A fire broke out on Saturday morning , April 11, in a garage in Pangadjuu, Moroni, destroying eight vehicles. The blaze, believed to be accidental, was contained by emergency services. Garage owner Youssouf Abdallah said the fire started after he burned waste following a clean-up. He left the site thinking it was under control, but returned to find it had spread rapidly. Residents tried to limit the damage while waiting for firefighters, who arrived with three water tankers and brought the fire under control. No casualties were reported, though officials noted the lack of water in the area made efforts more difficult.

Comoros records 324 stroke cases in 2025

Health authorities reported 324 stroke cases in 2025 , slightly up from 322 in 2024. Ngazidja remains the most affected, though cases declined there, while Mwali saw a sharp rise from 47 to 73 cases. Officials say the increase is linked largely to poorly managed hypertension, stress and lifestyle factors. The Director General of Health urged better monitoring of high blood pressure, along with healthier diets and more physical activity.

Cabinet backs digital platform for education reform

The Council of Ministers, meeting on April 14 under President Azali Assoumani, reviewed several key issues, including energy, transport, education and investment. A proposed digital platform for the education sector was welcomed, with officials saying it will improve student monitoring and data management for decision-making. The Council also discussed oil block development, training for aviation students, a cooperation deal with China, and support for the country’s accession to the Investment Facilitation for Development agreement.

IMCTC launches counter-terrorism training in Comoros

The Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition, in partnership with the UN Counter-Terrorism Centre, has launched a legal training programme in Moroni focused on combating terrorist financing. Running until April 17, the initiative brings together around 30 participants, including investigators, prosecutors and financial regulators, to strengthen legal frameworks, improve detection and enhance international cooperation. The programme forms part of broader efforts to build capacity among member states and strengthen responses to terrorism.

Nine trainees begin air traffic control training in Comoros

Nine Comorian trainees have started a six-month practical training programme in air traffic control with ASECNA after completing theoretical studies in Ethiopia. Originally planned for eight months, their training abroad lasted nearly two years due to visa and funding challenges. Authorities praised their resilience and said the programme reflects efforts to strengthen national expertise in civil aviation.

Researchers analysed the impact of a decision to extend hours from 4.5 to 8 per day in high schools under the Full-Time Schools Programme introduced in 2007.

They found that robberies dropped 11% following the change, but that there was little impact on more serious crimes or minor offences.

The biggest effects were found in children aged between 12 and 14 and in lower-income areas.

With less spare time on their hands, the students simply had less opportunity to break the law , the researchers surmised.

Crime is a significant problem across Latin America , imposing direct costs on the region's economies of almost 3.5% of GDP - that would cover three-quarters of all the education budgets.

In Mexico in particular, young people aged between 12 and 17 account for 39% of total convictions.

Increasing the school day likely has other significant benefits to society as well, the study's authors Francisco Cabrera-Hernández and Bárbara A. Zárate-Tenorio. Their research was published in the World Development journal. 

Image: Depositphotos.com

These allow teachers to explain subjects with an almost unlimited range of visuals and hold the attention of students far better than traditional approaches.

The scheme had reached at least 21 million students by November 2025 and 55,000 teachers have been trained.

“We get bored just looking at the whiteboard. With the digital board we are inspired to be more motivated to study,” said one student.

The screens are designed to work online and offline and can be solar powered in areas not connected to the grid. This will allow them to benefit all the country’s children with a goal of better preparing them for the jobs of the future.

Alongside the technology, the curriculum is also focusing more on areas related to technology with subjects such as coding and AI introduced.

A teacher who is working with the new screens said: "The best thing is the enthusiasm of the children to try to work," pointing out young people used to smartphones wanted digital interactivity in their learning too.

"Thank you, First Lady Melania Trump, for inviting me to the White House," said the gray-and-black robot, gesturing with its hands during its brief remarks.

The robot then exited the stage the same way it entered. Guests in the East Room, including French First Lady Brigitte Macron, responded with applause.

"It's fair to state you're my first American-made humanoid guest in the White House," Melania said while reading from a prepared statement.

Melania, who has prioritised issues related to artificial intelligence and digital spaces, used the event to discuss the potential role of humanoid AI in education.

"Imagine a humanoid educator named Plato. Access to the classical studies is now instantaneous," she said.

"Through MASAMO, we are strengthening kitchen human resources while encouraging creative industry participation to raise culinary standards and generate tangible local economic impact,” said Creative Economy Minister Teuku Riefky Harsya.

The program targets cooks at Nutrition Fulfillment Service Units (SPPG), providing hands-on training in menu quality, hygiene, ingredient management and nutrition, following National Nutrition Agency standards.

The latest session, held at SPPG Rajabasa 3 in Lampung, involves ministry officials, provincial and city governments, kitchen managers, kitchenware producer Oxone, and MasterChef Indonesia judge Chef Norman Ismail.

Fifty SPPG cooks participated in intensive sessions covering food safety, healthy cooking and efficient operations, equipping them to serve consistent, nutritious meals to beneficiaries.

In an exclusive interview with Global South World , Dadan Hindayana, head of Indonesia’s National Nutrition Agency, said MBG is set to serve nearly 83 million people in just its second year of operations.

This reach already rivals that of major global chains, such as McDonald’s, which has 69 million daily customers.

Hindayana had also said the initiative boosts local economies by employing workers at each service unit and sourcing ingredients from dozens of local suppliers. The program has also proven vital in crisis relief. During recent cyclones and floods , kitchens ramped up production to serve millions of meals efficiently.

Despite early food safety challenges, measures such as certified water use and strict hygiene protocols are reducing incidents, with Rp335 trillion ($20 billion) earmarked for the program in 2026.

Thus, the researchers underscored that the problem is not whether people in ASEAN are using AI, but whether institutions are equipped to manage it responsibly.

“Across ASEAN, we are seeing AI use grow faster than our systems’ ability to guide it,” said Piti Srisangnam, executive director of the ASEAN Foundation. “These studies move the conversation beyond whether AI is being used to whether our institutions, educators and communities are truly prepared.”

Thailand leads in AI usage

The report points to a widening readiness gap, particularly in education, with surveys conducted across all 10 ASEAN member states showing strong enthusiasm for generative AI tools, especially among younger users.

Of ASEAN’s member countries, Thailand led in AI usage, with adoption concentrated across the digital economy and among the youth. Over 90% of Thai students reportedly use AI tools, particularly for tasks such as writing, summarising and digital design. 

In the Philippines , which is hosting the high-stakes ASEAN Summit this year, more than 80% of students surveyed said they use generative AI in their studies, compared with just over 70% of educators. Many students reported relying on AI for writing and paraphrasing tasks.

Yet fewer than half of Filipino educators expressed confidence in their institutions’ AI policies, suggesting that usage is outpacing formal guidance and training.

Overall unpreparedness

The broader regional study highlights uneven digital preparedness across Southeast Asia, including shortfalls in digital skills, cybersecurity capacity and ethical standards for emerging technologies.

Researchers flagged concerns ranging from online fraud and deepfakes to data breaches and misinformation, warning that unchecked misuse could undermine public trust in digital services.

The urgency for improved digital systems comes as ASEAN’s digital economy is projected to expand sharply by the end of the decade, potentially reaching $1 trillion by 2030, fuelled by a young and increasingly connected population of more than 660 million people.

Access to AI tools alone will not be enough, the report argued.  

Without clearer policies, stronger governance and sustained investment in literacy and safeguards, Southeast Asia’s fast-moving embrace of AI could prove as fragile as it is rapid.

These were presented in Manila during the third regional policy convening of the AI Ready ASEAN programme, an initiative launched in 2024 with a $5 million grant from Google.org to improve AI literacy across the bloc.

Because scores are not curved, unexpected spikes in difficulty can significantly affect university admissions outcomes.

A ministry investigation found that 19 English questions were rewritten shortly before the exam, limiting time for proper difficulty assessment. Only 33% of English item writers were active teachers, below the cross-subject average, weakening alignment with classroom learning levels.

What will change

Under the overhaul, at least half of English test writers will be practicing teachers, screening of expertise will be tightened, and an integrated review committee will oversee difficulty calibration. 

Artificial intelligence tools will also be introduced to assist with passage generation and difficulty prediction, with pilot use planned for 2028.

Where South Korea lies in global English proficiency

The reforms come as South Korea’s English proficiency faces global comparison. 

According to the State University of New York’s (SUNY) South Korean arm, the country placed a lowly 49th in the  EF English Proficiency Index 2023. South Korea scored 525 — classified as “moderate proficiency” — down 13 spots from the previous year.

EF English Proficiency Index 2023 ranked the Netherlands first with a score of 661, followed by Singapore at 642, with other top performers concentrated in Northern Europe . 

