It is crucial to note, however, that the vote excluded major opposition parties, including the National League for Democracy, led by detained former leader Aung San Suu Kyi.

Min Aung Hlaing is expected to step down as commander-in-chief to comply with constitutional rules barring a president from holding both roles. General Ye Win Oo, a former military intelligence chief and long-time associate of the junta leader, has been promoted and is widely expected to take over the top military post.

Under the constitution, 25% of seats are reserved for the armed forces, while the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party won a large majority of the remaining seats in elections held in December and January.

Tom Andrews, the United Nations special rapporteur on human rights in Myanmar, has urged the international community to reject the election results and any political arrangements that follow, describing the process as an attempt by the military to legitimise its rule.

The political shift comes as Myanmar remains in conflict. According to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data project and the UN Refugee Agency, nearly 93,300 people have been killed and 3.7 million displaced since the military seized power in February 2021. The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners says more than 30,600 people have been arrested since the coup, with about 22,500 still in detention.

An opposition shadow parliament formed by ousted lawmakers also held a parallel session this week, maintaining it is the country’s only legitimate legislature.

The airport was first established in 1946 as a military facility operated by the British Royal Air Force after World War II. It was later handed over to civilian authorities.

In 1956, under the leadership of Ghana’s first President, Dr Kwame Nkrumah, the facility underwent structural development to meet international air travel standards. By 1958, it was officially inaugurated as Accra International Airport.

In 1969, the military government renamed it Kotoka International Airport in memory of Lt. General E.K. Kotoka, a key figure in the 1966 coup that removed Nkrumah from office. Kotoka was later killed in 1967 during a failed coup attempt at a location that is now part of the airport’s forecourt.

The military government renamed the airport in his honour, portraying him as a “liberator” from what it described as Nkrumah’s authoritarian rule. 

The decision to rename the nation’s largest airport was first announced earlier on February 3, during a media briefing by the Majority Leader in Parliament, Mahama Ayariga. 

Where he stated that “a bill will be brought by the Minister for Transport to facilitate this change.”

However, Transport Minister Joseph Bukari Nikpe stated that the renaming process does not require any legislation, clarifying that airport renaming in Ghana has consistently been carried out through executive orders.

Bukari Nikpe said the government “considered it appropriate” to restore the earlier name. 

He told local media that the change was aimed at projecting a neutral national image and reflecting the name of the capital city, Accra.

Supporters of the move, including some civil society groups, argue that honouring Kotoka contradicts Ghana’s democratic values and glorifies an unconstitutional change of government.

Samia Nkrumah, daughter of the late president, has consistently advocated for restoring the airport’s original name.

Critics, including members of Kotoka’s family, said the decision erases his legacy and service. Some members of the public have also questioned the cost of the change and asked why issues such as unemployment and living conditions are not being prioritised.

However, Bukari Nikpe stated that the change will bear no high cost to the state, and it only involves removing 'Kotoka' and making a few adjustments.

Nkrumah led Ghana to independence in 1957 and was regarded as a leading figure in the pan-African liberation movement. After his overthrow, Ghana experienced several coups until the return to multiparty democracy in 1992. Since then, the country has held closely contested elections and witnessed peaceful transfers of power.

Despite the right to protest existing on paper, demonstrators in many democracies face violence or internet shutdowns. Harsch observed that the democratic story across Africa is not uniform. According to him, some countries have managed to institutionalise competitive politics in meaningful ways.

"Some democracies in Africa are functioning quite well. Your own country [Ghana] for the past thirty-odd years has had regular turnovers between ruling party and opposition. That’s not a small achievement. Senegal, until recently, had pretty free and fair elections. South Africa has gone so far that even the ruling party lost its majority in Parliament, and they allowed it to happen. They stuck to the Constitution. Botswana and a handful of others have also maintained stable electoral systems," he told Ismail Akwei on Global South Conversations.

Harsch reiterated that Africa does not lack democratic success stories, and the crises coexist with a broader continental pattern he describes as "electoralism". Referencing Cameroonian political thinker Achille Mbembe, he draws on the phrase “administrative multi-partyism.”

“What you have in many places is an administration that runs elections with multiple parties, but there’s no real choice for ordinary citizens. You can’t get genuine opposition voices in. Alternative visions are systematically squeezed out. The rituals of democracy are there, ballots, campaigns, observers, but the substance is limited,” he explained.

One of the structural problems, he argues, dates back to the 1990s when “elections became tied to neoliberal economic policies . People could occasionally change who was in office, but they couldn’t budge on the economic front. That disjuncture between political choice and economic immobility is at the heart of the frustration.”

Watch the full interview attached to the story above. 

“Understand this, we are going to war with France. We were not at war before, but now we are going to war,” he is quoted by French news, Le Figaro .

The declaration follows a decree on general mobilisation adopted by Niger’s Council of Ministers at the end of December. Military officials have said the move is aimed at confronting what they allege are French efforts to destabilise the country.

General Tchiani has repeatedly accused France, along with leaders in Benin and Côte d’Ivoire, of supporting Islamist armed groups and backing attacks against Niger’s government . He claimed the countries were behind a January 2026 attack on Niamey Airport.

Meanwhile, France has strongly denied the allegations. Colonel Guillaume Vernet, spokesperson for the French Armed Forces General Staff, said there was “no question of French involvement” in Niger and described the accusations as “information warfare.”

Relations between Niger and France have deteriorated sharply since a military coup in July 2023 ousted the elected government. The junta demanded the withdrawal of French troops and the French ambassador, accusing Paris of neocolonial interference. Military cooperation was suspended, marking a dramatic shift from years of close security ties.

Niger, which gained independence from France in 1960, has since pivoted away from Paris as anti-French sentiment grows across parts of the Sahel region.

The Gezi protests began in June 2013 as a small environmental sit-in against plans to redevelop Istanbul’s Gezi Park. The movement quickly grew into nationwide demonstrations against then-prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his government, drawing hundreds of thousands of people into the streets.

At the time, the government described the protests as an attempt to destabilise the state. Critics, however, saw them as a largely peaceful expression of public frustration over governance and civil liberties 

In Barim’s case, prosecutors accused her of encouraging actors she managed to join the protests, alleging she played a role in efforts to undermine the government . She was briefly released in October due to health concerns, but was re-arrested the following day.

Turkey’s continued prosecutions linked to the Gezi protests reflect the government’s long-standing position that the events were not spontaneous demonstrations but part of a coordinated effort to challenge state authority and consequently overthrow the government.

The intelligence agency claims that Macron has authorised a plan to “eliminate ‘undesirable leaders’ in Africa,”  comparing the strategy to historical American operations in South America.

The SVR report describes the French leadership as “refined racists from Paris” who are struggling to maintain their reputation as a “parasitic metropolis, robbing its former colonies and hindering their development”.

The agency further alleges that France is “directly supporting terrorists of various stripes” and collaborating with the “Ukrainian regime” to supply militants in the Sahel with drones and instructors to destabilise sovereign governments.

A primary target of this alleged "destructive attention" is Madagascar, where a military takeover in October 2025 ousted President Andry Rajoelina. 

The SVR claims that because the new government under Colonel Randrianirina is “committed to developing relations with BRICS,” Paris is actively “exploring ways to overthrow” the new president to “restore a loyal regime”.

The coup in Madagascar followed a period of intense domestic turmoil triggered by widespread economic discontent, with 80% of the population living below the poverty line and the country suffering from high levels of corruption. The immediate spark for the 2025 protests involved persistent power outages and water shortages in the capital, Antananarivo. 

The movement was largely driven by Generation Z activists, organised via the "Gen Z Mada" social media movement, which used symbols like the "Jolly Roger" flag from the anime One Piece to represent rebellion against oppressive systems. 

The transition of power was finalised on October 15, 2025, after the elite military unit CAPSAT aligned with demonstrators and Parliament impeached Rajoelina, who eventually fled into exile citing an assassination plot.

The SVR’s warnings of French-backed destabilisation coincide with a major security incident in Niger. 

On January 29, General Abdourahamane Tiani, leader of Niger’s military junta, accused France, Benin, and Côte d’Ivoire of sponsoring a "terrorist attack" on the Diori Hamani International Airport in Niamey.

The assault, which involved gunfire and explosions, damaged the fuselage and wings of commercial aircraft belonging to ASKY Airlines and Air Côte d’Ivoire. During a televised address, General Tiani named President Macron as a primary sponsor of the operation. 

“We have heard them bark, they should be ready to hear us roar,” Tiani declared. He also extended specific gratitude to Russian troops stationed at the base for “defending their sector” during the skirmish.

