The crux of the tension lies in Tokyo’s recent strategic pivot. The Takaichi administration in Japan has been increasingly vocal about its “survivability” in a Taiwan conflict, effectively linking the security of the Taiwan Strait to Japan’s own sovereign defence. Wang Yi didn’t just rebut this; he weaponised the venue itself. Standing on German soil - a nation that has spent eighty years performing the arduous work of historical “liquidation”. Wang drew a stinging parallel. He lauded Germany for its moral clarity while accusing Japan of harbouring “unabandoned colonial ambitions” and allowing the “ghost of militarism” to dictate its modern defence posture.

His warning was devoid of typical diplomatic ambiguity:  “If Japan seeks to gamble once more, it will face a swifter defeat and a more disastrous loss.”  This was a calculated move to frame Japan as the “Revisionist Power” in the eyes of the West, using the memory of World War II to invalidate Japan’s current push for security “normalisation.”

A House Divided: The Transactional West

While Beijing was drawing red lines in Asia, the “Western” front showed deep fissures. The discourse from Washington has shifted from “leadership” to “leverage.”

Secretary of State Marco Rubio’s presence in Munich was less about reassuring allies and more about setting the terms of a new, transactional contract. The message to Berlin and Paris was clear: the American security umbrella is no longer a public good: it is a conditional service. This has forced Germany into a state of “Anxious Realism.” Chancellor Merz’s government is now walking a razor’s edge, scrambling to build a “European pillar” of defence to appease Washington, while simultaneously resisting “de-coupling” from China to save its struggling industrial heartland.

Meanwhile, France continues to play the “Strategic Autonomist.” The French delegation’s rhetoric suggests they have already mourned the death of the old transatlantic order. For Paris, the instability is an opportunity to forge a “Third Pole,” seeking a pragmatic, if tense, coexistence with Beijing to offset the “Wrecking-ball Politics” coming out of a polarised Washington.

The article solely represents the views of Yubin Du, a journalist for Chinese broadcaster CGTN who was based in Washington DC and London between 2012 and 2025.

Images circulating online show the armoured vehicles being moved from the port area under escort, later proceeding through the city in an organised convoy formation.

In late January 2026, reports confirmed that Turkish F-16 fighter jets landed at Aden Adde International Airport.

The deployment marked Türkiye’s first forward stationing of manned combat aircraft in Somalia. The jets are believed to support counter-terrorism operations against Al-Shabaab and to enhance deterrence and rapid-response capabilities.

Prior to the jet deployment, Türkiye delivered three T129 ATAK attack helicopters to Somalia during 2024 and 2025 under an expanded defence cooperation agreement. Somali pilots reportedly completed training programs ahead of the transfer.

The helicopters strengthened Somalia’s close air support and counter-insurgency capacity.

Türkiye’s military assistance to Somalia began intensifying in 2020, when Ankara donated Kirpi armoured personnel carriers and military transport vehicles to the Somali National Army.

Additional shipments between 2021 and 2025 included MRAP vehicles, logistical trucks, ammunition, heavy weapons systems, and command-and-control equipment.

From armoured vehicle donations in 2020 to helicopter transfers in 2024–2025, and tank and fighter jet deployments in 2026, Türkiye’s military engagement with Somalia has progressed in structured phases.

The timeline reflects an expansion from mobility and training support to advanced air power and heavy armour, positioning Türkiye as one of Somalia’s significant long-term defence partners.

A growing number of countries are showing interest in the JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft, a jet developed jointly by Pakistan Aeronautical Complex and China’s Chengdu Aircraft Corporation. Reports suggest that at least 13 nations are exploring potential purchases, including states involved in active conflicts such as Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Nigeria, alongside others across Africa and the Middle East like Ethiopia, Morocco and Libya.

The JF-17 first entered service in 2007, and Pakistan has since rolled out increasingly advanced variants as part of a broader push toward military self-reliance and entry into the global arms market.

The aircraft is powered by a Russia n engine, but the rest of the jet, from its airframe to its avionics, is largely produced in China and Pakistan. While it is not a fifth generation fighter like the US F-35, China’s J-35 or Russia’s Su-57, the JF-17 is considered a 4.5-generation aircraft. It features modern radar systems and beyond visual range combat capabilities, although it lacks true stealth and can still be detected by radar. Comparable aircraft in this category include France’s Rafale, Sweden’s Gripen and the Eurofighter Typhoon.

What makes the JF-17 stand out is its cost. At roughly 30 million dollars per unit, it is around a third of the price of a Rafale and significantly cheaper than most Western alternatives. For many air forces, affordability is only part of the appeal - Western-supplied aircraft often come with restrictions on how they can be used, which weapons they can carry, and where they can be deployed. In some cases, suppliers can even limit operational use during conflicts or require oversight of training and maintenance.

By contrast, the JF-17 offers buyers greater freedom of use. That sense of strategic autonomy is a major selling point for countries that want fewer strings attached to their military capabilities. The financial advantages also extend beyond the initial purchase. Long-term costs for maintenance, upgrades and armaments can exceed the price of the aircraft itself, and here again the JF-17 undercuts many Western competitors.

This matters because many countries are still flying ageing fourth-generation jets designed in the 1980s. They need affordable upgrades to remain credible in modern air combat, even though most air forces rarely see real combat against a comparable enemy. Jets are counted, pilots are trained, and upgrades are tested, but actual high-intensity aerial warfare is uncommon.

One rare exception came in May 2025, following Indian missile strikes in response to a terrorist attack in Kashmir. A large-scale aerial engagement followed, involving more than 100 aircraft from both sides, operating almost entirely at beyond visual range distances. Pakistan claimed it shot down several Indian aircraft, including Rafales, although the details remain disputed and India has acknowledged only limited losses. The JF-17 itself was not credited with the reported kills, which were attributed to Chinese J-10CE fighters, but its presence in such a high-profile confrontation significantly raised its international profile.

Pakistan today ranks among the world ’s top ten arms exporters, though fighter jet exports remain relatively small. The JF-17 has been delivered in limited numbers to countries such as Nigeria, Myanmar and Azerbaijan. While these orders are modest, interest is growing, and the aircraft has become the flagship of Pakistan’s military industrial strategy.

By comparison, the United States has exported more than 1,500 F-16s worldwide and continues to sell the F-35. France has sold hundreds of Rafales, Sweden has exported Gripens across multiple continents, and Russia has long supplied MiG and Sukhoi jets to partners such as India, Algeria and Vietnam. Against these giants, the JF-17 is still a minor player in raw numbers.

Yet its significance goes beyond sales figures. The JF-17 represents a low-cost, politically independent and technically capable alternative for countries seeking to modernise their air forces without external constraints. More than just a fighter jet, it is Pakistan’s statement of ambition and an emerging symbol of its influence in the global defence market.

Click here to watch our previous episodes

World Reframed is produced in London by Global South World, part of the Impactum Group. Its editors are Duncan Hooper and Ismail Akwei.

ISSN 2978-4891

The friendly rally came after Koizumi suggested the game on learning that Ahn plays table tennis regularly, turning a tightly choreographed diplomatic visit into a moment of informal rapport.

Koizumi proposed a simple challenge — to keep the ball in play for 10 exchanges — but the opening rally fell just short. A second attempt stretched longer, drawing smiles and encouragement from both sides.

After four short games, the impromptu contest ended in a 2-2 draw, with Koizumi praising Ahn’s technique and joking that he would need more practice.

The South Korean defence ministry later said the exchange reflected growing camaraderie between the two leaders, adding that the relaxed atmosphere carried over from their formal talks.

Productive talks

In a joint statement, the ministers agreed to resume bilateral search and rescue exercises between the two navies, reviving drills that have been suspended for nine years.

They also committed to deepening defence cooperation through regular ministerial talks and annual reciprocal visits, as security concerns in the region continue to mount.

The meeting marked Ahn’s first official visit to Japan since taking office, and comes amid a broader thaw in relations between the two neighbours after years of friction rooted in historical disputes.

In their joint statement, the ministers reaffirmed support for the “complete denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula” and underscored the importance of close coordination with the United States .

While North Korea was not named directly, Seoul later said the talks included agreement to strengthen bilateral and trilateral cooperation to address Pyongyang’s advancing nuclear and missile capabilities.

The use of the phrase “ denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula ” echoed language favoured in past diplomatic efforts, as South Korea seeks to keep channels open to the North despite stalled dialogue.

The ping-pong match follows other recent displays of what officials have described as “soft diplomacy” between Tokyo and Seoul, including a joint drum performance by the two countries’ leaders earlier this month.

The assessment, dated 29 January, identifies the deployment of the USS Abraham Lincoln carrier strike group and supporting assets as having "removed a key constraint that previously limited Washington's ability to act", making the threat of intervention "materially more credible" than earlier in the month.