Despite early exposure to English and widespread private education, only a minority of Korean learners attain strong conversational fluency, according to SUNY Korea’s analysis. 

“The reasons seem to stem from cultural and social differences, the significant differences between the two languages: Korean and English, and the Korean Educational System,” the university noted. 

With the planned overhaul of Suneung’s English section, officials hope the reforms will restore fairness and ensure the exam reflects realistic learning outcomes rather than magnifying systemic gaps.

The move reflects concern at what Anwar described as a basic gap in knowledge among graduates, adding it was unreasonable for Malaysians to complete university without understanding how their country is governed or how it came to be.

Under the plan , the subjects will be embedded within general education courses rather than added as stand-alone requirements, in an effort to avoid overloading students in specialised fields.

Anwar said a foundational grasp of constitutional principles and history was essential to safeguarding the nation, particularly as Malaysia navigates political, social and economic change.

He pointed to the Constitution as the backbone of the country’s system while stressing that unity must be balanced with respect for diversity.

According to Anwar, education should help students appreciate Malaysia’s multi-ethnic and multicultural society, and understand values such as justice, humanity and shared responsibility.

"If we want to safeguard this nation, all our children must master basic, foundational knowledge of the Constitution and history,” the prime minister said. “This will be covered under general studies.”

Revamped education roadmap

The policy is part of the newly launched National Education Blueprint 2026–2035, which aims to align education reforms from school level through to higher education.

The blueprint is jointly led by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education, with each ministry responsible for implementing reforms within its sector.

Beyond curriculum changes, Anwar also addressed student welfare, acknowledging persistent complaints over the lack of affordable accommodation, especially in major cities.

He said the government has directed government-linked investment companies to take the lead in developing student housing, rather than relying solely on private developers.

An initial target of 5,000 additional accommodation places has been set, with projects to be developed in cooperation with selected universities.

Elsewhere, Malaysia’s decision to integrate constitutional and history studies has drawn attention within Southeast Asia.

In the Philippines, former higher education chief Prospero de Vera contrasted the move with proposals to cut general education (GE) subjects in senior high school, in a bid to “decongest” the curriculum. 

The Philippines was the last country in Asia to adopt a 12-year basic education programme, implementing it only in 2012. 

“While our more developed ASEAN neighbors will now require additional GE subjects, our politicians are obsessed with reducing the GE program,” de Vera said. “We need better leaders."

Together, Malaysia’s educational reforms signal a broader effort by the Anwar administration to anchor education more firmly in national values, while addressing practical pressures faced by Malaysia’s growing student population.

The initiative seeks to reduce the long-standing dominance of French, a legacy of colonial rule, while strengthening national identity and intellectual sovereignty within Mali’s schools.

The reclassification was attributed to what officials described as “emerging integrity risks.” 

While Australia has not publicly cited a specific trigger, Indian media said the move followed international reporting on “fake degree busts” in India that raised red flags about the authenticity of academic credentials used in overseas applications.

India is one of Australia’s most important international education markets, accounting for about 140,000 of the country’s roughly 650,000 foreign students. Together, the four countries now in the highest risk tier represent nearly a third of enrolments in 2025.

The assessment level change is expected to subject Indian applicants to closer checks, including stricter requirements for financial proof, English proficiency and evidence of genuine study intentions, according to Australian education analysts.

Fake diploma racket

The decision comes as police in India’s Kerala state dismantled a sprawling fake university certificate racket last month. Investigators said forged degrees from multiple universities were produced and distributed nationwide, with tens of thousands of counterfeit documents seized.

Australia’s Minister for International Education, Julian Hill, has previously warned that Australia is becoming the “least worst” option among major study destinations as countries such as the United States , Britain and Canada tighten their own student visa rules.

Education officials say that shift has increased pressure on Australia’s visa system, prompting tougher risk filtering and a renewed focus on documentary evidence to protect the integrity of the programme.

The flagship project of President Prabowo Subianto, the free nutritious meal programme, known by its Indonesian acronym MBG, is already feeding 55 million children , pregnant women and new mothers. Currently the second largest project of its kind in the world, after a similar project in India, it has grown exponentially over the past 12 months by harnessing private partnerships to create nearly 20,000 kitchens around the country.

The man in charge of the project, Dadan Hindayana, told Global South World that the impact was already being felt through higher school attendance rates and a boost to local economies.

"This is a very huge impact to the economy because once a service unit is built, it means 50 people will be joined directly in the service unit as the workers. And then we need one service unit, need a minimum of 15 suppliers for the supply of all materials. Just like rice, eggs, chicken, and so on and so on, vegetable, also fruit. Each day, we need 200 kilograms of rice, 350 kilograms of vegetables, 350 kilograms of fruit and also we need 3,000 eggs."

Each meal station also has its own nutritionist, tasked with finding the best combination of local ingredients to meet nutritional needs — particularly around protein — using locally sourced produce. Teams have even produced recipe books showcasing local cuisine based on their offerings. Each meal is budgeted at 15,000 rupiah, a little under one US dollar, and Dadan says nutritional value is the first priority, but creating meals that children enjoy is also key.

Crisis relief

When the country was hit by a massive cyclone at the end of last year, another benefit of the programme was revealed. With hundreds of thousands of people impacted by severe flooding, the food centres swung into action. Hundreds of kitchens operated at full capacity, producing millions of meals over the past month, he said.

"We already train the people, we have the logistics, and we have infrastructure. When the tragedy comes, we're ready."

With such an ambitious project and such tight timescales, Dadan accepts that some problems were inevitable. The programme has gained media attention as a result of a number of food poisoning incidents. Around half were attributable to the use of unclean water , he says, resulting in a new directive permitting use only of water certified as safe to drink. The rest of the incidents were the result of poor food hygiene processes, according to Dadan, who says that clear operating procedures have now been mandated.

The number of incidents is declining, he reports, and he has pledged to eliminate the problem in 2026.

Dadan said private and public benefactors had been crucial to the success of the programme, but also highlighted Prabowo's insistence on protecting its budget against many competing interests. The project has been allocated Rp335 trillion ($20 billion) for 2026.

In Johor, where many schools have traditionally required neckties and built distinctive identities around them, the change has drawn criticism from some education groups. 

Mohd Ridhwan Othman, chairman of the Malaysian Education Concorde Organisation (Me’Didik), said neckties play a role in cultivating discipline and pride in personal appearance.

“A necktie can help cultivate self-discipline and instill good character in students. Wearing a tie teaches children to take care of their personal appearance, as they carry the image of their school,” he said.

Ridhwan also raised concerns about the timing of the circular, noting that some schools had already purchased ties in bulk ahead of the new academic year. 

In Johor, he said, students typically wear formal uniforms — including ties — only on Mondays, with sports or co-curricular attire on other days.

Others welcomed the move as a practical adjustment to classroom conditions . Vincent D’Silva, president of the Johor English Language Teaching Association, said discipline should not be conflated with uniform accessories.

“Discipline is shaped by values, teaching and example – not by a strip of fabric around the neck,” he said. “In a tropical climate, comfort matters, and learning should never be made harder by unnecessary discomfort.”

Many elements of school formality, including neckties, were adopted from education systems in temperate countries, where climate and infrastructure differ markedly from those in the Global South.

D’Silva said the ministry’s decision refines rather than weakens the uniform system, maintaining school identity while removing an item with limited educational value.

Under the circular dated December 17, schools may still allow neckties if there is mutual agreement with parents, but no student may be compelled or pressured to wear one. 

The policy was approved at the Education Ministry Professional Council’s Special 2025 meeting on December 8.

Signed by Education director-general Dr Mohd Azam Ahmad, the directive leaves schools to determine whether discipline is best reinforced through dress codes — or through teaching and example.

One of the most closely watched measures elevates teachers’ pay across the public sector. Under a new law governing the profession, teachers are now placed at the top of the public administrative salary scale, a move authorities have framed as recognition of the role education plays in national development.

The law introduces higher allowances for educators working in preschools, remote and disadvantaged areas, ethnic minority regions and specialised institutions. 

Education officials said the incentives are intended to address staffing shortages and improve retention in regions that have long struggled to attract qualified teachers.

Vietnam has also tightened its grip on personal data, as a standalone data protection law took effect amid growing concern over privacy and digital security. The legislation grants individuals explicit rights over their personal information, including the right to refuse or withdraw consent for data processing and to seek legal redress if their data is misused.

Companies handling personal data will now face clearer legal obligations, aligning Vietnam more closely with international standards.

There were also changes to employment law. New provisions expand state support for job creation, reskilling and self-employment, particularly in technology-driven and green sectors.

In a significant development for migrant workers, all Vietnamese citizens working overseas under contracts will now be eligible for preferential loans , replacing a more limited system that excluded many low-income applicants.

Foreign policy

The legal overhaul also extends beyond domestic policy. 