The SVR report also links France to an attempted coup in Burkina Faso on January 3, which aimed to assassinate the country's military leader, Captain Ibrahim Traoré. 

Russian intelligence asserts that “France’s involvement... has already been established,” and claims similar efforts are underway to overthrow President Assimi Goïta in Mali through city blockades and terror against civilians. 

Investigators say Amandi was allegedly recruited by the coup suspects to act as a propagandist, helping promote or support the plot, which reportedly involved plans to assassinate senior government officials.

Sources briefed on the matter said President Tinubu, Vice President Kashim Shettima, Senate President Godswill Akpabio, and Speaker of the House of Representatives Tajudeen Abbas were among those allegedly marked for elimination.

Military confirms coup investigation

Nigeria’s Defence Headquarters confirmed that officers had been investigated for attempting to remove the government illegally. In a statement, the military said the inquiry was “comprehensive” and had been forwarded to the appropriate authorities in line with existing regulations.

It said the findings identified “a number of officers with allegations of plotting to overthrow the government,” calling such actions inconsistent with the professional ethics of the armed forces.

The accused officers are expected to be arraigned before military judicial panels.

Premium Times first reported in October that at least 16 officers were being investigated, although the army initially described the case as involving “indiscipline and breach of service regulations.”

Since then, more officers and civilians have reportedly been arrested as investigators expanded the probe.

Military suspects are expected to face court-martial proceedings first, while civilians implicated, including Amandi, would be tried in civil courts.

Background to the alleged plot

Sources cited by Premium Times said the plot was allegedly masterminded by a colonel identified as Alhassan Ma’aji. The coup was initially planned for May 29, 2023, during Tinubu’s inauguration, but was reportedly postponed due to funding and logistical challenges. Investigators say the plan was revived in 2025, with claims that former Bayelsa State governor Timipre Sylva helped bankroll the effort through nearly N1 billion transferred in multiple tranches. Sylva was later declared wanted by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), and his home was reportedly raided during investigations.

Stanley Amandi is known in Nollywood as an actor, director and production manager. His works include The Album, Tiger King (2008), Cornerstone (2019), and Once Upon a Dream (2024).

These two countries join a host of others, like Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali and Gabon, among others.

Madagascar

After weeks of violent and deadly protests powered by Madagascan Gen Z over alleged corruption, the country's Army Personnel Administration Centre (CAPSAT) seized the sovereign power led by Colonel Michael Randrianirina . The Gen Z demonstrations grew beyond service issues into a broader rejection of the leadership of then-President Andry Rajoelina, who became the world's youngest head of state at 34 through a coup in 2009. The situation reached a tipping point when an elite military unit defected and joined the protesters, refusing orders to fire on civilians, effectively cutting Rajoelina off from core state security support.

This shift in military allegiance significantly undermined his ability to remain in power. Facing explicit threats to his life amid the rebellion and the loss of military backing, Rajoelina left Madagascar for a “safe location,” later confirmed to be outside the country, while claiming an attempted illegal power grab was underway. Colonel Michael Randrianirina has been in power since declaring a two-year transition exercise.

Guinea-Bissau

Army officers in Guinea-Bissau announced on Wednesday, November 26, that they had deposed President Umaro Sissoco Embaló , accusing him of mismanaging the political crisis and undermining democratic stability. The officers declared that the existing government had been dissolved and pledged to restore order and constitutional governance, though details about a transition timeline were not immediately clear. The announcement came amid heightened tensions following contested elections on the 23rd and reflected longstanding military influence over the country’s political landscape.

On the same day, sustained gunfire erupted near the national election commission headquarters amidst tensions over a tightly contested presidential election, with residents fleeing the area as shots were heard near multiple government buildings. The outbreak of gunfire occurred just as provisional results were expected. However, protesters took to the streets in Guinea-Bissau on Friday, December 12, to denounce the military coup and demand the restoration of democratic governance , highlighting deep public frustration with the political instability that has plagued the country.

Benin could have become the third country, but for the swift intervention of Nigeria and the country's loyalist forces that protected President Patrice Talon's sovereignty. Armed soldiers went on national television on December 7 to declare they had taken power in a coup , but by evening, the situation had calmed, and everywhere was clear.

Since August 2020, Africa has experienced ten coups.

In September 2021, elite forces led by General Mamady Doumbouya stormed the presidential palace and removed President Alpha Condé, ending a turbulent period marked by protests, a disputed third term, and deadly crackdowns.

Standing before cameras, Doumbouya vowed to restore democracy, fight corruption, and organise credible elections. He also pledged that neither he nor other junta members would seek elected office.

That promise no longer stands.

A constitution that changed the rules

The turning point came with a constitutional referendum held in September this year. Approved by an overwhelming majority in a vote boycotted by much of the opposition, the new constitution introduced sweeping changes. It extended presidential terms from five to seven years, created a new senate with a third of its members appointed by the president, and, crucially, removed barriers preventing military leaders from running for office.

For the ruling authorities, the referendum was a legal reset, a way to close the chapter on military transition and reopen the political system under new rules. For opponents, it was a carefully managed process that rewrote the rules mid‑game and paved the way for Doumbouya to convert de facto power into electoral legitimacy.

From junta leader to candidate

Doumbouya now appears on the ballot not as a transitional figure, but as a civilian candidate. His campaign messaging leans heavily on stability, infrastructure gains, and economic promise, particularly around mining and large-scale projects such as the Simandou iron ore development.

Supporters argue that the election represents progress: a coup leader submitting himself to the will of voters rather than ruling indefinitely by decree. They point to roads built, schools renovated, hospitals opened, and long‑delayed mining exports finally leaving Guinea’s ports.

Opponents counter that the transition has been tightly controlled. Public demonstrations have been banned for much of the past three years. Independent media outlets face restrictions. Social media platforms were temporarily blocked ahead of the vote. Several prominent opposition figures were disqualified on legal and residency grounds, leaving the race without its strongest challengers .

The question of legitimacy

At the heart of the election lies a deeper question: does legality equal legitimacy?

Guinea’s history weighs heavily on the moment. Since independence from France in 1958, the country has experienced repeated coups, authoritarian rule, and aborted democratic experiments. It was only in 2010 that Guineans voted in elections widely considered free and fair. The 2021 coup interrupted that trajectory.

For many voters, the issue is not simply who wins, but whether the process allows for genuine choice. An election conducted under a new constitution, with high turnout but limited competition, raises concerns that democracy may exist more on paper than in practice.

A transition concluded or rebranded?

If Doumbouya wins as expected, Guinea will formally return to civilian rule, but under leadership forged in a military takeover and reinforced by constitutional change. Supporters will hail the outcome as the completion of a transition. Critics will describe it as a rebranding exercise that entrenches power rather than disperses it.

For Guineans, the election represents a choice shaped as much by what came before as by what lies ahead. The journey from coup to constitution may be nearing its institutional conclusion, but the broader test, whether democratic norms, accountability, and political freedoms truly take root, will extend well beyond election day.

General Mamady Doumbouya, the current head of state who led the coup , is virtually certain to win after key opposition leaders were disqualified or forced into exile, leaving him without serious challengers.

Why this election matters

About 6.7 million Guinea-Bissau citizens are eligible to vote, and results are expected within 48 hours of the polls closing. A runoff would be held if no candidate wins an absolute majority.

Who’s running?

1. General Mamady Doumbouya (Front-runner)

Doumbouya, a 41-year-old former special forces commander, seized power in 2021 and has governed through a military-led transitional government. He initially pledged not to run for president but reversed that stance after the new constitution removed restrictions on junta members.

Supporters credit him with infrastructure gains, reforms in the mining sector, and economic initiatives. Critics counter that his administration has cracked down on civil liberties, banned protests, restricted media, and jailed or intimidated opponents.

Other candidates

While nine candidates are on the ballot, most are considered relatively minor figures with limited national support:

However, none of these challengers have a substantial grassroots base or the resources to mount a serious challenge against Doumbouya, and several prominent opposition figures were barred from standing.

Who was excluded

Several leading opposition leaders were prevented from running:

Many rights advocates view these exclusions as part of a broader narrowing of the political space, raising concerns about democratic legitimacy.

Key issues in the election

The main question for observers is not who will win — that appears to be Doumbouya — but whether the election will be considered free, fair, and inclusive. Many civil society groups and international actors have criticised restrictions on protests, media freedom, and opposition mobilisation.

The UN has raised concerns about intimidation and a climate of fear during the campaign, urging Guinea’s authorities to protect civic freedoms and ensure a credible vote.

Guinea is one of the richest countries in the world in mineral resources, especially bauxite, iron ore (including the massive Simandou deposits), gold, and diamonds, yet it remains among the poorest in living standards.