Any strikes would likely target military and nuclear facilities rather than attempt to overthrow the Iranian government, with probable targets including Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps installations, missile and drone infrastructure, air defence systems, command centres, and potentially nuclear-linked facilities.

The warning comes as Iran faces what the assessment describes as "its most serious internal security crisis in several years", following nationwide protests that erupted on 28 December in response to severe economic deterioration. What began as demonstrations over economic grievances rapidly escalated into direct challenges to government authority.

Ending the blackout

The most violent phase of the crackdown occurred on 8-9 January during a nationwide internet shutdown, when security forces used live ammunition in multiple cities. Whilst exact death tolls remain impossible to verify independently, activist networks, medical sources and diaspora groups commonly cite figures ranging from several thousand to tens of thousands killed, with some estimates exceeding 30,000 deaths nationwide during January.

The assessment notes these figures should be treated cautiously but states there is "broad agreement that casualty levels are significantly higher than in recent protest cycles and that lethal force was used systematically".

A critical factor in the intervention timeline is Iran's partial restoration of internet connectivity, which began on 28 January. Intelligence analysts expect this will result in the rapid release of previously suppressed footage and testimony documenting the killings, particularly from the deadliest period.

"Once this material circulates, it is likely to intensify international outrage and domestic political pressure on the US administration, narrowing the space for continued restraint," the assessment states.

US options narrow

US President Donald Trump issued a public warning on 2 January that the United States would intervene if Iranian authorities killed protesters, introducing explicit external pressure into the crisis. The assessment suggests this has created "a difficult strategic corner" for the president.

"He has publicly framed the crisis as one involving mass repression and has repeatedly signalled that the United States would not stand by if protesters were killed," the document notes. "Earlier arguments for caution, notably limited US assets in the region, no longer apply."

The assessment warns that symbolic measures alone, such as statements, condemnations or incremental sanctions , are "unlikely to be viewed as sufficient", significantly raising the probability that Washington will demonstrate resolve through action.

Iran's deterrence strategy

Iran is expected to emphasise deterrence whilst attempting to avoid moves that would immediately justify a large-scale American strike. This includes heightened rhetoric, internal hardening and proxy signalling designed to widen the perceived cost of intervention.

However, the assessment warns that if Iran is struck first or judges an attack is underway, direct responses including missile or drone strikes on American bases, naval assets or regional partners "become much more likely, not just plausible".

Most likely Iranian retaliation targets include US military bases across the Gulf, particularly Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar and facilities in Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain and potentially the UAE and Turkey. Direct retaliation against Israel is also considered a realistic possibility if Tehran perceives Israeli involvement.

Senior Iranian clerics have warned that American-linked investments in the region could become targets, signalling a willingness to expand beyond purely military objectives to economic pressure points.

The Houthis in Yemen remain one of Iran's most effective tools for applying pressure, with their ability to threaten maritime traffic in the Red Sea allowing Tehran to impose economic disruption without direct confrontation. The assessment notes that even the threat of renewed Houthi activity can disrupt shipping routes, raise insurance premiums and affect global supply chains.

Regional implications

The document warns that Iran-aligned militias in Iraq represent "Tehran's most flexible and immediately usable response option", having already issued warnings they would act if Iran is attacked. However, even limited attacks on American facilities could prompt swift retaliation, potentially drawing Iraq into wider confrontation.

Hezbollah in Lebanon has publicly aligned itself with Tehran but appears constrained by Lebanon's economic struggles and the risk of overwhelming Israeli retaliation. The assessment notes that Hezbollah's involvement "would mark a sharp transition from contained escalation to regional conflict ".

Gulf Cooperation Council states are expected to seek to avoid involvement or visible enablement of American strikes, though heightened force protection measures, airspace restrictions and operational disruption are likely. The assessment references strikes last year involving both Israel and Iran on Qatari territory as having demonstrated that Gulf states are not insulated from escalation.

Cities Under Siege

Inside Iran, Tehran remains the centre of gravity for both political control and security operations, with checkpoints, patrols and rapid-response units highly visible throughout the capital. Mashhad, Iran's second-largest city and a key religious and transport hub, has emerged as a major pressure point, with protests met with firm enforcement even in this traditionally conservative area.

Western Kurdish-majority regions, including Sanandaj and surrounding areas, remain among the most volatile, with security operations particularly heavy and marked by frequent confrontations and heavier weapons use.

The assessment concludes that the risk of miscalculation is elevated, noting that proxy activity, maritime disruption or incidents involving American forces "could quickly escalate beyond Tehran's intended thresholds, particularly once US assets are forward-positioned and operating at high readiness".

Guo described Japan’s comments as unfounded and hostile, accusing Tokyo of smearing China’s legitimate defence development. He said China’s record on peace and security compares favourably with that of other major powers and argued that Japan’s own history of military aggression undermines its credibility on such matters.

“As a country with a history of aggression, Japan has no right to comment on China’s defence expenditure,” Guo said. He added that the growth of China’s defence budget is lawful and justified, aimed at addressing security challenges, protecting national interests and fulfilling the responsibilities of a major country on the global stage.

The exchange comes amid renewed diplomatic tensions between Beijing and Tokyo. On Monday, Japanese Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi reiterated Japan’s position on Taiwan during a parliamentary session, referencing the 1972 Joint Statement that established diplomatic relations between the two countries. Motegi said the Taiwan issue should be resolved peacefully through dialogue.

China rejected that interpretation, accusing Japan of selectively citing the agreement and of attempting to create obstacles on sensitive issues while misleading the public and avoiding responsibility.

Speaking at the ceremony, Milei argued that the F-16s represent more than a military upgrade, presenting them instead as a symbol of national strength in what he called an increasingly unstable global environment. He said a country aiming for sustainable development must be able to command respect internationally, linking military readiness with his broader narrative of economic revival and national restoration. Flyovers across Buenos Aires — including the Casa Rosada and the Obelisk — were staged to showcase the new fleet, which he referred to as “guardian angels” and “custodians of Argentine airspace.”

Milei’s emphasis on defence spending has drawn criticism from opposition groups, who denounced the jet purchase as unnecessary amid deep cuts to public services. The president, however, framed the acquisition as part of Argentina’s overdue modernisation and argued that strong deterrence is essential to securing long-term prosperity. His government has increasingly aligned its defence agenda with Washington and its NATO partners, positioning the deal as part of a broader shift in Argentina’s foreign policy .

The aircraft began its journey in Denmark earlier this week, stopping in Zaragoza and the Canary Islands before crossing the Atlantic. The transfer was supported by US Air Force aerial refuelling and involved mixed Danish-Argentine crews. The Río Cuarto base will become the fleet’s first operational hub, with Argentine pilots expected to transition to the F-16 system early next year.

According to the graphic, Russia reportedly fields around 1.32 million active‐service soldiers compared to Ukraine’s approximately 900,000.

Russia also claims roughly 8,163 aircraft and helicopters versus Ukraine’s 608; around 137,277 tanks and combat vehicles against Ukraine’s 20,034; some 16,678 artillery systems compared to Ukraine’s 1,552; and approximately 758 naval vessels and submarines versus 125 for Ukraine.

These numbers align broadly with independent assessments. For example, the Council on Foreign Relations notes that Russia retains a “sizable advantage” in both personnel and equipment, even though the war has reached a protracted stalemate.

Meanwhile, comparative data tables highlight the larger scale of Russia’s arsenal and reserve forces in a conventional fight.

Yet the war is proving that raw numbers alone don’t guarantee success. Ukrainian forces have shown resilience through strategic use of Western‐supplied systems, terrain advantages and asymmetric tactics.

A recent study by the Dupuy Institute indicates that although Russia may have brought approximately 450,000 troops into Ukraine, Ukraine has kept up with a ground strength of nearly 575,000 when factoring in its reserves.

On the global front, this imbalance and war of attrition carry significant implications: Europe is increasingly urged to step up its defence commitments as the U.S. gradually reassesses its role in Ukraine’s support.

Organisers said that ADEX 2025 drew a record 600 companies from 35 countries, all showcasing advanced defence systems, drones , and aerospace technologies. 

The biennial exhibition ran its public days from October 17 to 19, featuring aerial displays and static aircraft exhibits. Business-to-business meetings, indoor exhibitions, and conferences will continue from October 20 to 24 in Goyang, Gyeonggi Province.

The annual APEC forum will take place at the end of October. South Korea will host the summit for the second time, having done so in 2005.

The Kenyan leader emphasised that the greatest obstacles to the Multinational Security Support Mission (MSS) were not the gangs themselves, but the logistical shortcomings that hampered operations.

“The biggest challenge and impediment was logistics, transport, support,” he said. “If that remains unpredictable, I'm afraid the next mission may suffer the same as MSS, and therefore it is very important that, as we create that transition, we make sure that resources, resourcing the new mission becomes at the heart of the transition.”

