Students, social movements and Lula supporters gathered in central São Paulo on Sunday to celebrate his election victory over Senator Flávio Bolsonaro and demand continued action to protect democracy.

The demonstration, organised by the National Union of Students (UNE), was held under the theme " Brazil with S: from the streets to the ballot box".

Protesters carried placards supporting indigenous communities, while student leaders criticised Bolsonaro's response to his electoral defeat.

UNE president Bianca Borges accused the senator of attempting to undermine the election result by declaring himself president.

"Today we have taken to the streets to denounce the coup attempt by the far right, expressed in the letter in which Flavio Bolsonaro proclaimed himself president of Brazil," Borges said.

She also claimed that the US Government had not supported Bolsonaro's position.

"The fact is that Flavio Bolsonaro disappeared from Brazil because he was not contesting an election, but a 'habeas corpus', and he knew that, as soon as his privileged immunity ended, he could be detained and tried for his crimes," Borges added about the charges against Bolsonaro, who is currently in the US.

Beyond the election, demonstrators raised concerns about reported violence against indigenous communities and called for greater protection of indigenous rights.

One protester, identified as Ana, said Lula's victory did not mean citizens should stop demanding political and social change.

"We have seen the power of protest and the unity of the people. And now that the elections are over, our struggle is not over," she said.

Ana also expressed concern about the "predominance of the right" in government positions, arguing that public participation remained necessary to influence Brazil's political direction.

"There are many reasons to demonstrate here in Brazil. There is no lack of reasons. Mainly because we have faced, and continue to face daily, a struggle for democracy," she noted.

Another demonstrator, Jose, said the mobilisation was intended to show that public protests could influence political developments beyond Brazil.

"That is precisely what we want to take to Latin America: the power of the streets, without conservatism, and to show that the street also has its own voice," he said.

The São Paulo demonstration was part of a wider series of events organised by UNE across Brazilian cities to maintain student and social movement participation in public debate.

“I looked at his face and said, ‘Dad, the persecution has begun,’” Bolsonaro said, claiming Brazil was operating under a “state of exception”.

The defeated candidate also accused electoral authorities of allowing irregularities during the presidential run-off, alleging that his opponents had violated electoral rules.

Bolsonaro said he received a court order requiring him to surrender his passports and prohibiting him from leaving Brazil.

Despite the order, he departed Brazil on Tuesday and arrived in Miami on Wednesday after travelling through Argentina and Ecuador.

The senator is under investigation for alleged money laundering and corruption but has not been charged. He denies wrongdoing and maintains that the proceedings are politically motivated.

Bolsonaro lost the presidential run-off to incumbent President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva by more than 4.4 million votes but has refused to concede defeat, alleging electoral irregularities.

His complaints include extended voting hours at some polling stations following transport disruptions and severe weather.

“I didn't endorse in Brazil. I thought I'd stay out of that one,” Trump said. “The end result, you know, it's fine, the end result. But the way they got to the end was terrible.”

Trump also expressed support for defeated presidential candidate Flávio Bolsonaro and his family, describing them as “fine people” and saying he would approve their entry into the United States .

Washington has already confirmed plans to grant US visas to Bolsonaro and his family, amid growing uncertainty over the senator's whereabouts.

Brazilian electoral authorities declared Lula the winner with 51.79% of valid votes, compared with Bolsonaro's 48.21%, a margin exceeding 4.4 million votes.

Bolsonaro has refused to concede defeat, alleging electoral fraud. He also faces investigations into alleged corruption , money laundering and tax evasion, accusations he denies.

Speaking during celebrations marking his 81st birthday at Alvorada, Lula questioned why Bolsonaro had travelled abroad while facing judicial investigations.

"This act of leaving Brazil is, quite simply, shameful. I handed in my passport when I was asked to. He [Flavio Bolsonaro] should have handed in his, since the Federal Police suspected he was going to leave Brazil and, moreover, there is an open investigation against him," the president charged.

The remarks came two days after Lula secured re-election against the Liberal Party candidate.

Images released on Lula's YouTube channel on Tuesday showed him celebrating with his wife, Janja Lula da Silva, Vice President Geraldo Alckmin and dozens of supporters.

Lula also criticised Bolsonaro's relationship with the United States, whose government had backed his rival during the presidential campaign.

"Unfortunately, the Bolsonaro family is like that. Brazil is their second homeland; their true homeland is to be a bootlicker of the US, as they are wont to do," he asserted.

Drawing comparisons with his own political career, Lula recalled remaining in Brazil despite losing previous presidential elections.

He cited his defeat to Fernando Collor in 1989 and two subsequent losses to Fernando Henrique Cardoso.

"Here I am, being re-elected for a new term thanks to you. That is why I want to tell you: he who owes nothing, fears nothing. He who owes nothing, fears nothing. If a citizen leaves his country in secret, it is because he owes something," he maintained.

Bolsonaro's departure came after his election defeat and amid legal proceedings involving allegations that include money laundering.

Supreme Federal Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes had ordered Bolsonaro to surrender his passports and imposed restrictions on his ability to leave Brazil.

During the birthday gathering, Lula also thanked Brazilians for supporting his re-election, while accusing digital platforms, the US government and parts of the financial sector of opposing his continued presidency.

"I feel a deep gratitude towards the Brazilian people, for the lesson that this people gave to the powerful who did not want us to continue governing this country," he said.

The president also joked about his age and how long he intended to live.

"I want to tell you to prepare physically, because I am going to live to 120!" he added.

"We will turn to our legal team. We will seek the annulment of these elections," Bolsonaro declared.

His objections followed a ruling by Justice Cristiano Zanin extending voting until 19:00 local time after Lula's campaign reported difficulties transporting voters in several cities.