As Guinea goes to the polls on December 28, 2025, Doumbouya’s path to the presidency appears clear. But the broader implications, for democracy, civil liberties, and how Guinea’s resources are governed, will continue to shape both internal politics and regional stability in West Africa in the years ahead.

The announcement came just hours after several soldiers reportedly appeared on national television claiming President Patrice Talon had been removed from office, months before the April 2026 presidential election. The group also said they were dissolving all state institutions and appointing Lieutenant Colonel Pascal Tigri as head of a new military committee.

Meanwhile, the French Embassy reported gunfire at Camp Guézo, near the president’s official residence in Cotonou, adding to the uncertainty surrounding Sunday’s events.

The Chairperson of the African Union Commission, H.E. Mahmoud Ali Youssouf, has strongly condemned the 26 November military coup d’État in Guinea-Bissau as the country awaited the announcement of the November 25 election results. He reaffirmed the AU’s zero-tolerance stance on unconstitutional changes of government, citing key normative instruments including the Constitutive Act, the Lomé Declaration, the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, and the Ezulwini Framework. The Chairperson also acknowledged the Joint Statement issued on the same day by the heads of the AU, ECOWAS, and West African Elders Forum election observer missions.

Claims emerge that coup may have been staged

Political tensions deepened as Senegal’s Prime Minister Ousmane Sonko and Nigeria’s former President Goodluck Jonathan publicly suggested the ousting of President Embaló may have been fabricated . The military halted the release of election results, claiming it intervened to stop a destabilisation plot — allegations Sonko and Jonathan questioned, saying no evidence had been presented. Some civil society groups and opposition figures accused Embaló of staging a “simulated coup” to block the results in case of defeat, although the former president has not responded to the claims. Embaló, who was flown to Senegal after his release, has previously been accused of using political crises to suppress dissent.

ECOWAS suspends Guinea-Bissau after military takeover

West Africa’s ECOWAS bloc suspended Guinea-Bissau from all its decision-making bodies following an emergency virtual summit on 27 November. The Mediation and Security Council, chaired by Sierra Leone’s President Julius Maada Bio, condemned the military intervention as an “illegal abortion of the democratic process” and urged coup leaders to allow the national election commission to publish the disputed presidential results. Member states from Cabo Verde, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Benin, and others participated in the session and rejected the army’s decision to halt the vote tally.

Deposed president transported to Senegal as tensions ease

Guinea-Bissau’s deposed leader Umaro Sissoco Embaló arrived in Senegal late on 27 November after negotiations led by ECOWAS secured his release. Senegal’s foreign ministry confirmed he landed “safe and sound” aboard a military aircraft. The coup unfolded hours before provisional results from presidential and parliamentary elections were due. The junta suspended the entire electoral process, banned demonstrations, and imposed a nighttime curfew, citing an alleged plot involving unnamed politicians and a “well-known drug baron” to destabilise the country.

Military installs transitional president and outlines one-year transition

The military high command has appointed Gen Horta N’Tam (also referenced as Horta Inta-A in local reporting), previously army chief of staff and a close ally of Embaló, as transitional president for a one-year period. In a televised address, Gen N’Tam said political actors’ failure to resolve worsening tensions prompted the armed forces to intervene. He later named former finance minister Ilidio Vieira Té as the new prime minister. Opposition candidate Fernando Dias, who also claimed victory in the vote, denounced the takeover as a “fabricated coup” intended to block the release of election results, urging citizens to demand transparency. Despite the turmoil, daily activities resumed gradually on Thursday in the capital, Bissau.

The Guinea-Bissau military has already installed a transitional leader, Gen Horta N’Tam, who is expected to govern for one year. The coup unfolded on Wednesday, one day before authorities were due to announce provisional results from presidential and parliamentary elections. The junta has suspended the entire electoral process and blocked the release of the vote tally.

Military leaders say they acted to prevent an alleged plot by unnamed politicians “supported by a well-known drug baron” to destabilise the country. They imposed a nighttime curfew, banned public protests, and prohibited any actions they said could disturb “peace and stability.”

Guinea-Bissau, positioned between Senegal and Guinea, has long struggled with political turbulence and has earned a reputation as a major drug-trafficking hub. The military has played a dominant role in national politics since independence from Portugal in 1974.

Tensions remained high in the capital, Bissau, on Thursday, with most businesses closed and soldiers patrolling the streets. Shortly after Gen N’Tam was sworn in as transitional president, the military reopened land, air, and sea borders, which had been sealed at the start of the coup.

Some civil society groups have accused Embaló of orchestrating a “simulated coup” with the military to prevent the publication of election results he feared he might lose. Dias made similar allegations, calling the takeover an “organised coup.” He told AFP he considers himself the president-elect, claiming to have secured around 52% of the vote. Embaló has not responded to the accusations.

Guinea-Bissau has experienced at least nine coups or attempted coups over the past five decades, making it one of West Africa’s most politically unstable states.

The army announced that the 53-year-old Embalo had been removed from office, suspended all state institutions, and closed the country’s borders and airspace. A nightly curfew has also been imposed. Media reports indicate that Embalo and several high-ranking officials were detained during the takeover.

The coup comes just days after the presidential election, in which both Embalo and his main rival, Fernando Dias, claimed victory before official results were announced.

Guinea-Bissau has a long history of political instability, with Thursday’s takeover marking the fifth successful and ninth attempted military coup since the country gained independence from Portugal in 1974.

This development followed reports of sustained gunfire near several government sites in the capital, Bissau. Areas affected included the election commission headquarters, the presidential palace, and the interior ministry.

Join the conversation:

“There were some shootings... I could hear them from my home in the city centre,” a resident told Global South World .

The presidential vote, held on November 23, was expected to have its results announced on November 27. The election featured incumbent President Umaro Sissoco Embalo and his main rival, Fernando Dias.

Both candidates declared victory on Monday, each claiming to have secured over half of the votes, despite the absence of official results. Embalo, 53, was seeking re-election to become the first president in thirty years to win a second consecutive term.

“When this chancellor was imprisoned, she was released and decided to request asylum in Mexico. It was evaluated here in Mexico, just as all such requests are evaluated, and she went to the Mexican embassy in Peru, where she still remains,” Sheinbaum explained.

“This is where, due to this, the current president of Peru, through his chancellor, decided to break diplomatic relations with Mexico, which from our perspective is completely disproportionate,” she added.

“Yesterday, the Mexican ambassador, the head of the embassy, asked the Foreign Ministry and was told that the consular relationship was not being broken, only the diplomatic embassy relationship,” she said. “We will wait, however, to receive official notification, because we only know it through the statements.”

Peru’s Foreign Ministry announced the diplomatic severance on Friday, citing Mexico’s repeated interference in its internal affairs.

“The truth is they have tried to turn the perpetrators of the attempted coup d’état into victims,” de Zela said, noting that Peruvians remain committed to democracy .

He criticised Mexico for standing alone in failing to recognise Peru’s democratic order, calling its actions “wrong and unacceptable.” Despite the diplomatic rupture, de Zela clarified that consular relations would continue, ensuring protection for Peruvians in Mexico and Mexicans in Peru.

Five years later, Keita was re-elected to continue his mandate in serving the people of Mali. But in the midst of a global coronavirus pandemic, sluggish reforms, a collapsing economy, deteriorating public services and schools, and a widely held belief that his government was corrupt, Keita was overthrown on August 18, 2020—the first of a wave of military coup d'états to hit the Sahel over the next three years.

Assimi Goita, Mali’s army general and president, masterminded the two coup plots that hit the nation in 9 months. In the August 2020 coup, Goita was installed as vice president of a transition government, and civilian Bah Ndaw as president, promising to hold elections in 18 months.

But soon after, a struggle for dominance broke out between the two sides as each sought to increase its influence.

Ndaw removed military leaders who had played a crucial role in the August coup when he reorganised the cabinet on May 24, 2021. He was detained by the military later that day, and a few hours later, Goita extended military rule and proclaimed himself president.

A study, which took place in Mali in July 2021, almost a year after the first military coup and only weeks after the second coup led by then Colonel Goita, found that when asked directly, 74.0% of respondents claimed to support the military regime, and only 24.7% of respondents claimed to trust the foreign armed forces.

However, using the List Experiment (LE), a different technique used to measure true opinions on sensitive topics — things they might not want to admit directly — the survey found that the support for the military regime was only 63.2%, meaning support was over-reported by 10.8 percentage points, and trust in foreign armed forces was 36%, significantly underreported by 11.6 percentage points.