Ruto credited the United States with trying to fill some of those gaps. But he also underlined how inadequate resources placed personnel at risk, pointing to the consequences of being supplied with unreliable equipment.

“They did make available logistics, vehicles, but unfortunately, most of the vehicles were secondhand vehicles, and therefore they broke down a lot, many times, and in fact, it put our personnel in great danger when they broke down in very dangerous places,” he said. “But at least they stepped up. We didn't, however, get any useful support from any other quarter.”

Turning to the Haitian gangs themselves, Ruto downplayed their strength, insisting they retreat quickly when challenged. He suggested that their tactics showed vulnerability rather than strength.

“The gangs, in my very honest opinion, are cowards,” he said. “With very minimal intervention, they have literally gone into hiding, occasionally showing up. Some guerrilla warfare of some sort."

The president also defended the performance of the MSS.

“The achievements of the MSS are too often understated,” he said. “When the first contingent arrived in Port au Prince few could have imagined that a Boeing 787 one day, would land at the local airport without a risk of being brought down.”

Ruto also reiterated his message: that the international community had the means to turn the tide in Haiti, provided it acted with urgency and provided adequate support.

“Therefore, I thought I would use this meeting moving to the attention of the international community that the situation in Haiti can and must be solved.”

What’s at stake?

It was more than a local tragedy when four villagers were killed by armed men in the Ivorian town of Difita, which is close to the Burkina Faso border.  It indicated that the thin border that once divided the states of the Gulf of Guinea from the insurgencies of the Sahel is gradually eroding.  Having not experienced a fatal attack linked to jihadists since 2021 (attribution of the August attack is still being investigated), Côte d’Ivoire is now faced with renewed militant incursions along its northern border.

However, the implications go beyond national borders. There is also an increase in violence and instability in Ghana, Togo, and Benin.  These states work together to create a frontline against the southward movement of organisations such as Islamic State affiliates and Jama’a Nusrat ul-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM).  The risk profile for investors, humanitarian organisations, and international partners is drastically changing as violence approaches ports, commercial centres, and political capitals.

The background

The security situation along West Africa's coast has worsened in recent months.  In 2025, Benin—once thought of as a relatively safe area—saw its deadliest terrorist attack ever.  Twelve people were killed when suspected jihadists ambushed park rangers and security personnel in Pendjari National Park in July.  There is a pattern to this:  In 2023, there were 171 extremist attacks in Benin; since then, the violence has only increased, causing widespread displacement in the country's northern regions.

Lethal incursions have also occurred in Togo.  On May 10-11, eight soldiers were killed when JNIM-affiliated militants stormed a military outpost close to the Burkina Faso border.  The attack demonstrated how militants are undermining local security forces' credibility by testing state capabilities in border areas.  In 2023 alone, Togo saw 14 attacks and 66 fatalities; this trend is expected to continue in 2025.

Ghana, so far spared from major attacks, continues to play an increasingly dangerous role.  According to reports, militants take advantage of porous borders in northern Ghana to resupply, receive medical care, and handle logistics.  Although authorities deny allegations that Ghana is used as a "supply line" for extremists, the country's northern districts are home to more than 15,000 Burkinabe refugees , placing a strain on resources and raising concerns about radicalisation.

On top of all of this is a humanitarian crisis: by early 2025, over 160,000 people had fled the violence in Burkina Faso to neighbouring Ghana, Togo, Côte d’Ivoire, and Benin.  Resentment is growing, while infrastructure and host communities are overburdened.  Political instability is being exacerbated by the humanitarian crisis as Sahelian violence spreads southward.

Comment: coastal state defences under strain

A structural change in regional security is reflected in the southward movement of Sahelian insurgencies.  Extremist organisations are now openly targeting coastal states rather than scouring the borders.  Attacks like Togo's outpost raid and Benin's Pendjari massacre show that militants are looking for both propaganda value and territorial depth.

 Support from international partners is increasing.  Coastal state security forces now receive more funding, training, and intelligence sharing from the US, France, and EU.  However, there are still significant local capacity gaps.  Uneven coordination persists among Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Côte d’Ivoire, and internal politics - especially surrounding elections and governance challenges- run the risk of diverting attention from a collaborative and comprehensive security plan.

For Western governments, the stakes are high. The Gulf of Guinea is a critical trade corridor and investment destination. Similar to the political collapse in the Sahel, a destabilised coastal belt may encourage migration northward, interfere with supply chains, and create an environment conducive to further coups.

Assessment: near- and medium-term projections

Attacks in Benin and Togo's border areas are likely to continue in the near future as militants take advantage of vulnerable borders and overburdened military personnel.  There is a realistic possibility of intermittent incursions into Côte d’Ivoire, though Abidjan will seek to contain violence north of key commercial zones. Although there is a realistic chance of escalation due to the existence of militant logistics networks and refugee pressures, Ghana is still less vulnerable to direct attacks in the short term.

Like central Mali, northern Benin and Togo run the risk of becoming semi-permanent militant operating zones as a result of entrenched violence in the medium term.  Diplomatic and investor confidence may drastically change if Ghana is the target of any significant attack.  A growing security void along its southern flank, increased migration pressure, and heavier humanitarian burdens are all consequences of this trajectory for Europe.  The trajectory of violence indicates that coastal West Africa is entering a new and more dangerous phase of the Sahel conflict, despite increased external support.

Conclusion

The attack in northern Ivory Coast is not an isolated event but a symptom of a broader regional trend: the Sahel insurgency is pushing south, and coastal states are under mounting pressure. Benin and Togo are already suffering, Ghana is under strain, and Côte d’Ivoire is once again vulnerable. The Gulf of Guinea runs the risk of inheriting the Sahel's crisis and becoming a new epicentre of instability if regional governments and their international allies fail to bridge the gap between rhetoric and capability.

This report is compiled by  Eigenrac  is a Dubai-based boutique consultancy specialising in security risk management services, with a global presence and deep understanding of complex business risk environments. Eigenrac acts as a trusted enabler for clients operating in high-risk or demanding settings.

Incumbent Philippine President Marcos Jr., son of the Philippine dictator who signed the 1975 communique, has continued this policy. Despite his own qualms about Beijing in the West Philippine Sea, his administration has repeatedly stressed that Manila does not recognise Taiwan’s independence .

On August 28, Foreign Affairs Secretary Theresa Lazaro reiterated the government’s position before a Senate hearing, saying that while the Philippines is for peace and dialogue, it recognises only one, sole, and legal government of China.

“The Filipino people have long-standing relations with the Taiwanese people, and we therefore benefit from continued engagement with them,” Lazaro said. “But, just to add a little bit more, we do not recognise Taiwan as a sovereign state.”

Lazaro, who described her office as a “guardian and steward” of the One-China policy, made the remarks amid renewed debate over how Manila might respond if conflict breaks out in the Taiwan Strait. 

Earlier this month, Marcos Jr. warned that the Philippines would inevitably be pulled “kicking and screaming” into a war between the U.S. and China over Taiwan . The comment that drew the ire of Beijing, which accused him of “playing with fire.” 

With Manila’s firm adherence to the One-China principle on one hand and its defence alliance with Washington on the other, questions are growing over whether the Philippines would defend Taiwan in the event of conflict.

Veteran defence journalist Manny Mogato believes the Philippines’ neutrality is unlikely. 

In an August 13 interview with Global South World, Mogato cited three reasons why the Philippines would likely side with Washington if it intervened to protect Taiwan from a Chinese invasion — or, in Beijing’s words, a “reunification.” 

First is geography. The Philippines sits about 1,200 kilometres south of Taiwan, directly along potential conflict routes in the South China Sea, inevitably drawing it into air and maritime operations simply by virtue of its location.

Second is the country’s 1951 Mutual Defence Treaty with the U.S., which predates the 1975 pact with Beijing. The treaty obliges Manila to come to Washington’s aid if U.S. forces are attacked in the Pacific, a scenario that could extend to a war over Taiwan.

How would this play out, considering the Philippines is constrained by its limited military capabilities? Mogato said Manila’s role would likely be logistical rather than combat-focused.

“Of course, we cannot send troops. We cannot send the Air Force and Navy ships because we don't have that capability. But we can support through logistics,” he said. “They can refuel here, store their armaments, or use this as a staging point — that will be the Philippines’ use.” 

Third is the presence of U.S. forces on Philippine soil. There are nine Enhanced Defence Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) sites across the country: five in Luzon, one in the Visayas, and three in Mindanao. 

These facilities host joint exercises, preposition supplies, and enhance U.S. access to Philippine bases.

Mogato warned that these sites could become targets in a regional conflict.

“On these three grounds, even if the Philippines doesn’t want to, it will inevitably be drawn into conflict,” he said. “It’s impossible that we don’t get involved in this trouble.”

For now, as Marcos Jr. hopes for cooler heads to prevail over Taiwan, he has also recognised the need to prepare for all eventualities, especially considering the almost 200,000 overseas Filipino workers on the island.