A new law governing participation in United Nations peacekeeping operations establishes a permanent legal framework for Vietnam’s overseas deployments, covering both military and civilian personnel. 

At the same time, a revised juvenile justice law places greater emphasis on rehabilitation rather than punishment, expanding the use of community-based measures and educational programmes for minors in conflict with the law.

Perhaps the most strategic of the new statutes is a law dedicated to the digital technology industry, which aims to position Vietnam as a regional hub for semiconductors and artificial intelligence. The law introduces formal definitions and incentives for digital enterprises, marking a rare attempt to legislate an entire sector into existence.

Together with changes to budget rules, energy regulation, transport and industrial standards, the laws mark one of Vietnam’s most extensive legislative resets in years.

Over the same period, the student population has declined sharply, dropping from 9.9 million in 1980 to just 5.07 million this year. The scale of that fall has forced education authorities to consolidate schools, particularly in areas where enrolment has slipped below sustainable levels.

Primary schools account for the overwhelming majority of closures, with more than 3,600 shutting their doors permanently. By comparison, fewer than 300 middle schools and just 70 high schools have closed.

Jin said the figures point to a growing gap between school closures and follow-up planning. 

“As student numbers continue to decline, closures are inevitable,” she said. “But the government must move beyond simply shutting schools and develop a long-term strategy to repurpose them as assets that can still serve local communities.”

The pace of closures has accelerated in recent years. Since 2020 alone, 158 schools have closed, and a further 107 are expected to follow within the next five years as smaller age cohorts move through the system.

South Korea’s record-low birthrate sits at the centre of the problem. With the total fertility rate remaining below 0.8 — the lowest in the world — the country is producing far fewer children than needed to sustain existing school networks, particularly outside the capital region.

North Jeolla and South Jeolla provinces recorded the highest numbers of recent closures, followed by Gyeonggi and South Chungcheong, suggesting that population decline is reshaping regional education faster than urban centres.

Long-term projections indicate that the contraction is far from over. The Korean Educational Development Institute estimates that the number of students will fall to around 4.25 million by 2029, a loss of more than 800,000 pupils in just six years.

At the same time, questions are mounting over what becomes of closed school sites. Of the more than 4,000 schools that have shut, 376 remain unused, with many left idle for over a decade and some abandoned for more than 30 years.

“I also want to direct that no public school should be requesting learners to make contributions towards the School Development Fund and any other fees, except boarding fees,” Mutharika announced.

The 85-year-old returned to office after winning the September 16 presidential election with 66% of the vote. 

While day school students will benefit fully from the waiver, those attending boarding schools will still be required to pay boarding fees, which remain significant.

The government expects this policy to boost enrolment and reduce drop-out rates. Although there has been progress in primary education drop-out rates—falling from 11.7% in 2009 to 3.2% in 2018—retention remains a concern. Malawi has a primary school completion rate of 52%and a repetition rate of 24.5%.

In 2024, 24,371 students dropped out of both primary and secondary schools. Data from Malawi’s Nation newspaper shows that only 33% of children complete primary school, while just 4% finish upper secondary school.

President Mutharika, who previously served from 2014 to 2020, was re-elected to address the economic challenges that worsened under the administration of Lazarus Chakwera. 

After taking office in 2020, Chakwera oversaw an economy that saw inflation rise to 33%. The prices of food, maize, and fertiliser increased, contributing to a rise in poverty. 

“The [previous] government has not been able to mobilise enough revenue to implement its programmes. Overall growth projection remains weak, with GDP projected to grow at 2.8% in 2025 from 1.7% in 2024, mainly attributed to low agricultural productivity, supply chain constraints and limited industrial capacity,” Mutharika said.

He noted that his administration has already begun taking steps to address these challenges.

The World Bank reports that Malawi has one of the top four highest poverty rates worldwide, with 70% of its population living on less than $2.15 daily, according to a 2019 household survey. 

Poverty has risen by three million since 2010, totalling 13 million people in 2019.

Amid rising global economic and humanitarian pressures, including climate shocks, food security threats, and the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the organisation says the new plan aims to reach those still left behind: vulnerable children, their families, and communities in fragile circumstances.

In practical terms, the strategy promises to ramp up programmes that will protect children from harm and improve their education.

“Our core actions will protect children from harm, strengthen their education, improve their health and nutrition, help families build resilience and support communities to adapt to climate and economic challenges,” emphasised World Vision Rwanda’s National Director, Pauline Okumu.

Rwanda has made remarkable social and economic progress over the past decades, guided by national vision plans such as Vision 2050 . But the country still faces structural challenges of poverty, limited rural access to services, inequality, and vulnerability to climate and economic shocks.

In this context, World Vision Rwanda’s strategy could act as a powerful supplement to government efforts, targeting the most vulnerable children who risk being left behind otherwise.

Since beginning long-term, child-focused programmes in the early 2000s, World Vision Rwanda has intervened through water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), education, child protection, health, nutrition and livelihoods programmes by delivering clean water access to more than 1 million people between 2018 and 2023, and enabling over 678,500 individuals to access livelihood support and financial inclusion services.

According to the source , Tokyo was informed of the cancellations shortly after Beijing launched retaliatory measures over Takaichi’s November 7 remarks, in which she suggested Japan could deploy military forces in the event of a conflict in the Taiwan Strait. 

“Usually, November and December are the season for youth exchanges, but now they have all been called off,” the source said.

The freeze comes as Beijing intensifies pressure on Tokyo to force Takaichi to retract her statement, which she has refused to do. 

China has advised its citizens against travelling to Japan and urged students to reconsider studying there, citing safety concerns. It has also postponed planned diplomatic meetings, including a trilateral summit with Japan and South Korea that Tokyo was due to host.

The disruption is already affecting scheduled school visits. 

Earlier this month, 16 students and teachers from Wuxi in Jiangsu province cancelled a sister-city trip to Sagamihara in Kanagawa prefecture, according to Japanese officials. 

In Okinawa, education authorities said Chinese partners had abruptly scrapped a two-week language and cultural exchange to Shanghai for 20 high school students set to begin this weekend.

Scholars say the halt risks deepening hostility between the two countries at a time when ties are strained by territorial disputes in the East China Sea and Tokyo’s closer alignment with Washington to counter China. 

Shin Kawashima, an international relations professor at the University of Tokyo, described the suspension as worrying, warning that youth exchanges had long been seen as crucial stabilising tools when diplomacy faltered.

Earlier in November, Takaichi said Japan could consider deploying military forces if conflict erupted in the Taiwan Strait, arguing that instability around Taiwan — which lies close to Japan’s southwestern islands — would directly threaten Japan’s security . 

Beijing condemned the comments as a violation of its “one-China” principle and an attempt to interfere in its internal affairs, demanding a public retraction. 

Takaichi has since maintained that her remarks were consistent with Japan’s national security policy.

It is this question that lies behind an unexpected and controversial claim: that the Romans learned to build their ships from a civilization far to the east - one rarely studied in Europe - the Malays.

The controversial claim

The theory comes from Solehah Yaacob of the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), who produced a PhD thesis arguing that Roman shipbuilding borrowed directly from Malay designs. For her, the evidence begins with geography and culture. The Malay peninsula and surrounding archipelagos have always been deeply maritime societies. Positioned on the ancient trade routes linking India, the Middle East, and China, Malay communities developed sophisticated vessels suited for long-distance trade and travel.

Early Chinese sources from the start of the first millennium describe Malay ships capable of carrying up to 700 people and 600 tons of cargo.

Crucially, Malay ships were constructed without metal fastenings, relying instead on wooden pegs. And builders constructed the hull first and the internal frame afterward. This “shell-first” method may seem counterintuitive, but it is also how Roman ships were built. Yaacob argues that this similarity suggests not coincidence, but influence.

As intriguing as the claim is, it quickly runs into serious problems. The Phoenicians and Vikings - seafaring cultures separated by both time and geography - also used shell-first construction. This weakens any argument that the technique must have originated in one place and diffused outward.

More significantly, there is no archaeological evidence of contact between Malays and Romans during the period when Roman shipbuilding was developing. Most experts therefore see the similarities as an example of parallel innovation: different societies arriving independently at the same practical solution for building large, sturdy vessels.

And Yaacob’s credibility has been questioned before. In an earlier academic paper, she cited as fact a satirical magazine’s joke claim that ancient Greek was secretly invented in the 1970s.

Why the debate matters

If the theory is weak, why has it generated so much discussion -enough to reach Malaysia’s parliament?

Because beneath the historical questions lie modern political and cultural tensions.