People claimed support, given the politically tense and non-democratic environment of Mali, expressing support for the ruling military regime was the socially desirable and safest response, given the strong anti-foreign sentiment prevalent at the time and the fear of repression associated with criticising the government.

According to the researchers, “The opposite direction of misreporting of these two political attitudes is consistent with the military regime’s strong opposition to the international coalition led by France in Mali at the time of our survey.”

A year after Goita had overthrown Ndaw to proclaim himself leader of the West African nation, the last of the French troops stationed in Mali to fight against Islamic insurgency left the country, completing a withdrawal that ended the nine-year Operation Serval—carried out in response to an attack in the northern part of the country by the ethnic-Tuareg separatist movement that had partnered with an al-Qaeda affiliate.

In a constitutional referendum held in June 2023, 97% of voters favoured changes which granted the president the power to appoint and dismiss the prime minister and cabinet members. Out of 8.4 million registered voters, only 39.4% took part in the referendum. 

Opponents of the new constitution claimed that it would reduce the likelihood of democratic reforms and that the referendum had been tainted.

Goïta disbanded all political parties in May 2025 and indefinitely postponed the 2024 elections. The National Transitional Council granted Goita a five-year term on July 3, 2025, which can be renewed "as many times as necessary" and without an election.

Official figures showed 92% turnout with 89% approval, though opposition groups and civil society organisations disputed the numbers, citing empty polling stations and alleged fraud.

The new constitution extends presidential terms from five to seven years, permits one re-election, creates a Senate with presidential appointees, and establishes a special court to try senior officials. It also allows independent candidates to contest for the first time, but crucially removes earlier restrictions barring junta members from running.

Colonel Mamady Doumbouya, who seized power in 2021 by ousting then-president Alpha Condé, has not declared whether he will run. Analysts note, however, that the timing and content of the constitutional changes suggest he may seek to remain in power.

The country holds the world ’s largest bauxite reserves and vast iron ore deposits at Simandou, making political stability vital for global supply chains. Multinational mining companies, including Rio Tinto and China’s Chinalco, have major stakes in the sector.

The outcome will also test the credibility of West Africa’s response to military takeovers. ECOWAS has pressured juntas in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger to restore civilian rule, and its stance on Guinea’s vote may set a precedent.

For Guineans, hopes for stability are tempered by scepticism after years of authoritarian rule and unfulfilled promises. A credible, transparent election could mark a turning point; a disputed one risks cementing military power under a democratic facade.

Post-coup paths in Africa: recent returns to civilian rule and the juntas that remain

Several African states have transitioned, unevenly, between military and civilian rule in recent years. Where some transitions yielded elections and a nominal return to civilian government, others remain firmly under junta control. The pattern matters for regional stability, investment and international policy toward the continent.

Key recent returns to civilian rule

States still effectively under military rule

Recent years show no single path from coup to stable democracy. For a successful democracy to operate smoothly, it requires credible, inclusive elections, institutional checks on armed actors and sustained regional and international support. Where those elements are absent, elections or constitutional changes often become mechanisms for legitimising extended military influence rather than restoring accountable civilian governance .

The proposal has sparked intense polarisation. Some lawmakers are pushing for a broad amnesty, arguing for legal forgiveness across the board, while others—including leaders in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate—seek a more limited approach that would exclude Bolsonaro and the key orchestrators of the coup. Critics of the bill stress that such an amnesty could undermine the country’s democratic framework and be seen as unconstitutional, while supporters contend that Parliament has the authority to debate the scope of forgiveness.

Legal experts note the tension between the STF’s stance—that crimes against democracy are unforgivable—and the political manoeuvring within Congress. The controversy highlights the deep divisions within Brazil’s political landscape, raising questions about the resilience of its democratic institutions and the rule of law .

Trump made the remarks during a joint press conference with Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. in Washington. He accused the former president of leading what he described as a “sedacious” effort to remove him from office, saying, “They were trying to lead a coup.”

His comments come days after Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard echoed similar accusations. Speaking over the weekend, Gabbard said the Obama administration had engaged in a “treasonous conspiracy” and a “years-long coup,” referring to the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election.

That investigation, led by Special Counsel Robert Mueller, found no criminal conspiracy between Trump’s team and Russia , although it documented repeated contacts between the two and pointed to potential obstruction of justice.

Zerbo defended the reform as necessary to reclaim "sovereign control on the electoral process and at the same time limit foreign influences."

In place of the independent electoral commission, the country's interior ministry will take over all forms of future elections.

The electoral commission’s removal marks yet another pivot in the junta’s way of governing.

Having staged coups in January 2022 and again in September of the same year, the military was originally meant to hand over power by July 2024. However, a new charter now lets Capt. Ibrahim Traoré remain in office until July 2029.

This power grab pattern is not unique to Burkina Faso. Across West Africa, military regimes in nations like Mali and Niger have tightened control , often citing civilian governments’ failure to address escalating cost-of-living troubles, as well as Islamist insurgencies .

With the interior ministry taking over elections, can future results ever claim democratic legitimacy?

Since gaining independence from France in 1960, Burkina Faso has experienced at least nine military overthrows . These coups began in 1966 and most recently in 2022, which leaves a legacy of continued instability.

Since 2022, Burkina Faso has been under military rule following two successive coups driven by frustration over the government’s failure to curb escalating Islamist insurgencies.

The first coup, in January 2022, saw Lt. Col. Paul-Henri Damiba take power from civilian ruler Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, only to be overthrown eight months later by Captain Ibrahim Traoré, who accused Damiba of similar failures.

Traoré, then just 34 years old, suspended the constitution and dissolved the legislature, positioning himself as a revolutionary figure in the image of Thomas Sankara, while promising to restore security and sovereignty.

Despite promises of national revival, Burkina Faso’s humanitarian and security crises have worsened. Over 60% of the country is under threat from armed Islamist groups, more than 2 million people are displaced, and civil liberties are shrinking under military censorship.

While many citizens initially welcomed military intervention as a solution to instability, there is growing concern that the regime is replicating a familiar cycle where coups are justified by insecurity, but ultimately lead to greater authoritarianism and democratic erosion.

“Therefore, this country was met in a stalemate. We cannot go anywhere. Because none of the plans can be carried out to develop this country. And development is what we need right now,” he added.

Others fear history could repeat itself if political leaders fail to resolve the crisis peacefully. “I’m worried because I think it might end up being the same cycle again, meaning a coup could happen. I think, if possible, I don’t want a coup to happen. At the very least, let there be a dissolution of parliament, a new election, and a government formed by the majority vote of the people , rather than through a coup.” said Dr. Chawis Hansasuta.

Pattarapat Pattarasilpvirakul, a business owner, said, “As for politics, I think it’s normal. Having lived for 43 years, I’ve already experienced the highest and lowest points in politics. I want whatever brings people a good life.”

The agency will oversee all political elections and referendums, manage the biometric voter registry, and organise a special security force to safeguard the electoral process.

The decision has drawn criticism from legal experts and opposition figures who warn it may undermine electoral transparency. Mohamed Traoré, former head of Guinea’s bar association, wrote in a Facebook post that “a public administration that is politicised and partisan... raises serious doubts about the sincerity of upcoming elections.” He added that placing the election body under the interior ministry, led by a junta-appointed official, further erodes trust.

Guinea’s junta seized power in a 2021 coup, pledging to return the country to constitutional rule by the end of 2024. That deadline has since passed.

The referendum in September will decide on a new constitution, potentially clearing the way for junta members to stand in future elections despite an earlier transition charter explicitly prohibiting them from doing so.

Although junta leader Doumbouya has vowed not to run for office, several government officials have publicly endorsed his candidacy in recent months. Observers fear the new constitution could remove current restrictions on military or transitional leaders contesting elections.

Prime Minister Amadou Oury Bah said in May that the government would "do everything" to hold presidential and legislative elections by December 2025. Doumbouya has also declared 2025 a "crucial electoral year to complete the return to constitutional order."

International observers and rights groups remain sceptical, while the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which has pressed for a swift return to civilian rule in Guinea, has yet to comment on the new electoral body.

As the referendum approaches, pressure is mounting on the junta to deliver a credible and inclusive democratic process.

“Senator Diaz-Balart, you know it very well; you are not only trying to overthrow the President of Colombia through parliamentary means, in alliance with the Colombian far right but also to silence me so that I am not in the electoral campaign”, he said.

Díaz-Balart responded sharply by stating, “Gustavo Petro seems to be once again under the influence of drugs, alcohol, or both. He has reached the point where he can’t even spell common names.”

Petro did not offer evidence to support his claims against Díaz-Balart, a Cuban-American who has long criticised Petro’s administration, particularly over its drug policy, security strategy, and diplomatic ties with Venezuela, Anadolu Ajansi reports.