The Supreme Court will deliver its opinion on Friday regarding questions raised by the Cabinet on the interpretation and application of amendment provisions in Fiji’s 2013 Constitution . These questions include whether the amendment and transitional provisions of the 2013 Constitution are binding and if they can ever be altered. The high court will also rule on questions raised by Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka about the process for constitutional amendments, including whether a referendum and special majority are required.

Ex-Fiji PM, police chief to testify in court

Former Fiji Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama and ex-Police Commissioner Sitiveni Qiliho are set to take the stand as defence witnesses tomorrow at the Suva High Court. Bainimarama faces one count of making unwarranted demands, while Qiliho faces two counts of abuse of office. Prosecutors allege both men influenced disciplinary actions against police officers. Defence lawyers said they will not file a no-case-to-answer application.

India to open defence wing in Suva 

India will establish a defence wing at its High Commission in Suva as part of efforts to strengthen defence and security cooperation with Fiji. The initiative, announced during Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka’s visit to New Delhi, includes the appointment of a defence attaché, maritime security support, training, equipment, and the creation of a cybersecurity training cell in Fiji. In a joint statement, Prime Ministers Rabuka and Narendra Modi reaffirmed a shared commitment to a secure Indo-Pacific. Rabuka said the cooperation will help protect Fiji’s Exclusive Economic Zone, while Indian officials noted the focus remains on capacity building and maritime security.

Police probe motive behind Hindu statue thefts in Nadi

Police are investigating the theft of Hindu religious statues in Nadi, with five cases reported on Friday. Officers said the motive behind the incidents is too early to confirm at this stage and will be determined following the investigation. Three cases occurred in Korociri where five statues and a clay lamp were stolen, while separate incidents were reported in Nakurakura and Sagayam Road. 

Hindu federation concerned by vandalism of Hindu figures in Fiji

The World Hindu Federation (Pacific) has written to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, expressing deep concern over recent vandalism and thefts at Hindu temples and homes in Nadi, including the removal of sacred statues and Shivlings. Federation President Sunil Kumar said these repeated attacks have caused widespread distress within the Hindu community and questioned whether the current political climate under Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka has emboldened such behaviour. The Federation has called on Modi to ask Rabuka how his government intends to safeguard the sanctity of religious sites and to explain the measures in place to protect the Hindu minority.

Indonesia has allocated Rp 757.8 trillion ($46.4 billion) for education in 2026, the largest budget in the country’s history. President Prabowo Subianto announced the figure during the presentation of the 2026 Draft State Budget. Of the total, Rp 178.7 trillion ($10.9 billion) is allocated for teacher and lecturer allowances covering salaries, competency development, and welfare. The government will also fund scholarships for 21.1 million students under the Smart Indonesia Programme (PIP) and 1.2 million under the Smart Indonesia Card (KIP) for College.

Anti-scam centre launched to curb online fraud losses

The Indonesian government has launched the Indonesia Anti-Scam Centre (IASC) to handle complaints, coordinate enforcement, and raise awareness on digital fraud and illegal financial activities. Minister of Communication and Digital, Meutya Hafid, said the IASC has received 225,000 public reports and blocked 71,000 accounts linked to scams. She added that the ministry will continue blocking suspicious sites, stressing the importance of public vigilance in avoiding online fraud.

Indonesia to establish 500 territorial development battalions by 2029

The Indonesian government has announced plans to establish 500 territorial development battalions across the country within five years, with 100 units to be formed annually. According to the Defence Ministry, the initiative has secured budget support from the Ministry of Finance. Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin confirmed that 100 battalions have already been created and emphasised that the units will assist government programmes, particularly in supporting downstreaming and national self-sufficiency efforts.

Prabowo targets zero state budget deficit by 2028

President Prabowo Subianto has pledged to eliminate Indonesia’s state budget (APBN) deficit by 2028, aiming for a surplus between 2027 and 2028. “I want to stand before this assembly and convey that we have succeeded in having a state budget with no deficit whatsoever,” Prabowo said during the 2026 Draft State Budget presentation on August 15. However, economists have questioned the feasibility of the plan. Paramadina University’s Wijayanto Samirin said a deficit-free budget is “unrealistic” given Indonesia’s spending needs on infrastructure, jobs, and human resources. He argued a 2% deficit would be more sustainable. Celios Executive Director Bhima Yudhistira also warned that forcing a surplus could hinder growth, noting that deficits below 3% of GDP are permitted by law.

Prabowo cabinet member arrested in KPK sting ops

Deputy Minister of Manpower Immanuel “Noel” Ebenezer Gerungan was arrested by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in a sting operation on August 21. He was detained at the Ministry of Manpower in Jakarta. KPK deputy chair Fitroh Rohcahyanto confirmed the arrest, saying Noel was implicated in an alleged extortion case but declined to give further details. Noel was appointed deputy minister on October 21 after backing President Prabowo Subianto in the 2024 election. He previously led Jokowi Mania in support of Joko Widodo and later shifted allegiance to Prabowo. Noel, who also joined the Gerindra Party, is the first member of Prabowo’s cabinet to be arrested by the KPK.

Vietnam and Australia have signed a three-year defence cooperation plan covering 2025–2027. The agreement was reached on August 12 during the 8th Vietnam-Australia Defence Policy Dialogue between Senior Lieutenant General Hoang Xuan Chien and Australia’s Deputy Secretary General of Defence, Hugh Jeffrey. General Chien said cooperation had expanded since March, with progress in training, peacekeeping, military medicine and the defence industry. Both sides also discussed regional security, with Vietnam reiterating its “Four Nos” defence policy and support for peaceful dispute resolution under UNCLOS 1982.

Trump-branded resort in Vietnam raises farmer eviction concerns

Thousands of farmers in Quang Ninh province fear eviction as a 990-hectare resort and golf course project, licensed to the Trump Organisation, moves forward. Developed by the Vietnamese firm Kinhbac City, the project will replace farmland with luxury facilities. Farmers report compensation offers of US$12-30 per square metre, which many deem inadequate. “This land has supported my family for decades,” said Nguyen Thi Huong, who was offered about US$3,200 and rice support. Vietnam’s state land ownership allows reclamation for development, a practice that has often displaced rural communities with limited recourse.

Angola, Vietnam sign 7 deals on energy, defence, media

Angola and Vietnam signed seven agreements on August 7 to expand cooperation in sectors including energy, defence, justice, agriculture, and media. The deals were concluded during Vietnamese President Luong Cuong’s official visit. Key agreements cover oil and gas cooperation, mutual legal assistance, prisoner transfers, and an agricultural action plan. Defence ministries agreed to enhance military collaboration, particularly for veterans, while national broadcasters pledged media exchanges. Angola-Vietnam trade reached US$260 million in 2024, with Angola exporting US$240 million worth of goods and importing US$20.4 million from Vietnam.

No more bank credit growth quotas in 2026

Vietnam will remove credit growth quotas for banks in 2026, replacing them with a market-based mechanism. The State Bank of Vietnam will classify institutions by governance, operational health, and safety indicators, with strict supervision to control inflation and prevent systemic risks. The phased rollout will start with 15–20 top-performing banks. Credit will be prioritised for investment, exports, the digital economy, and green projects. Bad debt resolution, cost reduction, and digital transformation remain key goals. The 2025 credit growth target will be adjusted based on inflation and GDP growth before the full removal of quotas.

Indonesia, Vietnam eye stronger food industry partnership

Vietnam and Indonesia have agreed to deepen cooperation in food production and supply following the “Indonesia–Vietnam Food Security Cooperation Forum” on August 11. The event, organised by the Indonesian Consulate General, VCCI, and partners, aims to promote sustainable development and stable food security. Officials noted bilateral trade reached US$16.7 billion in 2024, up 21.2% year-on-year. Both sides discussed boosting logistics links, including connections between Cai Mep–Thi Vai port and Indonesian ports, to strengthen regional food supply chains.

Heavyweight hero

We start with a scene that looks straight out of a superhero movie. In Cairo, professional wrestler Ashraf Kabonga attempted a mammoth stunt of pulling 20 cars, weighing a total of about 29 tonnes.

Each vehicle weighed up to 1,650 kg. The previous world record stood at 15 cars, set by Canadian strongman Kevin Fast back in 2014. Kabonga dragged his line of cars a full 10 metres, surpassing Guinness’ requirement. The crowd went wild.

While the record is still awaiting official confirmation, Kabonga is already being hailed as a national hero.

Beyond Petroleum?

From raw muscle to raw materials—BP made several big announcements last week including the news of its biggest oil find in 25 years. The discovery off Brazil is part of a new strategy of returning to the formula that made the company a global energy giant.

As World Reframed ’s Sasha Barrow reported, the company has faced increasing shareholder pressure, leading to an executive overhaul. Out went the sustainability visionaries, in came the profit maximisers.