Malaysia is a multi-ethnic country in which Malay Muslims enjoy particular privileges in part due to Article 153 of the constitution, which provides special measures for Malays and indigenous groups. These measures were introduced after independence to compensate for decades of discrimination by the British colonial rulers who had given administrative and skilled jobs to those of Indian and Chinese ethnic origin. In that context, a bold theory about Malay technological influence on Rome speaks to contemporary desires for recognition and pride.

While several Malaysian politicians have dismissed the claim as obviously untrue, some defended Yaacob’s work as deserving of more respectful consideration.

Whether Romans truly learned shipbuilding from Malays is almost certainly a question with a simple answer: no. But as with many debates addressed on World Reframed , the factual correctness of the claim is only part of the story. The intensity of the reaction reveals much more about Malaysia today—its politics, its identities, and its ongoing efforts to shape and decolonise its historical narrative.

Click here to watch our previous episodes

World Reframed is produced in London by  Global South  World, part of the Impactum Group. Its editors are Duncan Hooper and Ismail Akwei.

ISSN 2978-4891

Sleep experts have long warned that early school starts clash with adolescents' natural rhythms. Teenagers biologically tend to fall asleep later and wake up later, making those pre-dawn routines a real struggle.

According to a 2022 research published by Springer , starting classes too early can negatively affect attention, memory, and academic performance.

"Circadian rhythms are modulated by age. The timing of the circadian clock under real-life conditions (i.e., chronotype) is progressively delayed during adolescence. However, schools start very early in the morning, when the adolescent’s clock is still not prepared to be awake. Consistently, the misalignment between early school timing and late chronotypes leads to poor sleep: both short and out-of-time, which is associated with adverse consequences for health and cognitive and academic performance," Springer states.

On the other hand, countries that start school closer to 8 a.m. or later, such as Chile or Argentina, may be giving their students an advantage by aligning schedules with how the brain actually works.

UNESCO reports that the region faces one of the deepest learning crises in the world, following pandemic-era school closures that set students back by years. Without urgent action, the organisation warns, those effects “will last many years.”

So why do many schools still open before dawn? In countries like Colombia and Ecuador, early schedules are often shaped by traffic congestion, climate, and shared use of school buildings for multiple shifts. In tropical regions, early classes also help students avoid the harsh midday heat.

For many young people, a little more sleep could mean better focus, stronger grades, and a healthier mindset. So, although the hour a student begins their day might not seem like an urgent policy issue, it sits at the intersection of education quality, public health, and social equity.

The map shows how school grades are awarded from “worst” to “best,” with ranges like 0–10, 1–5, 0–20, and even 1–100 appearing in different nations. While superficially this might look like a quirky oddity, it actually reveals deeper truths about how schooling and standards operate in Latin America .

For one, when students and transcripts cross borders, for university admissions or migration , these differences complicate things. A “7” in one country might be equivalent to a “C” in another, while a “14” on a scale of 20 might translate differently again.

According to a global overview of grading systems, South America frequently uses numerical scales like 1–10 or 0–20 instead of the letter-grade models seen elsewhere.

In particular:

These variations matter not just academically, but socially: they mirror differences in school resources, quality of instruction, and the rural-urban divide across Latin America.

For example, a recent review points out that the educational systems in South America are characterised by “inconsistencies and largely correlate to the economy of the countries” — meaning that how you’re graded may depend heavily on where you live and the school you attend.

What the map shows at a glance

The global and contemporary link

This diversity of grading scales comes at a moment when higher education and student mobility are more international than ever. For example, with the rise of online learning, cross-border student exchanges and global credentials, universities must interpret these varied grading systems.

Meanwhile, more broadly, Latin America is facing intense pressure to improve educational outcomes.

A recent study analysing data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022 for nine Latin American countries found significant “efficiency gaps” between public and private institutions, meaning that even given the same resources, outcomes varied sharply.

Grading systems, and their interpretation, become one piece of this larger puzzle of equity, access and quality in education.

From numeric scales of 0–20 in France to 1–5 in Austria, and 12-point systems in Ukraine, the continent’s grading landscape is vast and varied.

Take France, where students are assessed on a 0–20 scale and 10 marks the pass threshold, with anything above 15 considered excellent. In Austria, the system flips the logic: 1 is the best grade, 5 the fail, a setup that can confuse outsiders where high numbers usually mean top marks.

Meanwhile in Eastern Europe , such as in Ukraine, students operate on a 1–12 scale with 4 considered the minimum pass, while a 12 is reserved for exceptional work.

This diversity matters. With more students studying abroad, chasing scholarships or engaging in international mobility, understanding each country’s system isn’t just trivia, it can shape study plans, diploma recognition and job prospects.

What’s perhaps most striking is how these systems reflect more than academic standards, they reflect national identity. The fact that a Swedish student might get a “VG” (väl godkänd) rather than a letter grade, or that Norway uses letters A–E, shows how education is deeply rooted in culture.

For example, in Queensland the top trio includes Japanese, German and Chinese, while in Western Australia it’s Italian, Indonesian and Japanese. In Victoria, Italian leads the way, with Indonesian and French close behind. These patterns underscore how the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority language courses mesh with migration, trade and community language trends.

Official data shows this mix of modern priorities and tradition: while over 20 languages are taught in Australian primary and secondary schools, Chinese (Mandarin), Italian, Japanese, Indonesian, French, German, Spanish and Auslan remain the most common picks .

At the same time, studies reveal that participation in government-priority Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese and Indonesian has declined in recent years — for instance, one 2024 study found that enrolment in these dropped from 4.25 % of HSC students in 2001 to 3.43 % in 2021.

So what’s driving the state-by-state differences? Several factors like the strength of local migrant communities (Italian in Victoria, Indonesian in WA), the links schools maintain with trade partners (Japan and China), and state education policy.

The Australian Curriculum explicitly encourages students to learn another language alongside English, citing expanded cultural, social and employment opportunities.

Current global trends add urgency to these choices. With Australia aiming to deepen trade and diplomatic ties across Asia and Europe, knowing Japanese or Mandarin is more than cultural; it’s strategic.

At the same time, community languages such as Italian or German continue to thrive in regions with strong heritage linkages. Notably, Australia’s Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, in April this year, committed A$25 million to support 600 community-language schools teaching more than 84 languages nationwide.

Created by Maven Mapping in collaboration with The World in Maps, the visualisation claims to show how the average cognitive scores of residents vary across the country, but experts urge caution before drawing sweeping conclusions.

According to the map, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont lead the nation with averages above 103, while Mississippi, Louisiana, and California sit at the lower end, with averages ranging from 94 to 96. The broader trend suggests higher IQ averages in the Northeast and Midwest, and lower scores in parts of the South and West.

These numbers echo similar findings from other sources, such as DataPandas and Zippia , which both identify Massachusetts as the top-ranking state and Mississippi as the lowest.

However, researchers emphasise that IQ maps are not direct reflections of innate intelligence . Instead, they are typically derived from proxies like standardised test results (SAT, ACT), education levels, and adult competency assessments rather than statewide IQ testing.

Studies such as McDaniel (2006) and more recent updates by Pesta et al. (2022), available via ERIC , acknowledge that older datasets may no longer represent current demographics or education systems.

IQ itself is a complex construct, measuring specific cognitive abilities such as reasoning and problem-solving, not overall potential or worth. A few points of difference between states may reflect factors like school funding, healthcare access, childhood nutrition, or even migration patterns, rather than raw intellectual ability.

As The New York Post reported in a 2024 analysis, wealthier states with better-funded schools tend to perform higher on intelligence proxies, reinforcing the link between socioeconomic advantage and cognitive development.

The broader picture is more concerning: several studies suggest that average IQ scores in the U.S. may actually be declining for the first time in decades, a reversal of the long-observed “Flynn effect.”

Analysts cited by Yahoo Tech warn that shifts in education quality, digital distraction, and changing learning habits could be contributing factors. Similar declines have been reported in parts of Europe, including the UK and Norway, indicating a possible global trend.

Reports from Gaza indicate a devastating escalation in violence, resulting in at least 65 deaths and 153 injuries within a single day. The conflict continues to exact a severe humanitarian toll, with hospitals overwhelmed and infrastructure collapsing under repeated bombardments. Civilian areas have been hit hard, raising concerns among international observers about violations of human rights and the disproportionate impact on non-combatants. Jordan, sharing close geographical and humanitarian ties with Palestine, has expressed deep concern over the situation. The government has reiterated its call for an immediate ceasefire and the provision of unrestricted humanitarian access to Gaza, emphasising the urgent need for de-escalation to prevent further loss of life.

“The battle isn’t over yet,” Israeli army chief tells soldiers in Gaza

The Israeli army chief’s statement that “the battle isn’t over yet” signals a prolongation of the ongoing Gaza conflict, suggesting that Israel’s military operations will continue despite international appeals for restraint. This declaration has fuelled fears of an extended confrontation, with implications for regional stability, including Jordan, which remains a vocal advocate for peace in the Middle East. The statement has also intensified public debate across Arab nations about the effectiveness of diplomatic efforts to halt the violence. Jordanian officials have maintained that lasting peace can only come through a two-state solution and renewed negotiations under international supervision, rather than continued military engagement.