“I, Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, elected President of the Republic, pledge before God and our ancestors and the people of Gabon to preserve all my strength for their well-being,” Oligui declared during the ceremony.

The event was attended by several regional leaders, including Senegal’s Bassirou Diomaye Faye, Gambia’s Adama Barrow, Djibouti’s Ismail Omar Guelleh, Equatorial Guinea’s Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, DR Congo’s Felix Tshisekedi, and  Rwanda ’s Paul Kagame.

In the crowd, citizens expressed optimism and tempered expectations. Laetitia Kelly, a 35-year-old beautician, told the AFP, “I came here today to see what I voted for on April 12. What I expect now is that the president continues the good work he started since August 30.”

Ralph Ondounda, a 40-year-old electromechanical engineer, emphasised the needs of the country’s younger generation, “For the next seven years, we expect the president-elect to respect his commitments. Young people need to be empowered, they need jobs and social services. But really, this is about all Gabonese people.”

"General Langley adopts a posture that deliberately denies the new sovereignist dynamic of Burkina Faso," the Ministry declared, condemning what it described as "serious inaccuracies" made without evidence and in a context unrelated to Burkina Faso.

The government criticised the U.S. general’s statement for lacking a factual basis and for casting doubt on Burkina Faso’s efforts toward transparent governance , particularly in the management of natural resources.

The Ministry emphasised that these comments, delivered before such a high-level body as the U.S. Senate, were not only unjustified but also damaging to the image and credibility of the Burkinabè state.

"Such light, unfounded, and eminently political remarks are all the more worrying because they were made... by a senior military official," the Ministry added.

In a formal rebuttal, the Ministry reaffirmed the government’s commitment under President Ibrahim Traoré to fight corruption and ensure that all revenues from the mining sector are channelled transparently into the national budget.

"All revenues from mining are now returned to the state coffers and are subject to rigorous and transparent management," the statement noted.

The Foreign Affairs Ministry stressed that the Traoré administration has taken decisive steps to clean up public governance and promote inclusive growth, countering any claims to the contrary.

The vote marks the official transition from military to civilian rule after Oligui seized power in a coup in August 2023, toppling longtime president Ali Bongo Ondimba. His win solidified his position as head of state under Gabon’s newly proclaimed Fifth Republic.

“Tomorrow is a working day. We must now turn the page on the presidential election,” Oligui said. “Our country is still developing. I invite you to resume your professional activities in this Fifth Republic that we call with all our wishes.”

While the landslide result was expected, critics have raised concerns about transparency and fairness in the electoral process. Nevertheless, Oligui’s administration has pledged to implement reforms and foster greater stability in the oil-rich Central African nation.

At a polling station in Libreville, voter Jeanne d’Arc Akomuom, 28, told the AFP that she was voting for real change.

“On this April 12th, I came to vote for what is precisely a change. What I expect from the new president... is to promote employment for the youth and try to solve the water and electricity problems that prevail in our city, Libreville,” she said.

Despite Gabon’s considerable oil wealth, the country of 2.3 million people  continues to struggle with high unemployment, frequent power outages, water shortages, and a crippling infrastructure gap. Official data shows that only 2,000 of Gabon’s 10,000 kilometers (6,213 miles) of roads are currently usable.

At another polling station, 30-year-old voter Aurele Ossatanga Mouila emphasised the urgency of tackling youth unemployment.

“The new president must really put emphasis on the unemployment issue. He should think about the youth... he really has to find jobs for young Gabonese. It's a really important thing,” Mouila said.

Supporters of Brice Oligui Nguema, the transitional president since the August 2023 coup, appeared confident in his victory.

“It was important for me to come vote. My vote counts to elect a new president, a new Gabon, which is our choice — President Brice Oligui Nguema,” said Eugénie Tchitembo Onanga, 68. “This is cash victory, the choice of God,” he added.

Nguema, a former commander of the Republican Guard, has led the transitional government since removing the Bongo dynasty, which had ruled Gabon for over 55 years.

Prime Minister Jean Emmanuel Ouédraogo, addressing the crowd, described the withdrawal as a step toward Burkina Faso's liberation from external control. “ECOWAS is one of the strings of our enslavement that was cut cleanly on 28 January 2024,” Ouédraogo declared. “We know that there are other strings left, but our three heads of state still hold the axe firmly. In other words, all the strings will be cut without a second thought.”

Calling for continued vigilance, the Prime Minister emphasised the struggle for freedom. “This is a message of remobilisation,” he urged. “We must remain vigilant because the imperialists and their puppet institutions will never give up. Freedom is not granted; it is fought for. It comes at the price of sweat and blood.”

Demonstrators echoed the Prime Minister’s sentiments, expressing unwavering support for the decision. Asseta Salogo, one of the protesters, celebrated the move as long overdue. “It’s a very good decision, a good decision that they’ve made,” Salogo told the AFP. “We’ve been waiting for this decision for a long time. Right now, we’re saying: ECOWAS to bat, forever. We can't go back. Either it’s our bodies they’re going to trample on so that we can come back, or it’s corpses they’re going to use to create their damned ECOWAS.”

Another protester, Faraga Bazié, reinforced the irreversible nature of the decision, remarking that, “under no circumstances are we going to look in the rear-view mirror again,” he said. “This doesn't represent the people of the Sahel, Burkina Faso, Mali, or Niger. We take responsibility for ourselves, and history has brought us together. There were just some people who refused to allow this union to see the light of day through a puppet institution, as the Prime Minister has just said.”

Millimono emphasised the importance of judicial independence in the process: We hope magistrates will focus on the law and not condemn Aliou for having an opinion."

Bah’s lawyer, Pépé Antoine Lamah, challenged the charges, describing them as baseless: "The flimsiness of the allegations allowed us to dismantle them using valid arguments, reason, and the law." Lamah also pointed out inconsistencies, noting that the public prosecutor initially included the junta leader’s name in the proceedings but later removed it, suggesting the head of state does not identify with the case.

General Mamady Doumbouya, who led the 2021 coup that ousted President Alpha Condé, pledged under international pressure to transition to civilian rule by 2024. However, this has yet to occur. In his New Year address, Doumbouya announced plans to set a date for a constitutional referendum in early 2025.

Protesters emphasised the importance of accountability to safeguard democracy. “We know that if you give amnesty to the coup plotters of January 8, new coups may be attempted, and we can't allow that,” said Manuela Silva, a 27-year-old student. “We need to put these criminals in jail, both those who orchestrated it and those who financed it. Bolsonaro was the worst president in the history of Brazil, and we students will fight to the end,” she told AFP.

Edson Carneiro da Silva, a 56-year-old teacher, echoed the sentiment, saying, “We’re here; we’re taking to the streets so that there will be no amnesty so that these coup plotters will be punished so that the country will have democracy, freedom, equality, and peace so that our people can work and live fully.”

The protest comes in the wake of a Federal Police investigation linking Bolsonaro to the alleged plot. According to the final report , evidence indicates that Bolsonaro “directly and effectively planned, acted, and had control over the acts carried out by the criminal organisation that aimed to carry out a coup d’état and abolish the Democratic Rule of Law.”

Bolsonaro, however, has denied any involvement in the alleged coup plot. Despite his denial, the protesters remain resolute in their demand for justice, urging authorities to hold all those involved accountable.

“This is to respond to the huge challenges that are affecting Africa in general and in particular the Sahel, which is probably the most difficult region at the moment,” she told Global South World. 

The Sahel faces mounting instability, marked by multiple coups, escalating security threats, and developmental obstacles. According to the Global Terrorism Index, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger—countries currently under military regimes—are among the world’s ten most terrorism-affected nations. Vast regions in these countries remain outside government control, with the number of internally displaced persons rising steadily over the past decade.

Despite the instability, Del Re highlighted the EU’s commitment to sustainable and impactful partnerships with African nations. She described the EU as a vital ally, balancing humanitarian aid with long-term development projects. 

“We will continue in our policy based on humanitarian aid and development cooperation,” she stated, highlighting the need for stability in countries like Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso.

According to the Italian diplomat, human rights remain central to the EU’s approach, despite resistance from some African leaders who view these discussions as unwelcome. “Many countries often tell me, ‘Don’t talk about human rights,’” she revealed, describing such resistance as "racist" and counterproductive.

Del Re also weighed in on global geopolitical developments, including US foreign policy toward Africa. She downplayed the likelihood of significant changes in US-Africa relations regardless of electoral outcomes. 

“I would say that most probably the foreign policy will not change drastically regarding certain general directions that the US has always taken,” she stated.