But there’s a deeper question: When fossil fuels are extracted in the Global South, do climate goals suddenly become optional?

Countries like Brazil, Nigeria, and Guyana are rich in resources, but the profits often head north. Meanwhile, the emissions are global. It’s a contradiction that exposes the climate movement’s North-South divide.

Splitting BRICS

As has been widely reported, new US tariffs are shaking up international trade. But the key to Trump's latest moves are an attempt to target Brazil, India with duties of 50%.

Trump’s trade strategy has had limited effect on China, a tech powerhouse that’s too entrenched in the global economy. It's stranglehold on critical raw materials means it has a kill switch for large swathes of the US economy. With Russia is economically isolated, he has little leverage there. That leaves other BRICS countries to feel the squeeze.

But India and Brazil are not easy targets. Both have charismatic and confident leaders with strong powerbases. And both have domestic reasons to put up a fight.

India continues to buy oil from Russia, despite increasingly strong hints from America that it should stop. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has also resisted pressure to open up Indian agriculture to American imports. Instead, he’s heading to traditional rival China for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit at the end of the month

Brazil’s President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva isn’t backing down either. He’s launched scathing critiques of Trump, and positioned himself as a champion of the global pushback against Washington. And back home this plays into his bitter campaign against predecessor Jair Bolsonaro. By accusing his rival of treacherously undermining Brazil's economy, Lula can build political capital. Yet with an export-driven economy, Lula risks facts on the ground going against him.

The broader takeaway? US coercion may no longer carry the weight it once did. As nations look for alternatives, a multipolar world takes shape.

An unwelcome guest

In a surreal scene on the island of Manukan, Malaysia, a large monitor lizard crashed through a hotel ceiling. Chaos ensued as hotel security tried to wrestle it into submission.

Eventually, the hotel team managed to coax the creature out of a fire exit.

Military and trade power

And finally a couple of highlights from World Visualized and The World in Maps .

Europe v Asia

According to the Global Firepower Index, in a straight fight between Europe and Asia, there's no doubt who would win. The strongest militaries in Asia, led by Russia, China, rank well ahead of most European powers.

The index has its critics as it tends to favour sheer numbers over skills, training and technology so nations with large populations and resource bases often rank higher. Still, it’s a stark reminder of Europe’s growing military dependence on the US.

China’s tight embrace

A striking map from The World in Maps showed China as the top trading partner for almost every African nation, with only a few exceptions (mostly former French colonies and South Africa ’s neighbours).

Despite $296 billion in trade, the exchange is lopsided: China sends manufactured goods, while Africa exports mostly raw materials. For all the talk of partnership, the relationship remains deeply unequal.

World Reframed is produced in London by Global South World, part of the Impactum Group. Its editors are Duncan Hooper and Ismail Akwei.

Unlike medium‑range interceptors like Iron Dome (range: 4–70 km) or unproven high-end rivals, the ET‑LDHCM’s high-speed, low-altitude cruise profile makes it extremely difficult to detect or intercept.

It is also platform-agnostic, launchable from land, sea, or air, which expands its strategic versatility across the Indo-Pacific theatre.

India now joins the exclusive club of nations with indigenous hypersonic missile tech alongside the U.S., China, and Russia .

With a possible nuclear or conventional payload, long strike range, and flexible launch options, the ET‑LDHCM could shift Asia’s military powers.

Defence Minister Gen Nakatani said the exhibition marked Japan’s deepening engagement in international defence collaboration.

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has entered into a significant agreement to support United Solar Polysilicon (USP) in the establishment of a $1.6 billion polysilicon manufacturing plant in Sohar Port, Oman. This facility is set to have an impressive output capacity of 100,000 tonnes annually. According to Zawya , the project is in the installation phase, having recently secured a substantial investment of $156 million from Future Fund Oman in October 2024, shortly after the foundation stone was laid in March. In addition, the IFC has announced a sustainable loan of up to $120 million aimed at aiding Oman’s National Finance Company in financing sustainable projects across retail, SMEs, clean transport, renewable energy, and efficiency initiatives.

Oman to showcase cultural heritage through Manga at Expo 2025 Osaka

Oman is set to present its rich cultural heritage at Expo 2025 in Osaka with a unique manga magazine that tells a captivating story of historical significance, symbolising its role as a bridge between diverse civilizations. Muscat Daily reports that the initiative, spearheaded by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Youth, features eight Omani artists who have created a graphic novel that follows the journey of a Japanese student exploring Oman's vibrant culture, historical landmarks, and unique traditions. Key locations such as the aflaj irrigation systems, forts, and the bustling Muttrah Souq are intricately woven into the narrative, aiming to engage younger audiences and promote cultural dialogue by merging traditional Omani heritage with contemporary artistic expressions.

Oman signs military systems deal with Spanish company 'INDRA'

Oman’s Ministry of Defence, represented by Secretary-General Dr. Mohammed bin Nasser Al-Zaabi, has formalised a partnership with the Spanish firm INDRA to procure specialized military systems and advanced technical equipment. This agreement was part of a broader official mission to Spain, during which the Omani delegation also visited UROVERSA to investigate cutting-edge military technologies, further enhancing Oman’s military capabilities and collaboration with international partners, reports Zawya .

Iran says next round of "indirect" talks with U.S. to move from Oman, format unchanged

On the diplomatic front, Iran has announced that the forthcoming round of “indirect” negotiations with the United States concerning its nuclear programme will take place outside of Oman, although the overall negotiation format and Oman’s mediation role will remain intact. Esmaeil Baghaei, the spokesman for the Iranian Foreign Ministry, indicated that the specific location holds less significance compared to the overarching framework of the discussions, with reports suggesting that Rome could serve as a potential venue, Xinhua reports. Furthermore, Baghaei reiterated Iran's stance against direct dialogue with Washington, underlining the effectiveness of indirect negotiations in reaching diplomatic resolutions.

Oman recognises Morocco's Autonomy Plan for Western Sahara

Oman officially endorsed Morocco's 2007 Autonomy Plan for Western Sahara during the visit of Foreign Minister Badr Bin Hamad Ben Hamoud Al Busaidi. This endorsement positions Oman among more than 100 nations, including the United States and France, that recognise and support the plan. Atalayar reports that the announcement was made during the seventh joint commission meeting held with Moroccan officials, where both countries entered into several agreements aimed at enhancing cooperation in areas such as transport, renewable energy, sports, and digitalization. Furthermore, Oman has plans to open consulates in key Moroccan cities, Dakhla and Laayoune, a move considered contentious by Algeria, which views this recognition as a significant deviation from Oman’s traditional alliances.

Driven by its protracted war with Russia, Ukraine accounted for 8.8% of total global arms imports between 2020 and 2024—surpassing traditional defence heavyweights such as India and Saudi Arabia.

Following Ukraine are India at 8.3%, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, each with 6.8%.

Ukraine’s unprecedented rise

Ukraine’s position as the top importer is primarily a consequence of its conflict with Russia, which escalated sharply following Russia's full-scale invasion in 2022. The country’s defence sector has been strengthened by a massive influx of weapons from Western allies, especially the United States and European Union nations. These include advanced missile systems, drones, and air defense platforms essential for resisting Russian aggression.

South Asia and the Gulf: Persistent demand

India remains a major arms importer due to its strategic rivalry with China and Pakistan, coupled with a focus on upgrading outdated Soviet-era systems. While the nation has made strides toward domestic defense production, reliance on imports continues, particularly for high-end technology .

Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia and Qatar maintain high import levels to reinforce defense capabilities in a volatile Gulf region. Despite diplomatic tensions between the two nations in past years, both have sought to secure state-of-the-art weaponry, primarily from Western suppliers, to assert regional dominance and deter potential threats from Iran and other actors.

To support Ukraine's defence capabilities, the United Kingdom pledged £1.6 billion ($2 billion) in export financing to procure over 5,000 air defence missiles manufactured in Belfast, Northern Ireland. This initiative complements a previously announced £2.2 billion loan for military aid to Ukraine, funded by frozen Russian assets. ​

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has also introduced the "ReArm Europe" plan, proposing to unlock €800 billion (approximately $840 billion) to enhance defense capabilities across member states. This plan reflects the EU's recognition of an "era of rearmament" and aims to reduce dependence on external powers for security.

​In a decisive move to address the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, European leaders convened an emergency summit in London on March 2, 2025. The summit aimed to bolster support for Ukraine and assert Europe's role in seeking a peaceful resolution, especially in light of shifting U.S. policies.​

The summit occurred amid strained relations between Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and U.S. President Donald Trump, following a contentious meeting at the White House. This tension has prompted the suspension of military aid to Ukraine.

The competition, organised by National Cheng Kung University, gives students the opportunity to innovate and develop unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for simulated battle conditions. The students' designs are tested for performance in takeoffs, landings, and challenging navigation scenarios, with some drones inevitably crashing.