Prime Minister honours teachers, announces expanded support programmes

In domestic developments, Jordan’s Prime Minister honoured educators on World Teachers’ Day, announcing an ambitious set of new programs designed to improve working conditions, salaries, and professional development opportunities for teachers across the kingdom. The initiative reflects the government’s commitment to strengthening the education sector as a cornerstone of national progress. The Prime Minister emphasised that education remains central to Jordan’s socio-economic resilience, especially in the face of regional instability. These new programs are expected to include grants for rural schools, digital learning infrastructure, and teacher training in modern pedagogical methods. The announcement was met with optimism by teachers’ unions and educational institutions, which have long called for increased investment in the profession.

Jordan celebrates World Teachers’ Day, emphasising educators’ role in nation-building

As part of World Teachers’ Day celebrations, Jordan held nationwide events to celebrate the contribution of educators to the country’s development. Schools, universities, and civil society organisations hosted panels and cultural programs highlighting the sacrifices and achievements of teachers in shaping future generations. Government ministries underscored the importance of education not only as an academic pursuit but also as a moral and civic foundation for nation-building. The theme of the celebration—empowering teachers for sustainable development—resonated strongly with Jordan’s ongoing reforms in the education sector, which aim to modernise curricula and align learning outcomes with the needs of the 21st-century economy. The day concluded with awards recognising outstanding educators for excellence and innovation in teaching.

IEC delegation reviews Syrian parliamentary elections process

A delegation from Jordan’s Independent Election Commission (IEC) visited Syria to observe and review the process of the country’s first parliamentary elections since the fall of Bashar al-Assad. The delegation’s participation underscores Jordan’s increasing commitment to supporting democratic governance in the region. According to official statements, the IEC’s involvement was aimed at sharing technical expertise in election monitoring, voter registration systems, and transparency mechanisms. Observers noted that the elections mark a turning point for Syria, though questions remain about inclusivity and fairness. Jordan’s engagement was praised as a gesture of regional solidarity and as part of its broader diplomatic strategy to encourage political stabilisation and reconstruction in neighbouring countries.

Bukele shared the directive on X, alongside a memorandum from Education Minister Captain Karla Trigueros instructing the heads of all 5,100 public schools to enforce the ban. According to the memo, any linguistic forms linked to gender ideology will no longer be tolerated, including altered words like alumn@ or nosotrxs . The measure also applies to all educational materials, textbooks, and resources provided by the ministry.

The government justifies the move as a way to “promote proper language use” and prevent what it calls “ideological or globalist interference” that could affect students’ development. Bukele’s policy follows previous steps to remove gender perspectives from educational materials, despite earlier public support for LGBTI rights.

Teachers’ unions have criticised the changes, describing them as part of a “militarisation” of the school system. Students are already subject to strict dress codes, hair regulations, and mandatory classroom etiquette, such as greeting teachers upon entering.

Since taking office in 2019, Bukele has maintained high popularity for his aggressive anti-gang policies, though human rights groups continue to report abuses and high incarceration rates. The new language ban marks another controversial step in his increasingly centralised control over El Salvador’s institutions.

Protesters carried banners asking, “Where are the hospitals?” and condemned what they called misplaced priorities.

According to Reuters , more than 260 security personnel were injured in clashes, while 23 civilians were wounded and over 400 people arrested nationwide. The Interior Ministry confirmed that two protesters were killed in Lqliaa after security forces opened fire when a gendarmerie post was attacked.

International agencies report that Morocco continues to face chronic shortages in healthcare, with just 4.4 doctors per 10,000 people, which is far below the World Health Organisation’s standard.

Protesters also point to repeated tragedies, including maternal deaths in understaffed hospitals, as evidence of state neglect.

Authorities defended the stadium projects, saying they would boost Morocco’s global profile and tourism sector. Government officials also promised to convene parliament to discuss health sector reforms in response to the protests.

Morocco has long been considered a relatively stable country in North Africa, with strong ties to Europe and the United States . But the latest protests raise concerns that deepening social discontent could undermine the country’s carefully cultivated image as a hub of modernity and reform.

For now, the question hangs in the air: are Morocco’s grand stadiums monuments to progress, or symbols of a government papering over cracks in its social fabric?

According to the Central Statistics Office’s Census 2022 Profile 8: The Irish Language and Education , nearly 1,873,997 people aged three or older declared they could speak Irish, about 40% of that age group. But of that number, only 71,968 said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system — a slight drop from 2016.

In Gaeltacht areas — Ireland’s traditional Irish-speaking regions — the story is similar. Though the number of people living in Gaeltacht zones rose slightly, the proportion who speak Irish daily fell.

In 2022, 20,261 people in Gaeltacht regions spoke Irish daily outside school, down about 1.6% since 2016. Some Gaeltacht regions fared better than others: in County Galway’s Gaeltacht, about 39% of residents reported daily Irish use, though that’s down from 40% in 2016.

Behind those figures lies a gap between identification and use. From the Census data, 55% of self-reported Irish speakers said they could not speak Irish well; 10% said they spoke it very well, and 32% said they spoke it well. In other words, many can, but far fewer do or feel confident doing so.

Still, efforts persist to reclaim Irish as a living language. The Official Languages (Amendment) Act 2021 , designed to strengthen Irish usage in public life, is being rolled out in phases.

Meanwhile, in a striking move north of the border, Northern Ireland is poised to repeal a centuries-old ban on Irish in courts (the 1737 Administration of Justice (Language) Act) under its Identity and Language Act 2022.

The map’s muted greens and greys may hint at decline, but embedded in the numbers and cultural currents is hope. If legal measures are fully implemented, education reforms deepen immersion, and spaces for everyday Irish expand, that gap between knowing and using the language can begin to close.

Xiong Sihao, vice-minister of education, told reporters this week that Xi’s call had already inspired tens of thousands of Americans to take part. “More than 36,000 young people from the United States have come to China for exchanges since the initiative was announced,” he said at a State Council Information Office news briefing.

The programs include cultural, educational, and sports exchanges. For instance, a U.S. youth pickleball delegation from Maryland travelled to China in April, forging what officials described as “unforgettable friendships” with their Chinese counterparts. Other groups have participated in study tours, academic collaborations, and cultural immersion projects in cities across China. 

The visual representation shows counties shaded to indicate at least one school district in that county that shuts down for Jewish holidays, sometimes just major ones like Rosh Hashanah or Yom Kippur, sometimes more.

These closures are most common in metropolitan areas with significant Jewish populations, such as parts of New York , New Jersey, Connecticut, and areas near Washington, D.C., with smaller clusters appearing in other states.

In some counties, schools close for all the major Jewish holidays, while in others, only certain days like Rosh Hashanah or Yom Kippur are observed, and in some places, students are simply granted excused absences rather than full closures.

In the U.S., school calendar decisions are made locally, with no federal requirement to observe Jewish holidays. Local school boards and state education departments make these calls based on community demographics, advocacy, and religious accommodation policies.

Often, high absentee rates on these holidays push districts toward closing altogether—when enough students and staff would be out, it becomes logistically easier to shut schools for the day. Counties like Montgomery and Fairfax near Washington, D.C., are examples where these closures are built into the calendar.

But not everyone agrees on how these days should be handled. Some school systems have scaled back from two days off to one, prompting community backlash, while others face heated debates about whether to add or maintain these holidays as competing pressures, such as state-mandated school days and makeup schedules, mount.

This week, as Rosh Hashanah begins, over 20 school districts across Connecticut will be closed on Tuesday, with some, like Stamford, remaining closed on Wednesday as well. Kenilworth, New Jersey, has also confirmed it will close its schools for the holiday.

These decisions illustrate how school calendars must shift every year to account for the Jewish lunar calendar, which rarely aligns perfectly with the Gregorian one.

Beyond logistics, these closures carry symbolic weight. They represent efforts to respect religious diversity and make schools more inclusive for Jewish families, sparing them from having to choose between faith and attendance.

Here are five things you need to know about this groundbreaking project:

1. It is pursuing a degree in stage performance

Xueba 01 isn’t studying robotics, it’s enrolled in a PhD programme at STA’s Department of Stage Design, where it will learn the fundamental movements, routines, and performance techniques of traditional Chinese operas. 

2. A collaboration between art and technology

The program is jointly run by STA and the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST). While USST focuses on technical training and knowledge, STA cultivates artistic expression. The goal is to create experimental training methods for embodied AI agents that combine human creativity with machine intelligence, Xinhua reports.