Many have contemplated the implications of a Donald Trump presidency on US-Africa relations . Analysts have forecast that Trump’s "America First" policy will take precedence, potentially limiting cooperation with African countries. However, Del Re noted that US policies promoting national interest resonate with current trends in many African nations.

Del Re also spoke of the inclusion of the African Union (AU) in the G20, facilitated by India’s presidency. “This is a huge change,” she said, pointing to the additional representation of 54 countries. 

Previously classified as an "invited international organisation," the AU gained full member status during the G20 summit in Delhi, India, in September 2023. This move places the AU on par with the EU, alongside major global powers like the US, Russia, and the UK.

She hopes this expanded participation will steer discussions toward more inclusive solutions on pressing issues like economic development and multilateral collaboration. “We cannot live on our own,” she remarked, emphasising the importance of interdependence in addressing global challenges.

Watch the full interview here:

The UN Humanitarian Air Service (UNHAS), which is managed by the WFP, has been instrumental in reaching isolated communities. Between January and September 2024, UNHAS transported nearly 15,000 humanitarian workers and delivered over 500 tonnes of relief supplies.

“This unwavering support has been instrumental in enabling WFP to reach populations in need in Burkina Faso’s hard-to-reach locations,” said Sory Ouane, WFP’s Country Director and Representative in Burkina Faso.

Burkina Faso is facing a severe food crisis. Recent data from the "Cadre Harmonisé" Food Security analysis reveals that approximately 2.7 million people in the country required urgent food assistance during the June to August lean season.

Ouane acknowledged the progress made but highlighted the ongoing challenges. “With the continued support of our partners, including BHA, we can ensure that the most vulnerable – particularly displaced women and children – receive the assistance they need to survive and rebuild their lives,” he added.

The humanitarian efforts come at a crucial time for Burkina Faso, which has been grappling with political instability, security challenges, and humanitarian needs. Following military coups in 2022, the country has struggled to maintain control over vast regions. More than half of Burkina Faso is reportedly under the influence of jihadist groups linked to Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.

Earlier this month, tens of thousands of Burkinabe were reported to have fled to northern Ivory Coast to escape violence from extremist attacks and military abuses.

Among the convicted are three Americans, as well as a Belgian, a Briton, and a Canadian, all of whom hold dual Congolese nationality. These individuals, along with the others sentenced, were found guilty of charges that included criminal association, attack, and terrorism, according to the military court. 

The appeal hearing began at 11:45 a.m. local time (1045 GMT) on Thursday, October 10, with those convicted dressed in yellow and blue prison uniforms. Each of the accused was called to the front of the court to identify themselves, as lawyers and family members looked on. Richard Bondo, the lawyer for Benjamin Zalman-Polun, one of the Americans sentenced to death, described the proceedings as focused on verifying the identities of those present and confirming the referral of acquitted individuals.

"Today’s hearing consisted of first identifying the 37 convicts and verifying the Court's referral of acquittals who did not appear but were regularly cited," Bondo explained to AFP. He also highlighted the potential for a presidential pardon, saying, "This appeal is of legal interest, to enable the President of the Republic, in the event of a conviction or confirmation of a sentence, to issue a pardon order."

Other lawyers raised concerns about the fairness of the initial trial, particularly regarding the lack of consideration for mitigating circumstances. Tony Muzola, representing Marcel Malanga, another defendant, expressed frustration that such factors had been overlooked. "There are defendants who have been sentenced to death for the first time, and the judge didn’t even take into account what is known in law as extenuating circumstances," Muzola said. 

The alleged coup attempt occurred on May 19, when several dozen armed men attacked the home of then-Economy Minister Vital Kamerhe, now President of the National Assembly. The attackers later moved toward President Felix Tshisekedi's offices, waving flags of Zaire, the name of the country under former dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who was ousted in 1997.

The three Alliance of Sahel States will be launching the new passport in the coming days as part of their withdrawal from the wider regional bloc Ecowas.

The three indicated plans to exit Ecowas after a series of coups between 2020 and 2023 earned them sanctions from Ecowas.

Goita who is also acting president of the Sahel alliance revealed plans to launch a joint service that will promote information between all three states.

"In the coming days, a new biometric passport of the [alliance] will be put into circulation with the aim of harmonising travel documents in our common area," Malian junta leader Col Assimi Goïta was quoted .

Prior to this, Burkina Faso had revealed plans to launch a new biometric passport without the Ecowas logo.

It remains unclear how the new passports will affect travelling within Ecowas states where nationals of these countries enjoyed visa-free movement using the Ecowas passport.

Meanwhile, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) said in July that the region risked disintegration and worsening insecurity after junta-led Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger made clear their intentions to leave the bloc by signing a confederation treaty.

"We still want him to honour his commitment, otherwise there will be another 28 September," warned Alsény Barry, a Conakry resident, referencing the potential for renewed unrest if the military does not follow through on holding elections.

Zézé Akoï Goepogui, another resident, called for patience and peace, acknowledging that change takes time. "You can't make things evolve in a state of disorder," he told AFP, urging Guineans to allow time for progress under military rule.

However, others, like Barry, expressed doubt over the junta's intentions. "Honestly, at the rate things are going, it seems they don't want to leave," he said, noting the lack of a clear roadmap for the transition. "They promised three years, but today marks the end of that timeline, and we don't have hope that elections will be held."

Since the coup, the junta has cracked down on dissent, with at least 47 people killed between September 2021 and April 2024, according to Amnesty International. 

What they said

Security Minister Mahamadou Sana told reporters , "On this passport, there's no ECOWAS logo and no mention of ECOWAS either. Since January, Burkina Faso has decided to withdraw from this body, and this is just a realisation of the action already taken by Burkina Faso".

Reports indicate that the incident happened overnight on September 1.

Residents said gunfire erupted around 1 a.m. and continued until 5 a.m. local time.

"The shooting started at 1 am and continued until 5 am. Between 3 and 5 am they were killing each other, and you could hear grenades going off," a witness who lives close to the prison said.

Although details on the number of casualties and possible escapees remain unclear, government spokesperson, Patrick Muyaya has assured the situation is under control. Police have since cordoned off streets close to the facility.

Makala prison, designed to hold 1,500 inmates, currently houses between 14,000 and 15,000 prisoners. The Justice Minister, Constant Mutamba, announced that the transfer of prisoners to the facility has been suspended while investigations continue.

Myanmar has a long history of military rule, civil conflict, and political instability. The Tatmadaw seized power in a coup in February 2021, overthrowing the democratically elected government led by Aung San Suu Kyi.

In recent months, the Tatmadaw has suffered significant defeats at the hands of ethnic armed groups and the People's Defence Force (PDF), a coalition of pro-democracy fighters. These groups have launched coordinated attacks, capturing military posts and strategic locations, particularly in Shan State. The losses have been described as the most serious setbacks for the junta since the coup.

According to the Myanmar Country Director at the United States Institute of Peace, Jason Tower, "What's clear is that the Chinese side wants the Myanmar military to come to the table, it wants to bring the EAOs to the table to try to de-escalate, but the Myanmar military is refusing to do that. And so that actually plays to the hand of the EAOs that see that this military is historically at a weak point."

Reuters also adds that Myanmar's junta has admitted to losing communications with senior officers at a major military base near the Chinese border, following rebels' claims of capturing the key regional army headquarters.

On July 25, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) claimed to have taken over a major military base and continued fighting to secure full control. On Saturday, August 3, the group posted photographs of its troops at the military stronghold in Lashio.

“It has been found that senior officials were arrested,” military spokesman Zaw Min Tun said on Monday, August 5.

Jason also suggested that the fall of the key regional army headquarters near the Chinese border "could mark the beginning of the end" for the junta that has been in power since the 2021 coup.

Augustin Senghor, the president of the Senegalese Football Federation, has expressed disapproval of remarks made by Sadio Mané, a two-time recipient of the African Player of the Year award. Mané's comments critiqued the national team's strategy during the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. Although he was out of play due to an injury and did not participate in the games against DR Congo and Mauritania, Mané's critique came during the international break. His statements led to considerable controversy, especially as Senegal experienced a challenging 1-1 tie with DR Congo but clinched a narrow 1-0 win against Mauritania, sustaining their course in the qualifying rounds, Pulse Kenya reports. "In my opinion, I think we need to review our system. We tried to play with more combinations, but overall, it didn't work as it should. So to be formidable, I think we must, as I said, review the system," said Mane

Lesbian activists being abused

Senegal lesbian activists are facing abuse and hostility in a nation where homosexuality is already criminalized. In an interview with 76 Crimes , a lesbian with the pseudonym, Awa shared that lesbians in Senegal are often exposed to corrective rape at an early age. "Very often, when a family suspects that a young girl is a lesbian, she is taken by force to a marabout who, far from giving her a religious education, will rape her. This does not happen all the time, or in all social contexts, but in rural Senegal it is far from rare," she said.