A professor in the university’s space systems engineering department and the event organiser, Jan Shau-Shiun, emphasised the relevance of drone technology in modern warfare, referencing lessons learned from recent conflicts, including the war in Ukraine.

“From observing conflicts, we see that there’s often interference with the GNSS [Global Navigation Satellite System] before any fighting begins. When GNSS is blocked, how can the drone continue to operate? That’s the theme we developed for this competition," Jan explained.

With support from Taiwan’s National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan has invested resources into drone technology, focusing on strengthening domestic capabilities to fill the growing demand for UAVs.

Graduate student Willy Huang, specialising in aerospace engineering, pointed to the technical challenges in developing effective drones. “The hardest part is working with provided components. You may not even know how the programming logic works,” Huang said, describing the complexities involved in decoding manufacturers’ technology to integrate with Taiwan’s systems. 

Associate Professor Yeh Szu-I from the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics noted the advantages of fixed-wing drones, which have greater wind resistance and stability compared to multi-rotor drones. “For future applications, this form of drone could be vital for reconnaissance and rescue missions,” Yeh told the AFP.

Differences over Taiwan's status have fuelled rising tensions between the island and the mainland. The ongoing dispute has led to heightened military confrontation in the Taiwan Strait, which geographically separates mainland China from the island of Taiwan.

In a speech to commemorate the anniversary, President Erdogan highlighted Turkey’s enduring legacy and future aspirations. “We are determined to make the independent, strong, dignified and prosperous Türkiye, which is the legacy of our states extending from the Seljuks to the Ottomans and finally to the Republic on the Anatolian lands, live forever,” he said. Erdogan also emphasised Turkey’s resilience and determination to “eliminate the scourge of terror.”

“We have few obstacles to overcome, few problems to resolve ahead of us to reach the bright futures that we call the ‘Century of Türkiye’,” he added.

Later in the day, President Erdogan spoke at the delivery ceremony of T625 Gökbey helicopters, where he highlighted the significant contributions of the nation’s defence industry to the Turkish economy. “We are by far the world’s largest manufacturer in the unmanned aerial vehicle market,” he stated.

The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) launched the strikes in response to what they described as "months of continuous attacks" from Iran and its regional allies.

The IDF's operation, which involved three waves of precise strikes, was completed within a few hours, targeting key military sites but avoiding nuclear facilities and oil fields.

Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Esmaeil Baghaei during a weekly televised news conference emphasised that Iran would use "all available means" to respond to the Israeli aggression.

He stated that Iran's response would be proportionate to the nature of the Israeli attacks and aimed at defending its sovereignty and territorial integrity.

"I emphasise that our position is clear, we are using all available means to respond firmly and effectively to the aggression of the Zionist regime. Basically, the nature of our response will depend on the nature of the attack," Esmaeil Baghaei said.

Iran, as a supporter of Hezbollah fighters, has been a target of Israel for several months.

Hezbollah, which is engaged in heavy fighting with Israeli forces in Lebanon, and also the Palestinian militant group Hamas, which is battling Israel in the Gaza Strip.

According to the Global Firepower Index 2024, here are 10 countries in the world with the largest fleet:

Russia : Russia leads the world with a formidable fleet of 65 submarines. This includes a mix of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs), and diesel-electric attack submarines (SSKs).

United States : The United States follows with 64 submarines. The U.S. Navy's fleet includes Ohio-class SSBNs and Virginia-class SSNs, which are known for their advanced technology and strategic importance.

China : China's People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) boasts 61 submarines. This fleet comprises both nuclear-powered and diesel-electric submarines, with ongoing developments to enhance its nuclear-powered capabilities.

North Korea : North Korea has a surprising 35 submarines. While many of these are older and smaller vessels, they still pose a significant threat in regional waters due to their sheer numbers and strategic deployment.

Japan : Japan operates a fleet of 23 submarines. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) focuses on advanced diesel-electric submarines, known for their stealth and efficiency.

South Korea : South Korea's fleet consists of 22 submarines. The Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN) has been expanding its submarine capabilities, including the development of indigenous designs.

Iran : Iran maintains a fleet of 19 submarines. These include a mix of smaller, coastal submarines and a few larger vessels, reflecting Iran's strategic focus on asymmetric naval warfare.

India: India's fleet includes 18 submarines. The Indian Navy operates a combination of nuclear-powered and diesel-electric submarines, with ongoing projects to expand and modernise its underwater force.

Turkey: Turkey has 12 submarines. The Turkish Navy's fleet primarily consists of diesel-electric submarines, with plans to introduce more advanced models in the future.

Greece : Greece rounds out the top ten with 11 submarines. The Hellenic Navy's fleet is composed of modern diesel-electric submarines, emphasising regional maritime security.

Among the key exhibitors is LIG, a major South Korean defence company. Chang Dong-kwon, Senior Vice President of LIG's Global Business Strategy team, emphasised the increasing trust foreign countries have in South Korean military technology.

Speaking to AFP, Chang said, “This year, we signed a $2.79 billion contract for a medium-range surface-to-air guided weapon called Cheongung 2 in the Middle East. This weapon system... can respond from all directions to any target, and the advantage of the Korean weapon system is that other purchasing countries have a lot of reliability in our product because we are currently supplying our military with the geopolitical characteristics of the Republic of Korea and security threats."

The event features over 500 companies, including major players such as Hyundai Rotem (a division of Hyundai Motor Group) and Kia.

Officials from defence sectors worldwide, including the United States, UAE, Japan, and more, are also in attendance.

The construction of Turkey's first nuclear power plant, Akkuyu, is currently facing delays. Siemens Energy is reportedly withholding critical parts required by Russia's Rosatom, which is now seeking alternatives from Chinese manufacturers. According to The Jerusalem Post , despite Turkey's energy minister, Alparslan Bayraktar, asserting that substitutes have been identified by Rosatom, the failure to deliver components from Siemens is likely to defer the reactor's operational timeline by several months. Originally expected to commence in 2023, Turkey's nuclear ambitions are further complicated by ongoing customs challenges related to German exports, as noted by President Tayyip Erdogan.

Arab League summit

In a separate development, Syria's delegation notably exited the Arab League summit in Cairo during Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan's address. This act of protest underscores the prevailing tensions between Turkey and various Arab nations, despite Ankara's recent attempts to normalise relations and mend diplomatic ties. The episode reveals ongoing discussions within the Arab League regarding Turkey's role and influence in the region, particularly in light of Syria's re-admission to the bloc last year, Medya News reports.

Putin's visit to Turkey

Additionally, Vladimir Putin's planned visit to Turkey has been repeatedly postponed due to concerns over potential assassination threats from Ukraine. Reports indicate that Putin has requested Russian fighter jets for escort services during his journey, a request that presents operational challenges for Turkey, considering its NATO affiliation. Furthermore, security apprehensions have led to demands for alternate accommodations, specifically government guest houses instead of conventional hotels, with concerns being expressed about U.S.-owned properties, Express news report indicates.

Billets imports

In terms of trade, Turkey's imports of billets and blooms experienced noteworthy fluctuations in July 2023, amounting to 261,251 metric tons. This figure marks a significant 58.9% increase from the preceding month but reflects a 7.8% decline compared to the same period last year. Cumulatively, from January to July, imports dropped by 29.5%, totalling 1,584,972 metric tons, with the import value decreasing by 33.0% to $903.28 million. According to Steel Orbis , Russia retained its status as the leading supplier, contributing 321,417 metric tons, followed by Indonesia and Malaysia. The data indicates a stark trend of diminishing imports and revenue year-on-year.

Air defence system

On a more technical front, Turkey has successfully completed its Çelik Kubbe (Steel Dome) air defence system, a significant step towards bolstering national security via sophisticated multilayered protections. Designed collaboratively by Aselsan, Roketsan, and TÜBİTAK SAGE, the system aims to integrate a variety of air defence resources while employing artificial intelligence for centralised oversight and real-time situational awareness, Defense News indicates. The structure of the Steel Dome encompasses three distinct layers: short-range defences (Korkut guns and Sungur missiles), medium-range capacities (Hisar A+ and Hisar O missiles), and an outer layer for long-range engagements (SİPER missiles).

The exercise comes amid rising tensions, with China regularly sending drones, fighter jets, and naval vessels around Taiwan, which Beijing claims as part of its territory. Taiwan’s defense ministry reported the presence of five Chinese aircraft and 11 naval vessels near the island in the 24 hours leading up to the drills.

The live-fire exercise at the Jiupeng base, home to Taiwan’s National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, was part of efforts to boost the island’s combat effectiveness amidst growing threats from China.