3. Built with cutting-edge robotics

Xueba 01 is an optimised version of Xingzhe No. 2, a humanoid that once placed third in Beijing’s robot half-marathon. It uses a tendon-based bionic structure and advanced facial technology, capable of performing over 100 lifelike expressions and interacting with audiences in real time.

4. Already learning opera

Currently, the robot can “sing” segments from Henan Opera, Shanghai Opera, and Peking Opera. But its movements still lack smoothness and artistry. Supervisors use motion capture to record human performers’ gestures and expressions, creating training datasets to refine their performances. In the future, authorities say it may learn directly from video footage.

5. Exploring the future of art and AI

For its supervisors, the project isn’t just about creating a high-performing robot, it’s about redefining how art and AI intersect. STA President Huang Changyong says the mission is to explore how traditional Chinese art forms can integrate with artificial intelligence.

The vote came after thousands of students, professors, health workers, and unions rallied outside Congress in Buenos Aires. Demonstrators accused Milei of undermining education and public health under his strict “zero deficit” fiscal agenda, symbolised by the chainsaw he brandishes to signal budget cuts. Similar mobilisations have swept across Argentina’s 57 public universities, which serve nearly two million students.

Milei has defended his veto as necessary to restore fiscal order, promising in his proposed 2026 budget to raise spending on education and health above inflation. Yet critics say the plan falls far short. University leaders estimate the sector needs 7.3 trillion pesos (around $4.9 billion) to function properly, far more than the 4.8 trillion ($3.2 billion) allocated. With public discontent mounting and his party recently defeated in Buenos Aires provincial elections, Milei faces growing resistance in Congress and the streets alike.

University lecturers in Nigeria have emerged among the worst paid in Africa, with professors earning an average of $366 (about ₦500,000) monthly. Findings by local publication Punch show that Nigerian professors earn around $4,400 annually, far behind their South African counterparts who make $57,471 yearly. Other African nations with far smaller economies, including Eswatini, Lesotho, Gabon, Sierra Leone, and Comoros, pay higher. Lecturers in Nigeria have warned that the disparity is worsening brain drain, poor morale, and the flight of academics to government, private, and foreign institutions.

Deportation dispute as U.S., Ghana, and Nigeria clash over returnees

Confusion surrounds the deportation of 14 West Africans from the United States to Ghana. While Ghana’s Foreign Minister Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa said the 13 Nigerians and one Gambian were subsequently repatriated to their home countries on humanitarian grounds, lawyers for four deportees insist they remain in Ghana. Nigeria’s government has also pushed back, saying it was not briefed about its nationals being sent to Ghana, a move critics argue raises legal and diplomatic questions.

UN warns of worsening school closures in West and Central Africa

Nearly 15,000 schools have been shut across West and Central Africa, disrupting the education of more than 3 million children, according to a new UN report. The closures are linked to growing insecurity, conflict, and displacement, with Nigeria and Cameroon worst affected. In Cameroon’s Anglophone regions, more than 80% of schools are closed, affecting over 600,000 children, while in Nigeria, nearly 500 schools remain shut. UNICEF and the Norwegian Refugee Council warn that girls are particularly vulnerable, with risks of child marriage, teenage pregnancy, and gender-based violence rising.

Solar-powered recycling plant

A new solar-powered recycling plant has been launched in Onne, Rivers State, by West Africa Container Terminal (WACT)-APM Terminals Nigeria in partnership with Garbage In Value Out (GIVO). The facility can process up to 300 kilograms of plastic waste daily — about 90 metric tons annually. Community members will also earn income by exchanging plastic waste. Project leaders said the initiative will cut 2,000 metric tons of CO₂ emissions, create jobs for local youth, and provide a sustainable solution to drainage blockages in the maritime community.

Dangote Refinery exports first gasoline cargo to U.S.

Nigeria’s Dangote Refinery has exported its first gasoline cargo to the United States, marking a milestone in the country’s refining and global trade ambitions. About 320,000 barrels of gasoline were shipped aboard the Gemini Pearl tanker and discharged at Sunoco’s Linden terminal in New York Harbour. The sale, brokered through Mocoh Oil and global trader Vitol, highlights the refinery’s ability to meet strict U.S. fuel standards. The shipment expands Dangote’s export reach, which had previously focused on Europe and West Africa.

Olympic champion Beatrice Chebet captured her first world title in the women’s 10,000m at the 2025 Tokyo World Championships. Chebet surged past Ethiopia’s Gudaf Tsegay with 200m to go, clocking 30:37.61 to secure Kenya’s first medal of the event. Italy’s Nadia Battocletti took silver while Tsegay settled for bronze. Chebet becomes the fourth Kenyan woman to win the title, following Sally Barsosio, Linet Masai, and Vivian Cheruiyot. “It was one of the most thrilling and tactical races in recent years,” the Nation quotes. Meanwhile, Kenya’s Agnes Ng’etich narrowly missed the podium in fourth place.

Exam cheating tops university discipline cases

A new Commission for University Education report shows 87% of disciplinary cases in Kenyan universities involve exam malpractice. Out of 3,841 cases recorded in 2024/25, 3,352 were tied to cheating, impersonation, or unauthorised devices. Lecturers warn that AI dependence and large exam venues are fueling the crisis. “The issue is over-reliance on AI by students to do assignments, so when physical exams come, they do not have content and hence struggle, pushing up the temptation to cheat,” said Dr Duncan Kimwatu of Dedan Kimathi University. Experts are urging reforms, including giving more weight to continuous assessment tests. 

Over 2,100 attacks on sexual and gender minorities

Kenya recorded at least 2,100 cases of violence and harassment against sexual and gender minorities between October 2023 and September 2024, according to the Lives on the Line report. These included 682 harassment incidents, 440 assaults, 91 sexual violations, and 102 evictions. Transgender people were the most targeted, facing nearly a third of abuses. “Lives are literally on the line, and society can no longer turn a blind eye,” said Adrian Kibe of the Kenya Human Rights Commission. Rights advocates point to systemic failures, including weak laws and under-resourced gender desks, as fueling impunity, the Standard reports.

20% of affordable houses for teachers

President William Ruto has announced that 20% of all units under the Affordable Housing programme will be allocated to teachers, citing their Sh900 million monthly contributions to the housing fund. The move was formalised through an MoU with teachers’ unions at State House. “This agreement guarantees that 20 per cent of all Affordable Housing units will be allocated to teachers, a step towards ensuring that those who dedicate their lives to shaping our nation’s future have access to decent homes,” Ruto said . However, the decision sparked public debate online, with critics questioning whether private sector contributors were being sidelined. 

EAC faces staff crisis amid Kenya’s funding row

The East African Community (EAC) Secretariat is grappling with a staffing shortage after short-term workers who form nearly 44% of its personnel were let go when the Council of Ministers failed to extend contracts. Kenya, chairing the council, walked out of key meetings in Arusha over unremitted contributions by member states, the East African reports. As of June 2025, only Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Rwanda had fully paid their $7 million annual dues. The bloc has 152 vacant posts, with critical gaps looming in departments like labour, immigration, energy, and fiscal affairs. Kenya’s EAC Cabinet Secretary Beatrice Askul Moe defended Nairobi’s stance, insisting staffing must align with available funds.

Deputy Minister of Primary and Secondary Education Atip Latipulhayat clarified that teacher allowances and salaries remain part of the National Education System Bill (RUU Sisdiknas), countering fears that they were excluded from discussions. This reassurance was welcomed by educators, as the bill will shape the future of Indonesia’s education policy.

Healthcare and scholarships

The Riau Islands government launched a medical specialist scholarship program to address the shortage of doctors in regional hospitals. Governor Ansar Ahmad called on the central government to support the initiative, which aims to improve local healthcare and retain native talent.

Rice prices and food security

The price of premium rice has surged to Rp16,088 per kilogramme, prompting lawmakers and farmer advocates to urge the government to stabilise prices and accelerate investment in agricultural technology. The call reflects growing concerns about food security despite reported high production levels.

Floods and infrastructure concerns

Tidal floods continue to disrupt life in Rokan Hilir, with residents urging authorities to construct water gates to prevent recurring damage. Meanwhile, Bali and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) are recovering from devastating flash floods that have killed at least 15 people, with 10 still missing. Over 200 rescuers have been deployed, and evacuations are underway.

Presidential actions and diplomacy

President Prabowo Subianto approved the withdrawal of Rp200 trillion in government funds from Bank Indonesia to inject liquidity into the banking system and stimulate economic activity. He also ordered the acceleration of a presidential regulation to combat illegal lobster seed exports, seeking to protect state revenues from illicit trade.

The legislation, approved by Congress in August, sought to bolster financial support for public universities and declare a pediatric emergency to enhance resources for children's hospitals, including the renowned Garrahan Hospital in Buenos Aires. Milei, citing fiscal responsibility, argued that the laws would exacerbate the country's economic challenges.

