb . Meanwhile, Member of Parliament for Madina, Francis-Xavier Kojo Sosu has described the president’s decision as unfortunate. “The president is acting unconstitutionally. It is the role of the Speaker to tell the President in his face that he is acting unconstitutionally and I think that’s exactly what the Speaker has done,” Francis was quoted by 3news .

The process of changing Chile's constitution began in 2019 after a social uprising led to intense and violent protests. A year later, 80% of voters said they wanted a new constitution.

So, what are the reasons behind this result?

This is the second time that Chilean voters have rejected a constitution proposal.

The first draft, written by an assembly dominated by left-wing and independent forces, was rejected by 62% of voters in September 2022. Many experts considered the text to be one of the most progressive in the world on social issues, protection of the environment, and rights for women and indigenous communities.

This time, the drafting of the new text was led by conservative and right-wing parties. Left-wing forces, including the government, had expressed opposition to the text.

The lack of dialogue between different political sectors is believed to be one of the reasons for the failure.

"Our differences are so irreconcilable that we cannot find a middle ground from which to move forward, and that is very sad indeed," said architect Claudio Fernandez from Santiago, reported Reuters.

Critics of the second proposal said it was more conservative than the 1980 constitution it sought to replace. Many considered it a threat to women's rights, as it included articles for the protection of "the life of the unborn" and established "conscientious objection" to abortion. In Chile, abortion is currently authorised under three specific circumstances. Critics also accused the text of favouring the interests of the privileged in environmental and housing matters.

The draft also advocated for a mix of public and private healthcare and pension systems. It established strict rules around immigration and defended "freedom of education," giving parents the right to decide their children's education.

However, the lack of consensus between different political ideologies is not the only reason for the outcome according to surveys. Several studies have shown that Chilean voters are tired and disillusioned with the constitutional process after four years of effort, debate, and polarisation to change the magna carta.

A survey conducted by Cade, published a month before the referendum, reported that 32% of voters were "little or not at all" interested in the process.

"I sincerely thought things were going to change," said Nina Vidal, a secretary in Valparaiso, after casting her ballot on Sunday, reported Reuters . "But unfortunately, nothing changes".

Many studies have also noted that the priorities of Chileans have changed in the last four years since the constitutional process began. Security, crime, and drug trafficking are cited among the most crucial issues for the population today.

What’s next?

After the results were announced, Chilean President Gabriel Boric stated that the constitutional process won't continue during his term, asserting that other priorities are now at play. Boric still has two years left in his mandate.

"The country became polarised, divided," said Boric during a televised address . Chile's president added that the result shows the process "didn't channel the hopes of having a new constitution written for everyone".

He said: "Politics is indebted to the people of Chile".

On Sunday, December 17, approximately 15.5 million Chileans will vote to approve or disapprove the new Constitution proposal. It marks the second attempt in the last four years to amend the Magna Carta. High participation rates are anticipated due to mandatory voting. Political parties have already defined their positions: left-wing parties oppose the conservative proposal, while the majority of the right-wing parties support it. If it is rejected, Chile would retain the Pinochet-era constitution. Left-wing political parties, who were the primary advocates of the constitutional process, have stated that they would not push for a new process if the proposal was not approved.

New agreement with the EU

On December 13, 2023, Chile became the first country in the region to sign the Advanced Framework Agreement (AFA), a new-generation agreement with the European Union. Two decades after the implementation of the initial deal, this new pact aims to strengthen the framework of the bilateral relationship, deepen political dialogue, promote cooperation, and enhance economic ties. It also addresses new challenges such as climate action and digitalization, as reported by the European Union.

Individual pardoned by President Boric arrested

On the morning of Thursday, December 14, one of the 13 individuals pardoned by President Gabriel Boric in December 2022 is reported to have been arrested for allegedly being one of the kidnappers of a man in Copiapó, Atacama Region, as reported by La Tercera.

A new ‘SuperTanker’ plane for fighting wildfires

A new supertanker plane has arrived in Chile, announced President Gabriel Boric on December 13. The plane aims to bolster the fight against forest fires during this season prone to large blazes. According to the president, these aircraft have the capacity to transport up to 15,000 litres of water and Chile already has two. Both planes will be in operation for the next 100 days, according to Crónica Digital.

Largest weapons shipment destroyed since 1990

Chile disposed of 25,015 firearms and other accessories to combat insecurity. It's the largest shipment of its kind since 1990. Of the total cache, more than eight thousand devices were seized by the justice system, and 13,323 were handed over to the authorities. The weapons destroyed this year represent a 39 per cent increase compared to last year.