Japan and the Philippines may soon sign a defence pact, strengthening military exchanges and allowing for joint military drills and security operations. The agreement aims to provide a broader alliance against China's assertive territorial claims in the South China Sea. The pact would also benefit both countries as they are involved in separate maritime disputes with China. Japan has backed the Philippines in its maritime dispute with China and supplied Manila with patrol vessels and military equipment. According to Benar News , the pact is expected to be signed ahead of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.’s annual State of the Nation Address on July 22.

Kidnapping and murder

The Chinese Embassy in the Philippines has confirmed the kidnapping and murder of a Chinese citizen and a Chinese American who were senior executives at Chinese medical device companies. The victims met a person claiming to be an agent from the Philippines at a conference in Europe and then travelled to the country to explore business opportunities, but were kidnapped upon arrival, Yicai Global reports.

South China Sea dispute

The Philippines held talks with China to ease tensions following a confrontation in the disputed South China Sea. The meeting did not result in a major agreement but both sides affirmed their commitment to de-escalate tensions. They also agreed to improve communications during emergencies at sea and continue talks on enhancing ties between their coast guards. The Philippines plans to ask China to return seized rifles and pay for damages. Shropshire Star reports that the US has renewed a warning that it is obligated to help defend the Philippines under the 1951 Mutual Defence Treaty if Filipino forces come under armed attack.

Karaoke in the Philippines

Karaoke has become a popular pastime in the Philippines, with people singing in public places and in private homes. It is a communal activity and a central part of Filipino culture. The love for singing spans ages, geographical locations and social strata. Karaoke bars and KTV rooms are popular for socialising and bonding. The love for singing has an important social or family dimension. The social nature of karaoke draws everyone in, providing an opportunity for people to let their feelings out by singing their hearts out, Arab News reports.

Punishment over murder

China has urged the Philippines to catch and punish the murderers of a Chinese citizen who was killed in a recent kidnapping. The Chinese Embassy in the Philippines has called for a thorough investigation and for the perpetrators to be severely punished. The Standard reports that this is the third kidnapping case involving Chinese victims in the past year, and the two countries have previously cooperated in cracking down on crimes. The incidents could further strain already tense ties between China and the Philippines.

The Turkish government is considering a law that could lead to jail sentences for individuals accused of working under foreign influence. Critics fear that the law could silence NGOs and journalists who are critical of the government. The Hans India reports that the draft legislation is not final and would still need to be approved by parliament. German-Turkish lawmaker Mustafa Yeneroglu described the law as dangerous and susceptible to abuse. There have been protests in neighbouring Georgia against a similar law aimed at limiting foreign influence on non-governmental organisations.

Gas field operations

Trillion Energy has launched an operations programme at the South Akcakoca Sub-Basin (SASB) gas field in the Black Sea, offshore Turkey. This two-month programme will consist of multiple phases. According to Offshore Technology , it will target seven or eight wells, including six drilled last year and others with historical water loading issues. Service contractors have been hired for various tasks, and marine vessels will transport the equipment offshore. In June 2024, the operations will begin with the perforation of 49 meters of gas pay across four wells, followed by the installation of a velocity string in the AKK-3 well.

$226 million Turkish Airlines profit

Turkish Airlines reported a profit of $226 million in the first quarter of 2024, with total revenues reaching $4.77 billion. Total revenues increased by 9.6 percent in January-March, reaching $4.77 billion, with passenger revenue rising 4.8 percent to $3.82 billion. Cargo revenues amounted to $750 million in the first quarter, up 27 percent from the previous year. The net income margin stood at 4.7 percent. According to Daily News , fuel expenses, which made up 32 percent of the carrier's total costs, increased by 4.1 percent to $1.5 billion. Personnel expenses surged by 41.3 percent from the first quarter of last year to $1.03 billion. The company spent $325 million on sales and marketing, a 3.2 percent annual increase.

Interest rate maintained

Turkey's central bank maintained its key interest rate for the second consecutive month on Thursday, despite the country's ongoing struggle with soaring inflation. The bank's monetary policy committee decided to keep the policy rate steady at 50 percent, while remaining highly attentive to inflation risks, according to New Arab . Before the March 31 local elections, the central bank raised its rate from 45 percent to 50 percent as inflation became a persistent issue for President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's government. In April, inflation reached 69.8 percent year-on-year, up from 68.5 percent in March, according to official data released in early May.

Turkey's longest-range radar

Turkey's longest-range radar, the ALP 300-G, has been delivered to the Turkish Armed Forces by ASELSAN. The radar, developed domestically, is a highly strategic product for battlefield and border security. Azer News maintains that the radar is capable of processing a large amount of data and has superior capabilities compared to other radars. ASELSAN aims to become one of the world's largest defence industry companies by 2030, focusing on developing game-changing technologies and export-oriented growth.

On May 16, 2024, South Sudanese rebel opposition groups and officials signed a peace deal at the Tumaini Initiative peace talks in Nairobi, Kenya. According to Global South World , the agreement was signed in the presence of senior government officials, diplomats, opposition groups, civil society members, and bilateral partners, aiming to establish a foundation for lasting peace in South Sudan.

Humanitarian aid talks

The Sudanese government and SPLM-North have begun talks in Juba to reach a ceasefire agreement allowing humanitarian aid delivery to conflict-affected areas. The South Sudanese government is mediating the sessions, and the goal is to facilitate the delivery of essential supplies to those in need. According to Radio Tamazuj , the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-North) delegation, led by Abdelaziz Adam al-Hilu.delegation emphasised the urgent need for humanitarian assistance, while Sudan's Defense Minister Major General Ibrahim Yassin highlighted the importance of a cessation of hostilities for aid delivery.

Justice delivery boost

The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) organised a three-day workshop for justice actors in Gogrial West County, which focused on strengthening the criminal justice chain. The workshop addressed crucial topics such as criminal law principles, gender issues, and children's rights, and emphasized the importance of integrity and interconnectivity among justice actors. Participants shared their perspectives and committed to collaborative efforts to enhance the legal framework. As reported by Social News XYZ , the workshop provided practical solutions and emphasised the importance of applying the knowledge gained to serve communities with integrity. The High Court President advised justice actors to exercise their duties independently and without political interference. The workshop was commended for enhancing justice delivery.

Warnings of severe floods

On Thursday, May 16, South Sudan issued a warning of severe flooding as water levels in Lake Victoria, a source of the Nile, reached a record high. Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, Pal Mai Deng, reported receiving information from neighbouring Uganda indicating that Lake Victoria's water levels have risen by 13.6 meters, the highest in the Nile Basin region in 128 years. According to a report by Xinhua , this surge has also elevated the water level in a dam in Jinja, Uganda. On Thursday, South Sudan issued a warning of severe flooding as water levels in Lake Victoria, a source of the Nile, reached a record high. Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, Pal Mai Deng, reported receiving information from neighbouring Uganda indicating that Lake Victoria's water levels have risen by 13.6 meters, the highest in the Nile Basin region in 128 years. This surge has also elevated the water level in a dam in Jinja, Uganda.

Low forex trade

South Sudan's forex reserves are at a historic low, leading to inflationary pressures and a weakening currency. According to Zawya , declining oil revenues and geopolitical tensions are contributing to the economic woes. The country is struggling with high inflation and debt distress and faces challenges from the conflict in neighbouring Sudan. The upcoming general election is adding to the economic strain. The Bank of South Sudan (BoSS) has suspended the use of US dollars in the local economy to address the forex demand and inflation.

Israel stands as the largest recipient of U.S. military aid, with the assistance primarily taking the form of arms. Elias Youssef, an expert on U.S. arms transfers at the Stimson Center think tank, emphasized that the longstanding goal of U.S. aid has been to establish Israel as its closest ally in the region, ensuring qualitative military superiority over neighboring nations.

This aid has become an integral part of Israel's defense mechanism, constituting approximately 16% of its defense budget.

Despite U.S. military aid, Israel has also developed its defense industry over the years. Youssef notes that American weapons likely play a significant role in Israel's current military operations, particularly in conflicts such as the ongoing situation in Gaza.

In 2023 alone, the United States has supplied Israel with at least 16 types of weapons, including missiles and aircraft.

While specific details regarding these weapons have not been disclosed publicly, some members of Congress have called for greater transparency on this matter.

The report points out that the recent transfer of weapons is part of an ongoing deal worth $402 million.

The Rafael weapons company, based in the U.S., is set to transfer these weapons to its Israeli counterpart, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, which will work in collaboration with the Israeli Defense Ministry for the assembly, testing, support, and other technological procedures associated with these weapons.

The extensive arms transfers underscore the enduring military partnership between the United States and Israel, with military aid playing a pivotal role in shaping Israel's defense capabilities over the decades.

The 10th Regional Coast Guard Headquarters swiftly dispatched a patrol boat and aircraft to the crash area.

A local fishing vessel assisting in the search discovered one person so far, but no details are available regarding their condition or any injuries among the passengers.

The Yakushima Airport Management Office in Kagoshima Prefecture received an emergency landing request from the U.S. military on Wednesday afternoon, though the source within the Kagoshima prefectural official did not specify whether it came from the U.S. Marines or Air Force.