In response, thousands have taken to the streets in cities nationwide, with significant demonstrations held outside the National Congress in Buenos Aires. Protesters are demanding the reversal of the vetoes and increased investment in education and healthcare. The opposition-controlled Congress is considering actions to override the vetoes, intensifying the political standoff.

These developments come amid Milei’s broader austerity measures aimed at stabilising Argentina’s economy , which has been grappling with inflation exceeding 200%. While these policies have garnered praise from financial markets, they have also led to a decline in the president’s popularity and increased tensions with various sectors of society.

The Ethiopian Media Professionals Association (EMPA) has called for accountability following the abduction of two journalists earlier this month. Abdulsemed Mohammed, host of Saturday Market on Ahadu FM 94.3, was held for 12 days, while Reporter senior editor Yonas Amare was detained for 10 days. EMPA described their disappearance as “an illegal act” and urged authorities to ensure justice. The group also stressed that abducting and harassing journalists undermines media freedom and the public’s right to information. Reports indicate that Amare was taken from his home in Sheger City on August 13 by masked individuals, while Mohammed was abducted in Addis Ababa on August 11.

Registration drive for 7.4 million students

The Amhara Regional State Education Bureau in northern Ethiopia has opened registration for the 2025/2026 academic year, aiming to enrol over 7.4 million students despite ongoing security challenges. Mulunesh Dessie (PhD), Coordinator of the Social Sector and Bureau Head, said registration will run from August 25 to September 5, with classes beginning September 16. She noted a steep decline in enrollment, with 4.4 million children missing school last year—the highest in Ethiopia, according to UNICEF. Persistent conflict, drought, floods, and instability have severely disrupted education in the region.

Colombia’s Vice President arrives in Addis Ababa

Colombian Vice President Francia Elena Márquez Mina has begun an official working visit to Ethiopia. She was welcomed at the Addis Ababa Bole International Airport by Health Minister Dr. Mekdes Daba and State Minister of Foreign Affairs Ambassador Berhanu Tsegaye. Márquez is expected to hold discussions with senior Ethiopian officials during her stay.

Capital Market Authority proposes new investment directive

The Ethiopian Capital Market Authority (ECMA) has issued a draft directive on collective investment schemes (CIS) for public review, one month after the launch of the Ethiopian Securities Exchange. The framework, based on the Capital Market Proclamation No. 1248/2021, outlines registration, operation, and supervision of pooled investment funds. ECMA said the directive aims to mobilise capital, promote financial innovation, and protect investors while ensuring market integrity and efficiency.

Ethiopia steps up campaign to reclaim looted heritage

Ethiopia has accelerated efforts to repatriate cultural artefacts looted during the colonial era, submitting a comprehensive inventory to UNESCO to block illegal auctions and strengthen international cooperation. Recent recoveries include “Tsehay,” Ethiopia’s first home-built aircraft, as well as relics such as the mantle of Ras Desta Damtew, the Ethiopian Order of the Star, and the armour of Emperor Tewodros II. The government is also preparing new UNESCO nominations, including Al-Nejashi Mosque, Ethiopian coffee traditions, and staple crop onset, highlighting cultural sustainability as a core national development pillar.

According to IMF data, literacy among Burkinabè aged 15 and over rose from 28.3 percent in 2007 to 37.7 percent in 2015. But the country still lags far behind global averages, and educators worry that phones, television and video games are pulling children away from books.

“Nowadays, children prefer cellphones, games, TV, and cartoons to reading,” said Edwige Ouattara, a documentary filmmaker at the Burkina Museum who helps run the project. “Through the Bibliobus, we are promoting reading to young children, encouraging them to love reading,” she told Viory.

The bus carries books to schools, where children can borrow titles and join guided reading sessions. Each day, about 20 children take part, and since its launch, more than 100 young readers have visited.

Inside, shelves are stocked with comics, African storybooks, and international classics such as Alice in Wonderland. Volunteers and teachers help the children explore the books.

“I came to read books in the Bibliobus and I read the book ‘Akissi.’ The book was really interesting, like all the books in the Bibliobus,” said elementary school student Davina Zongo.

The project still faces shortages. “We don’t have enough books for our little ones, and we are counting on the goodwill of others to help us acquire more,” Ouattara said.

She hopes that with donations and volunteer support, the Bibliobus can expand its reach and provide more opportunities for children to develop literacy skills.

“One such scholar is the renowned philosopher and social theorist Joseph-Achille Mbembe… he's been in South Africa for over 20 years, and even at that level, he still struggles with visa issues. Something as archaic as visa issues,” she told host Ismail Akwei.

“There is one particular scholar, she is at UCT [University of Cape Town]. She said the discrimination is so subtle that you even start to question your own sanity and asking what is exactly happening? But she said that what she has learned over time is not to ruffle any feathers but to take on an extra working load. So when everybody else is going home, it's the weekend, they're relaxing, you'll find the foreign academics, they're working overtime. They are teaching extra classes. They are working out of their minds to publish more to contribute so that they don't feel like a burden. 

“It's almost like being a child that has been adopted into a family but never accepted, and so you're made to feel that you need to work for the grace of being in this household. You need to prove that you are thankful,” she added.

Dr Simba said the research team had to hire a psychologist as support for the project because of the emotions that came from just talking about these issues. 

Watch the attached video for the full interview with Dr Precious Simba.

But her work goes far beyond the classroom. Through her personal project, Femafricmaths, Tabiri is amplifying the voices and stories of African women in mathematics, a project she began during her PhD studies in Glasgow, UK. “I couldn’t find mentors who looked like me,” she recalls. “I wanted to change this narrative.”

"The goal is to bridge the gap, the gender gap in math, and also to inspire more girls to pursue mathematics-related fields. In my private life, I manage Femafricmaths, an initiative I started when I was studying for a PhD in Glasgow in the UK. I looked around me and I couldn't find mentors who looked like me, or I couldn't hear their stories either online or in person, and I wanted to change this narrative," she told Global South World in an interview.

Her teaching style blends cultural familiarity with academic rigour. She uses examples rooted in everyday Ghanaian life, such as explaining the geometry behind a 'koko' (porridge) seller’s pan, and often teaches in local languages. “If you explain in a language the child dreams in, they get it,” she says.

What began as storytelling on social media has evolved into community outreach and online maths clubs for primary school children. For Tabiri, the subject is about more than solving for ‘x.’ “Maths isn’t only about finding answers,” she says. “It’s about finding purpose.”

In Africa, the youth unemployment rate can reach as high as 53%, even hitting 52.3% in South Africa, while North Africa averages around 30.6%—a stark reminder of the systemic barriers confronting young job seekers.

In response, a digital revolution is underway. Armed with smartphones, internet access, and creativity, Africa’s youth are transforming social media platforms into career launchpads. The global creator economy has exploded, valued at approximately $190 billion in 2024 and expected to hit $224 billion in 2025. Projections suggest the sector could balloon to $528 billion by 2030.

In Africa, this trend is similarly powerful. The continent's creator economy is valued at over $5 billion, with creators leveraging cultural relevance and online influence to start businesses, launch products, and raise capital.

In this context, content creation is more than a hobby; it’s becoming a legitimate career path . Over 207 million creators now operate worldwide, with many earning a full-time income. However, monetisation remains challenging; only 4% make over $100,000 annually, and nearly 60% struggle financially. Burnout and maintaining consistent content output are also growing concerns.

On the contrary, Diet Coke and plain Evian water contain zero sugar.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that both adults and children keep free sugar intake below 10% of total daily energy, and ideally under 5% for added health benefits.

For an average adult, that’s no more than 50g (about 12 teaspoons or 14 sugar cubes) per day, ideally closer to 25g (6 cubes).

The infographic shows that just one drink can meet or exceed this limit. A McDonald’s milkshake alone (56g) surpasses even the WHO’s “better‑health” threshold. Many common beverages deliver a day's worth of free sugar in one sitting.

Health risks linked to excess sugar

Studies show that consuming more free sugars correlates with increased risk of overweight, obesity, and dental caries (tooth decay). Keeping intake below 10% of energy is a strong recommendation.

Reducing further to under 5%, though supported by less strong evidence, is conditionally recommended for even greater benefit

To counter this hidden sugar epidemic, Healthy Schools Cambridgeshire and Peterborough delivers educational programmes in schools.

Through initiatives like Healthy You, Food Smart, and Healthy You , Healthy Me, the organisation provides lesson packs, interactive workshops, parent engagement, and teacher training, all aimed at improving nutrition literacy and helping young people make informed beverage choices.

In the early post‑war era, the planet was remarkably young. According to the chart, the global median age fell from 22.2 years in 1950 to a low of 20.3 years in 1970 before beginning a long ascent.