Call for media protection

Over 60 journalists have faced arrest, assault, or detention amid Senegal's political turmoil over the last three years. The watchdog organization Reporters Without Borders (RSF), which has been tracking these incidents, views the ascent of new leadership as a chance for journalistic healing and a revival of Senegal's role as a champion for information rights in the region. RSF's findings indicate that since March 2021, numerous journalists have suffered mistreatment, media polarization has intensified, social media disruptions have occurred, and media permits have been revoked, this period of instability overlapped with doubts about whether the former president, Macky Sall, would pursue an unconstitutional third term. Ultimately, Sall abandoned such intentions, and Bassirou Diomaye Faye was elected in March of the current year, reports CAJ News .

Visa-free policy boosts tourism

Senegal has introduced a visa exemption for travellers from 50 countries, encompassing Schengen area members, France, Spain, and Turkey, enhancing its attractiveness as a travel destination. The nation is celebrated for its abundant historical sites, varied terrains, and dynamic urban centres, catering to vacationers and increasingly drawing business and corporate visitors. With its advanced infrastructure, flourishing hospitality sector, and lively events industry, Senegal continues to strengthen its position as a favoured travel spot. In 2022, the country welcomed upwards of 1.38 million international visitors, a testament to its growing popularity, as reported by TTW .

Support for Burkina junta

Even though a protest took place in Dakar on 21 June, opposing the military regime in Ouagadougou, the Senegalese government continues to support its counterpart in Burkina Faso. Following an assault by Burkinabe officials on the organisers of the Dakar protest against Ouagadougou's junta, Senegalese diplomats promptly issued a response. The demonstration, orchestrated by the Senegalese Coalition of Human Rights Defenders (COSEDDH) and Amnesty International (AI), sought to call out the suppression of media and speech freedoms, along with the widespread detention of civil society figures, such as the esteemed attorney Guy Herve Kam, under Captain Ibrahim Traore's administration, reports APA News .

What they said

International lawyers of Bazoum have reacted to the court’s decision in a press release published after the announcement. They describe the decision as being a “guarantee of the putschist dictatorship” put in place by the Council National for the Safeguarding of the Fatherland (CNSP). Former President Me Moussa Coulibaly and lead counsel for President Bazoum also criticized the State Court’s decision, saying it amounted to a blatant denial of independent justice in Niger. “We are witnessing a judicial madness where our arguments have been completely ignored. We did not even have the opportunity to meet our client, and the Court rejected our legitimate requests,” Me Coulibaly was quoted as saying.

Despite public outcry and condemnation from international communities amid sanctions, some coup leaders insist that they are only trying to right the wrongs of failed elected African leaders.

Mali

In Mali , the military junta has been in power since 2020 and has suffered two coups. On August 18, 2020, President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta was ousted by the military, leading to the establishment of a transitional government in October. However, on May 24, 2021, the military detained both the president and the prime minister.

In June, Colonel Assimi Goïta was unveiled as the transitional president. Despite the promise by Goïta to maintain military rule for just two years, a national dialogue on Friday, May 10, resulted in the extension of the junta leadership for the next three years as well as pushing for Assimi Goïta to stand in the eventual election.

Guinea

September 5, 2021, similarly saw the overthrow of the elected president of Guinea, Alpha Condé, by military powers. Colonel Mamady Doumbouya, who led the coup, subsequently became the country's president on October 1, 2021. The military government, however, promised to return things to civilian rule by the end of 2024. The military government is yet to show any signs of the country joining the democratic path again despite calls by opposition leaders to provide an election timetable for the 'November-December elections'.

Sudan

Just when the world was recovering from the military overthrows in Mali and Guinea, Sudan slammed the world with another coup d'état led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti on October 25, 2021. This was after the country's president Omar al-Bashir was deposed in 2019 to form a transitional civilian government. Since April 15, 2023, a power struggle between General Burhane and his former deputy, Mohamed Hamdane Daglo, has resulted in the deaths of at least 15,000 people. The conflict has displaced over 8.2 million individuals, creating the world's worst displacement crisis.

Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso followed suit with two putsches in eight months. On January 24, 2022, President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré was ousted by the military, and Lieutenant-Colonel Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba was inaugurated as president in February. However, on September 30, Damiba was also dismissed by the military, and Captain Ibrahim Traoré was appointed as transitional president, with a presidential election scheduled for July 2024. It is, however, unclear if Captain Ibrahim Traoré is ready to end his regime.

Niger

Niger also experienced one of the most recent coups in Africa when, on July 26, 2023, the military declared they had overthrown President Mohamed Bazoum , with General Abdourahamane Tiani emerging as the new leader of the country. On August 10, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) announced plans to deploy a regional force to "restore constitutional order" while favouring diplomatic solutions. Meanwhile, the military proposed a transition period of up to three years before returning power to civilians.

Gabon

Gabon's president at the time, Ali Bongo, was ousted after his family had ruled the country for five decades. Coup leader General Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema was sworn in just a week after the ousting and has been the country's head of state till today. Surprisingly, Gabon citizens stormed the streets of the country to jubilate over the military takeover.

Despite the reasons for the military takeover being to alleviate poverty and hardship, most of these nations still suffer from economic hardships .

Southern African Development Community (SADC) has condemned the attempted coup in the Democratic Republic of Congo and commended the DRC army for foiling the insurgency. They called for adherence to the Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation and encouraged international support for the DRC people. According to the Chronicle , the leader of the attempted coup in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) on Sunday has been killed, and around 50 people, have been arrested, according to a spokesperson for the country's army. Gunfire erupted around 4 a.m. in the capital, Kinshasa. Armed men attacked the presidential residence in the city centre, stated spokesperson Sylvain Ekenge.

Coup leader a former captain

A former Congolese military captain led armed mutineers in a failed attempt to take over the president's residence and offices. Congolese forces are on high alert following the coup attempt. A former Congolese military captain, Malanga founded the opposition United Congolese Party (UCP) and spent a significant portion of his life in the US. Okay Africa reports that his family obtained political asylum when he was a child, and after many years in the DRC, he returned to the U.S. Before this, he ran for a parliamentary seat and was imprisoned by the administration of former President Joseph Kabila.

Biden-DR Congo flag controversy explained

A professor at Morehouse College unfurled a Democratic Republic of Congo flag behind President Joe Biden during his commencement address. The flag was a show of solidarity as security forces thwarted a coup attempt in the DRC. The United Nations reported a record high of 6.9 million internally displaced people in the DRC in October 2023 due to escalated violence. USA Today also added that Biden's address at the historically Black men's college was also partially overshadowed by pro-Palestinian protesters holding a rally organised under the banner of "Say No to Genocide Joe Speaking at Morehouse" about a mile away.

Americans identified as part of coup plotters

Two US citizens have been arrested for leading a failed coup to overthrow the government of Congo. The coup, led by opposition leader Christian Malanga, resulted in at least three deaths and dozens of arrests. The Independent adds that the US has vowed to cooperate in the investigation and the country's ambassador to Congo has expressed concern about the involvement of US citizens. The attackers targeted the country’s presidential palace and the residence of politician Vital Kamerhe.

Drones to fight rebel attacks

The Democratic Republic of Congo has received three new CH-4 Rainbow drones from China to use in the fight against rebels in the east of the country. This is part of a larger effort to enhance the capabilities of the Congolese military. Other African countries will also import Chinese military drones for defence. According to Military Africa , the affordability of Chinese drones, coupled with the less stringent conditions for their purchase, makes them an appealing choice for countries looking to enhance their defence capabilities.

What they said.

U.S. Ambassador to Congo, Lucy Tamlyn has expressed shock about the alleged involvement of some American citizens in the attempted coup incident. “I am shocked by the events of this morning and very concerned by reports of American citizens allegedly involved. Please be assured that we will cooperate with DRC authorities to the fullest extent as they investigate these criminal acts and hold accountable any U.S. citizen involved in criminal acts,” she wrote in a post on X . Meanwhile, The Special Representative of the United Nations' Secretary-General in the DRC, Bintou Keita, has condemned the attacks. “The Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General in the DRC and Head of #MONUSCO, @UN_BintouKeita, condemns with the greatest firmness the armed attack against the residence of the Honorable Vital Kamerhe and the Palace of the Nation,” the post on X read.