This incident adds to the series of crashes involving Osprey military aircraft over the years. In August of this year, three U.S. Marines lost their lives, and several others were seriously injured in an Osprey crash during military exercises in Australia.

In 2022, five U.S. Marines died in a crash during a training mission in California, and four service members lost their lives in a separate Osprey crash during NATO training exercises in Norway.

The Osprey is known for its versatility, capable of vertical takeoffs like a helicopter and high-speed cruising like a conventional turboprop plane with wings. While generally considered safe, the aircraft has faced a history of mechanical and operational issues since its introduction in the 1980s.

CNN military analyst and retired U.S. Air Force Col. Cedric Leighton highlighted the aircraft's track record of incidents over the years.

The trial, emblematic of Beijing's crackdown after imposing the national security law in 2020, marks a turning point in Hong Kong's political landscape.

Despite the city's partial democracy, the fate of the "Hong Kong 47" exemplifies how dissent has been curtailed, even in once-permitted channels.

The trial has garnered international attention, with critics condemning the impact of the national security law on political activism.

The accused, including politicians, protest leaders, academics, and journalists, come from diverse backgrounds and generations.

The trial, underway since February, has witnessed 31 guilty pleas, a strategy in Hong Kong that could lead to reduced sentences. If convicted, the defendants could face severe penalties, including life imprisonment.

The charges stem from a primary election held in 2020, aiming to select candidates for Legislative Council elections. The trial provides insights into how the national security law has altered Hong Kong's legal system, deviating from common law traditions.

It is being heard without a jury, and bail has been denied for most defendants, showcasing the law's impact on legal precedents.

As Hong Kong navigates these legal changes, the trial's verdict, expected in three to four months, holds significance not only for the "Hong Kong 47" but also for the city's future political landscape.

The broader impact of the national security law on judicial independence remains a subject of global scrutiny, shaping the narrative of Hong Kong's democratic aspirations.

Addressing the urgency of the situation, Henry Aguda “underscored the critical need for proactive measures to safeguard our nation's critical information infrastructure.”

“The recommendations aim to fortify our defenses against evolving cyber threats, ensuring the resilience and security of our digital landscape,” he said.

President Marcos acknowledged the urgency, expressing the need for structural requirements in the legislation. He committed to working on key acts such as the Cybersecurity Act, Anti-Mule, and the Online Site Blocking Act.

PSAC Digital Infrastructure strongly advocated for an Executive Order mandating Minimum Information Security Standards for Critical Information Infrastructure, aligning with the National Cybersecurity Plan. This strategic move aims to enhance the resilience of vital systems against potential cyber intrusions.

Highlighting the urgency, the council stressed the certification of Senate Bill No. 1365, the Cybersecurity Act, and Senate Bill No. 2039, the Anti-Mule Act, as Priority Legislation. These bills hold substantial potential to fortify cybersecurity's legal framework and combat financial cyber crimes.

Encouraging President Marcos's support, PSAC Digital Infrastructure endorsed the upcoming Data Unity Summit and urged the President to deliver a keynote address. Emphasizing the administration's commitment to fostering data unity and security is crucial.

The council fully supported the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) to combat fraud and financial cyber threats by establishing a Multi-Sectoral Technical Working Group. This initiative will focus on creating a Mobile Device Database and Anti-Financial Crimes Command Center.

Marcos expressed openness to outsourcing expertise, stating, "We shouldn't be shy about outsourcing because we don't need to reinvent the wheel, which is being reinvented every day."

The council reaffirmed its dedication to collaborating closely with the government and stakeholders to implement these recommendations effectively. The aim is to elevate the country's cybersecurity posture and ensure a robust defense against evolving cyber threats.

The type of missile and the launch's outcome were not mentioned in the statement in any further detail.

The launch of this missile was North Korea's first known weaponry firing in more than two months. It came after South Korea earlier on Wednesday declared that the North Korean satellite launch had prompted a partial suspension of an inter-Korean agreement and the restart of border surveillance flights.

North Korea chastised South Korea for this action and declared that it would retaliate by stationing new and more potent weaponry along the border.

The satellite launch by North Korea on Tuesday night was sharply denounced by South Korea, the US, and Japan, who expressed the conviction that the purpose of the mission was to advance the nation's missile technology and create a space-based monitoring system.

U.N. Resolutions passed by the Security Council specifically forbid North Korea from carrying out satellite liftoffs because they are seen as attempts to test long-range missile technologies. Despite these limitations, North Korea maintains its sovereign right to launch satellites.

North Korea's neighbors are currently making efforts to confirm whether or not the satellite launched as declared was successful and whether it can carry out reconnaissance tasks.

The military of South Korea declared that although it believed the satellite to be in orbit, more time was required to verify its operation. While Japan has not verified the North's claim that the satellite has entered orbit, the Pentagon is also assessing the launch's success.

The Malligyong-1 satellite, according to North Korea's space agency, was safely launched into orbit on Tuesday night, around 12 minutes after takeoff. The leader of the nation, Kim Jong Un, witnessed the satellite launch firsthand and afterward paid a visit to the North Korean space agency's Pyongyang control center. There, according to state media, he was briefed that the satellite would formally begin its reconnaissance mission on December 1 after a period of fine-tuning.

The official news agency of North Korea, the Korean Central News Agency, stated that Kim was shown satellite images of the U.S. military installations in Guam, including Apra Harbor and Anderson Air Force Base. the Pacific region. According to the agency, these pictures were shot early on Wednesday.

North Korea, however, chose not to release these images to the public, which made many experts doubt the satellite's advanced military reconnaissance capabilities.

Similar to this, North Korea conducted a test launch in December and afterward published black-and-white satellite photos of South Korean cities. Many specialists at the time commented that the imagery was too basic for efficient surveillance. Experts claim that even though North Korea successfully launched Earth monitoring satellites into orbit in 2012 and 2016, none of these satellites have transmitted imagery back to North Korea.

According to a report from Reuters, these military drills are anticipated to expand in scope and frequency following Prime Minister Fumio Kishida's December announcement of a military buildup, doubling defense spending over the next five years to strengthen Japan's Self Defense Forces against potential adversaries, notably China.

Commander Shingo Nashinoki of Japan's Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade (ARDB), speaking on Irisuna, emphasized the challenging national security environment around Japan, particularly with increased military activities by China and Russia in the East China Sea, South China Sea, and Western Pacific. Established in 2018, the ARDB is trained for operations from the sea and plays a crucial role in defending the Okinawa islands, extending from the main Japanese islands to near Taiwan.

Nashinoki mentioned that the augmented defense budget would enable the ARDB to add a third regiment, enhancing its capabilities.

Once an agreement is reached, it will need to be ratified by the Philippine Senate and the Japanese legislature. Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida emphasized cooperation with the Philippines and the United States in protecting the freedom of the South China Sea during his visit.

The United States has allocated $100 million for infrastructure improvements at military bases in the Philippines as part of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement.

Defense Secretary Gilberto Teodoro stressed that the Philippines is not seeking conflict in the region.

AFP Spokesperson Colonel Medel Aguilar stressed that talks between Manila and Tokyo would define the details of the access agreement, with an emphasis on how it would support the activities of the two countries.

The accord is being promoted as a means to enhance the security connections between both nations and enable collaborative military drills.

Japan has previously participated as an observer in the yearly Balikatan exercises and engaged in smaller joint training sessions with the Philippine Coast Guard.

Furthermore, in the negotiations, the Philippines will prioritize its national security interests and seek to leverage the opportunities presented by Japan, the United States, and other allied nations.

"This has a big impact on strengthening the country's defense because having allies, having friends, having forces that are ready to join you should there be a need for... not only in terms of war but also addressing natural calamities," he said.

In addition to its Status of Visiting Forces Agreement with the United States, the Philippines also has a similar agreement in place with Australia.

Such partnerships facilitate joint training and the sharing of military equipment and assets among Filipino and foreign soldiers.

During a joint conference, Prime Minister Kishida expressed Japan's commitment to enhancing the maritime law enforcement capabilities of the Philippines, including the provision of patrol vessels, defense equipment, and technological cooperation, such as the transfer of warning and control radar technology. This is part of Japan's support for the Philippines in this regard.

During their meeting on Friday, Marcos and Kishida reiterated their dedication to upholding freedom of navigation and overflight in the East and South China Seas, underscoring the importance of following a "rules-based approach to address conflicting claims in maritime regions."

As "two maritime nations linked by common fundamental values and shared strategic interests," the Philippines and Japan pledged to work together on economic, political, and security-related matters back in 2011.

Both countries "affirmed that the principles of unhindered navigation, free trade, and adherence to established international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and peaceful dispute resolution, are in the best interests of both nations and the broader region," including the South China Sea," in a joint statement released that same year.