By 1990, it had climbed back to 22.9 years, reflecting gains in child survival and longer life expectancy. The pace of ageing then accelerated: the median age was about 24 years in 1995, 25.1 years in 2000 and 27.2 years by 2010.

Figures for the mid‑2020s illustrate how far the demographic transition has progressed. The chart projects a world median age of 29.6 years in 2020 and 30.9 years in 2025.

This trend is corroborated by data from Worldometer’s World Demographics page, which states that the median age of the global population in 2025 is 30.9 years . The same source shows a clear upward trajectory in a chart stretching back to the 1950ssrv1.worldometers.info.

According to demographers, the sharp fall in the world fertility rate is a major reason why it is ageing. The world’s total fertility rate has fallen from around five children per woman in 1950 to about 2.2 children per woman in 2024, close to the replacement level. Smaller family sizes slow population growth and raise the median age.

Other reasons could include advances in medicine, sanitation and nutrition. This means people live longer. More older adults relative to children increases the median age. Additionally, as more people move to cities and women spend longer in school, family formation is delayed and fertility falls further.

While the global population is getting older, the pattern is uneven. Regions such as Europe and East Asia already have median ages above 40. Countries like Japan and Italy, for example, have high shares of elderly citizens and face shrinking workforces.

At the other end of the spectrum, sub‑Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia remain relatively young, with median ages in the late teens or early twenties.

These contrasts mean the world must adapt in different ways. Developed economies worry about paying for pensions and healthcare as the working‑age population shrinks, while younger nations must create enough jobs and infrastructure to support rapidly growing youth populations.

Implications for the future

The demographic shift toward an older world has far‑reaching consequences:

There is a trend of misfortunes, including economic meltdowns, flash floods, bombardments and gun violence around the world lately, and these environments are very harsh on children.

UNICEF's Innocenti Report Card 19 also adds that increased urbanisation is a major factor in children's well-being, as this phase changes the nature of childhood for them in both urban and rural areas.

However, the same report highlights that there are 10 countries in the world where, despite all these changes and uncertainties, children are the happiest.

Assessing 41 EU and OECD countries on mental health, physical health and educational skills, the 2025 report finds that the Netherlands continues to be the most child‑friendly country, while several Mediterranean states climb the rankings.

Top 5 countries with the happiest kids in 2025

Netherlands

Children in the Netherlands enjoy high life satisfaction ; the government stresses family time, open communication and minimal academic pressure. The country also has high levels of physical activity and low obesity rates. 11th on the skills rank, academic skills remain robust despite a pandemic‑induced decline in the Netherlands.

Denmark

Danish policy promotes a balance between mental and physical well-being, supported by a robust healthcare system that helps maintain low obesity rates. Additionally, the education system emphasises resilience and equips children with essential life skills.

France

Children in France benefit from a strong emphasis on social and emotional learning , combined with excellent access to nutritious food and quality healthcare. The education system also fosters cultural awareness and civic responsibility, contributing to overall happiness and well-being.

Portugal

Children in Portugal enjoy a positive social environment with low levels of loneliness. While physical health outcomes are moderate, strong mental well-being often outweighs skill-based performance gaps.

Ireland

In Ireland, children excel academically , topping the skills league table due to high literacy and numeracy levels. Despite strong healthcare outcomes, many report lower life satisfaction, highlighting a gap between achievement and overall well-being.

Would you consider relocating your family to any of these countries mentioned above?

What they said

EFF MP Mandla Shikwambana said , “There is no language that is superior to another here. They’re all equal.” Touching on the subject of racial profiling of pupils within some schools in the province, Mandla said , “We do not tolerate racism in our schools and department. I want to be very clear about that. I would encourage, if any parent or MP has any evidence of a case, to please ensure that you lodge a complaint.”

In one such camp, a group of young Sudanese volunteers has stepped in to ensure children don’t lose access to education. “The initiative, honestly, was launched through the efforts of young people. There is no supporting entity, no organisations or bodies backing it,” said Jamal Ahmed, a volunteer. “The youth collect contributions, identify what’s lacking, and provide it to the school. We submitted aid requests to several organisations and initiatives, but the response was that this camp is just a temporary stop and there’s no mandate to support education. That’s why we rely entirely on our own efforts, especially the children’s parents, who are the main pillar of this initiative,” he told Viory.

Despite these challenges, the initiative has managed to provide classes for children from kindergarten to sixth grade. A teacher at the camp explained the hurdles they still face, “Through the initiative, we’ve been able to provide education for children from kindergarten up to sixth grade. But we still lack so much, some children study out in the open with no mats, no school supplies, and no toys. We're grateful to anyone who offers support, and all thanks go to our brothers and sisters in the 'Our Hands for the Country' initiative,” he said.

Around 13 million people have been displaced, including 3.8 million who have fled to neighboring countries.

"In accordance with national and international commitments to inclusive education and gender equality, it is imperative to ensure that all girls, including those who are pregnant, have access to and remain within the education system,” the ministry’s circular explicitly states.

It stresses that early pregnancies should not serve as a valid reason for exclusion, noting such actions would worsen societal inequalities.

The circular also outlines that no administrative, academic requirement, or punishment should be imposed due to a student’s pregnancy. This directive comes as a response to alarming dropout rates among schoolgirls caused by pregnancy, with a 2023 UNICEF report indicating that approximately 30% of girls in certain provinces left school early, often due to unforeseen pregnancies.

Effective immediately, the policy applies to both public and private schools throughout the country, urging educational authorities to ensure that it is disseminated widely. This action aligns with international standards and is part of ongoing advocacy aimed at supporting adolescent mothers in their educational pursuits, countering pressure from stigma.

The Ministry has also made it clear that unless a pregnant student chooses to leave school of her own accord, there is no acceptable reason for her exclusion. The directive has been shared with senior education officials and school inspectors across the nation to ensure compliance and the protection of these students' rights.

One of the biggest changes comes through the new Teachers’ Law, which recognises educators across public and private schools as professionals and places their salaries at the top of the public-sector pay scale.

For the first time, teachers in private schools will be treated equally with public school teachers in terms of rights and status.

The law also gives teachers more room to take part in scientific research and innovation, and promises housing, health and hardship allowances.

The revised Law on Employment expands job support to all workers aged 15 and above, including those without formal contracts.

It also covers people who are currently unemployed and includes updated rules on job training, labour registration and unemployment insurance.

Tax reforms are also on the way.

A new Law on Special Consumption Tax adds sugary soft drinks and larger air conditioners to the list of taxable goods, while updating rules on exemptions for exports and transport-related items.

The revised Corporate Income Tax law changes the rules for what qualifies as taxable income and offers incentives for innovation and green development.

The new Law on Chemicals introduces stricter safety controls and promotes the sustainable growth of Vietnam’s chemical industry.

It simplifies paperwork for businesses and aims to prevent harm to the public and the environment .

Other reforms include stricter rules on online advertising, better oversight of state-owned companies, new support for energy efficiency, and a restructured State Budget Law that gives more financial independence to local governments.

The body of 19-year-old Sneha Debnath from Tripura was discovered in the Yamuna River near Geeta Colony after she had been missing for six days . As reported by police, she had left a suicide note and was last seen on Signature Bridge. Technical surveillance led to the tracing of her movements, and local eyewitnesses reported her presence on the bridge shortly before her disappearance. A search operation involved the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and raised concerns about non-functional CCTV cameras in the area.

Fuel switch system declared safe by FAA and Boeing

After the fatal Air India Boeing 787-8 crash, both the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Boeing have stated that the fuel switch locking systems on their aircraft are safe , as reported by Reuters. Despite an AAIB investigation questioning the reliability of the switches, the FAA issued a notification concluding that no regulatory action is necessary, citing no unsafe condition. ALPA India has requested observer status in the ongoing crash investigation, amidst claims that pilot error is not to blame.

Indian national arrested for cocaine at Kathmandu airport

Nepalese police arrested Abdus Samad Jamal Mansuri, a 49-year-old Indian national from Mumbai, after recovering approximately 3.4 kg of cocaine at Tribhuvan International Airport. Mansuri had arrived in Kathmandu from Azerbaijan on a Qatar Airways flight. The police confirmed his arrest occurred in the airport's arrival parking area, and an investigation is currently underway.

Punjab congress raises alarm over law and order crisis

Following the daylight murder of businessman Sanjay Verma, Congress leaders in Punjab have accused the state government of allowing drug cartels and extortionists to operate with impunity. Leader of Opposition Partap Singh Bajwa criticized Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann's inaction, demanding accountability and immediate government reform to protect business interests. Amid escalating fears among the entrepreneurial community, calls for a high court-monitored investigation into Verma's murder and public discussion about law enforcement efforts have intensified.