What they said

US Ambassador Lucy Tamlyn in a post on social media platform X said “I am shocked by the events of this morning and very concerned by reports of American citizens allegedly involved. Please be assured that we will cooperate with the DRC authorities to the fullest extent as they investigate these criminal acts and hold accountable any U.S. citizen involved in criminal acts.” DR Congo army spokesperson Brigadier General Sylvain Ekenge also told Reuters "Malanga was definitively neutralised during the attack on the Palais de la Nation, a certain Aboubacar was neutralised during the attack on the residence of Vital Kamarhe [and] the others - around 50 including three American citizens - were arrested and are currently undergoing interrogation by the specialised services of the Armed Forces."

The announcement came amid claims of victory by Prime Minister Masra, who had asserted a "resounding victory" in the first round of voting in a live broadcast on Facebook. Masra's call for mobilisation against what he termed as an attempt by General Déby to "steal the victory from the people" has added a layer of controversy to the election results.

"A small number of individuals believe they can make people believe that the election was won by the same system that has been ruling Chad for decades," he said. "To all Chadians who voted for change, who voted for me, I say: mobilise. Do it calmly, with a spirit of peace."

Chad's journey to this election has been thunderous as the military seized power in recent years. The election further marks the first attempt to restore civilian rule in West and Central African countries where military coups have been prevalent.

Irregularities during the elections

The election process was not without its challenges. Reports of irregularities on polling day and the exclusion of ten politicians from the race due to "irregularities" have raised questions about the fairness of the elections. Moreover, the killing of Yaya Dillo, a cousin of General Déby and a potential opponent, by security forces in February cast a shadow over the electoral process.

Prime Minister Succes Masra , the main challenger to Mahamat Déby has claimed persistent violence and intimidation against him and his supporters. His party, The Transformers reported that their candidate's residence was under illegal drone surveillance while opposition and civil society groups have also accused the government of vote rigging and threats.

There were also reports of ballot box stuffing to favour Mahamat Déby. This was particularly noted by the Coalition of Moral Authorities for Mediation (CONAMM), which includes various societal leaders.

The election was further tainted by violence, including the death of a government soldier who allegedly attempted to stuff ballot boxes and was assaulted by voters. Additionally, a civilian was killed on election day in Moundou following a dispute at a polling station.

Post-election violence

Ahead of the May 6 elections, Crisis Group experts predicted that Chad could experience conflicts after elections. They cited the disqualification of 10 prominent candidates before the elections as a main factor.

"Post-election protests are possible, though the threat of police repression could dissuade many people from taking to the streets," they said.

Yet, amid the celebratory gunfire at a rally held by the junta leader's supporters on Thursday, May 9, numerous individuals sustained injuries. Sources affiliated with Amnesty International suggest that there may have been fatalities as well.

Reuters reported that the capital city, N'Djamena, echoed with gunfire on Thursday night following the state election agency's announcement of Déby's victory.

How Mahamat Déby took over Chad as a military ruler

Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, commonly known as Mahamat Déby, assumed power in Chad after the death of his father who had ruled the country for three decades. The transition of power took place under extraordinary circumstances.

On April 20, 2021, President Idriss Itno Déby was reportedly killed while visiting troops battling rebels in the north of Chad. Immediately after his father's death , Mahamat Déby, who was a four-star general at the time, was named interim president by a military council. This council also dissolved the government and parliament, announcing a transition period of 18 months.

The ascension of Mahamat Déby was met with controversy, as it was seen by many as a coup that bypassed the constitutional provisions for succession. The constitution stipulated that the Speaker of the National Assembly should take over in the event of the president's death but the military council justified their actions by citing security concerns

The international community expressed concern over the military takeover , urging a swift return to civilian rule and respect for the constitutional order Mahamat Déby later ran in the presidential elections, securing his position as the official leader of Chad.

A recap and outlook of the election calendar:

Comoros: January 14

The year kicked off with Comoros President Azali Assoumani securing a new five-year term, according to the country's electoral body. However, the Supreme Court's validation of Assoumani's victory at 57.2% of the vote sparked allegations of fraud from opposition parties. This led to protests in the capital city of Moroni, marked by widespread property destruction.

Mali: Postponed

Mali's electoral roadmap faced a setback as the junta, which took power in a 2021 coup, announced the postponement of elections initially slated for February. Citing technical reasons and disputes with a French tech firm over a civil registry database, the junta promised to provide a new timeline later on.

Senegal: March 24

Anti-establishment figure Bassirou Diomaye Faye emerged victorious in Senegal's presidential election, clinching 54.28% of votes in the first round, a historic win signaling a shift in the country's political landscape.

Chad: May 6

Chad cleared candidates for its long-awaited presidential election, albeit amid controversy as authorities barred two prominent opponents of the military government. Scheduled for May 6 with a runoff on June 22, the elections are pivotal for the central African nation.

South Africa: May 29

With 27 million South Africans registered to vote, anticipation mounts ahead of the country's national elections on May 29. Predictions suggest a potential loss of parliamentary majority for the ruling African National Congress, which marks a significant moment in South Africa's post-apartheid political history.

Mauritania: June 22

President Mohamed Ould Cheikh Ghazouani vies for a second term as Mauritania braces for its presidential election. During the legislative elections held in May 2023, which saw participation from 25 political parties, Ghazouani's Insaf party secured a significant victory by claiming 107 out of the 176 available seats. Additionally, the Islamist party Tawassoul secured 11 seats, while the Union for Democracy and Progress party obtained 10 seats.

Rwanda: July 15

President Paul Kagame seeks a fourth term in office as Rwanda prepares for its presidential election. With Green Party opposition leader Frank Habineza as his sole challenger. Kagame has ruled Rwanda since 1994 , coming to power in the wake of the genocide of an estimated 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. 

Algeria: September 7

Algeria announced early presidential elections slated for September , setting the stage for a post-transitional phase following the Hirak protests that ousted former President Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Abdelmadjid Tebboune was elected as President of Algeria in December 2019, succeeding Abdelaziz Bouteflika.

Mozambique: October 9

Mozambique gears up for presidential and legislative elections on October 9 amid concerns over growing authoritarianism and impunity within the ruling party, FRELIMO. The presidency is decided through a two-round system, and the 250 seats in the Assembly of the Republic are allocated via a mix of proportional representation and first-past-the-post methods.

Botswana: October

President Mokgweetsi Masisi seeks re-election as Botswana braces for parliamentary polls, with the opposition coalition posing a formidable challenge to the ruling BDP's longstanding dominance. The president is chosen indirectly by the National Assembly for a maximum of two consecutive 5-year terms.

Tunisia: November 24

Tunisia is set to hold presidential elections in November 2024, marking the first such electoral exercise since President Kais Saied's self-coup in 2021.

Mauritius: November 30

As Mauritius heads to the polls for its 12th general election, the ruling MSM aims to maintain its majority, setting the stage for a keenly contested electoral battle. The Labour Party and the Mauritian Militant Movement are the primary parties that compete for the country’s 70-seat National Assembly.

Namibia: November 27

Namibia's elections serve as a test for the governing SWAPO party, with Vice President Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah poised to become the party's first female presidential candidate . The main contender in the upcoming elections is anticipated to be Panduleni Itula from the Independent Patriots for Change party. Itula garnered significant support in the 2019 election, securing 30 percent of the vote, marking the highest opposition result in a presidential election to date.

Ghana: December 7

Ghana anticipates a transition of power as President Nana Akufo-Addo completes his second term, paving the way for a new leader amid competition between the ruling NPP and the opposition NDC. The main contenders in this election will be the current Vice President, Dr. Mahamudu Bawumia, and former President John Dramani Mahama.

South Sudan: December 22

Originally scheduled for February 2023, the elections were delayed due to the government of national unity, led by Salva Kiir and Riek Machar, failing to fulfill crucial clauses of the peace agreement. Kiir has managed multiple extensions, navigating challenges in meeting the stipulations of the deal and prolonging the electoral process.

Guinea-Bissau: December

Presidential elections in Guinea-Bissau are scheduled amid incumbent President Umaro Sissoco Embaló's bid for a second term , despite recent issues of electoral tensions following the disputed 2019 runoff. In 2019, Umaro Sissoco Embaló emerged victorious in the runoff vote against Domingos Simões Pereira, securing 54% of the vote compared to Pereira's 46%. However, Pereira disputed the election results, adding a layer of controversy to the outcome.

Guinea: December

Guinea's military junta led by Colonel Mamady Doumbouya has committed to holding presidential and legislative elections by December 2024, marking a crucial step in the country's transition following the ousting of former President Alpha Condé. As part of a 10-point transitional roadmap negotiated with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the junta has committed to holding presidential and legislative elections by December 2024.