The Superior Electoral Court (TSE) clarified that the extension applied only to polling stations still open at 17:00, while those that had already closed were not reopened.

Bolsonaro argued that the decision created unequal voting conditions between states and said his legal team would challenge the result.

He also alleged that representatives of his party were removed from a security room during the electoral process and demanded explanations.

"There are many things that must be clarified before Brazil simply acknowledges this ploy that has just happened in these elections," he asserted.

According to results released by electoral authorities, Lula secured 51.79% of valid votes against Bolsonaro's 48.21%, giving him a fourth, non-consecutive presidential term.

Bolsonaro maintained that he would continue challenging the outcome and urged his supporters to remain committed to Brazil.

Voters were seen arriving at the embassy, undergoing registration checks and casting their ballots electronically, while others gathered outside after voting.

Erasto Santos Cruz, who has lived in China for nine years, expressed concern that a Bolsonaro victory could weaken relations between Beijing and Brasília. “If Lula wins, it's a guarantee that China's relationship with Brazil will keep getting better and better, because Lula is an old friend of China,” he told Viory.

Hernandes Miguel, who travelled from Wuhan to vote, warned that a change in leadership could threaten progress in public education and social programmes introduced under previous administrations.

Another voter, Wagner Lacerda Dantas, described the election as crucial for Brazil's environmental policies , particularly the protection of the Amazon rainforest, and its international partnerships.

Meanwhile, Lara Vidal said she believed Lula's re-election would help Brazil resist political pressure from Washington and strengthen Latin America's independence.

The run-off follows a narrow first-round vote on October 4, when Bolsonaro secured approximately 47% against Lula's 45%.

The broadcaster’s rules required both candidates to discuss challenges facing different regions of Brazil, alongside infrastructure, healthcare, education and public security. However, many of their proposals remained broad and lacked detail.

Economy takes centre stage

Bolsonaro, the Liberal Party candidate, focused on the rising cost of living and financial pressures facing Brazilian households, seeking to link those difficulties to Lula’s economic management.

Lula, of the Workers’ Party, emphasised protecting the purchasing power of workers and pensioners. He suggested that a Bolsonaro administration could end policies providing increases in the minimum wage above inflation and adjustments to pension benefits.

Bolsonaro has denied intending to introduce those changes. The disagreement remained a prominent feature of the debate, reflecting the importance of household income and social benefits in the campaign.

Personal insult prompts apology

Bolsonaro adopted a less confrontational approach than in the Band debate, reducing the mockery that had characterised some of his earlier exchanges with Lula.

However, tensions escalated when he referred disparagingly to Lula having nine fingers. The president was granted a right of reply and demanded an apology, which Bolsonaro gave during the broadcast.

Another confrontation concerned Ana Clara Gomes Machado, a five-year-old girl killed by a rifle shot during a police operation in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, in 2021.

Her mother, Cristiane Gomes da Silva, attended the debate at the invitation of Lula’s campaign and sat in the front row.

Lula challenged Bolsonaro over his work as a lawyer representing military police officer Bruno Dias Delaroli, whom prosecutors accuse of firing the fatal shot. Bolsonaro joined the officer’s defence in 2024 and signed an appeal against the decision to send him for trial before a jury.

Bolsonaro expressed sympathy for the girl’s mother but said he believed the officer was innocent. He argued that the death occurred during an exchange of gunfire in an area affected by drug trafficking and said he wanted to help establish who fired the shot.

Delaroli denies the allegation and has not been tried. His trial is scheduled for May 2027. Bolsonaro’s legal representation of the officer does not itself establish responsibility for the alleged crime .

Lula campaign intensifies digital push

Alongside the exchanges on television, Lula’s campaign stepped up its social media activity, producing at least 21 pieces of content for distribution across social platforms and messaging groups during the debate.

A review by GSW Brasil of Lula’s official WhatsApp channel, which has more than three million followers, found that one post about Ana Clara’s death received more than 60,000 shares and 12,000 likes.

Federal lawmaker André Janones took over coordination of the channel during the broadcast. He previously played a significant role in the digital communication strategy behind Lula’s 2022 campaign.

The activity demonstrated the Workers’ Party’s increased emphasis on rapidly circulating debate clips and emotionally resonant issues in the closing stages of the contest.

Although the candidates did not provide detailed answers to every policy question, the Globo format allowed a broader comparison of their priorities before voters return to the polls on October 25.

The demonstration took place on Tuesday in Campo Grande, in Rio's west zone, as the Liberal Party (PL) senator prepared to face incumbent President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in the second round.

Participants marched through the streets carrying placards, including signs reading "Fuera Lula", as they expressed support for Bolsonaro's candidacy.

The mobilisation comes amid a dispute over the treatment of political content on Meta's platforms, including Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp.

Meta has acknowledged technical problems affecting Lula's campaign but denied favouring either presidential candidate.

On Tuesday, Meta announced that it had complied with a Brazilian electoral court directive requiring equal treatment of both presidential candidates on its platforms.

The company said it had "completed the implementation of measures to comply with the directive from the electoral court", adding that the restrictions "do not affect organic posts."

The decision followed complaints from Lula's supporters, who alleged that their political content had been removed or its reach restricted.

Around a dozen watchdog organisations and research groups also reported what they described as “indications” that Meta may have favoured Bolsonaro's campaign.

However, Meta dismissed Lula's allegations as “false and unfounded”, attributing the problems to “technical incidents” affecting campaigns from “different parts of the political spectrum”.

Despite these concerns, Carlos Enrique, one of the Bolsonaro supporters attending the demonstration, argued that right-wing political groups have a stronger presence on social media .

He also accused the political left of spreading false information online.

"In reality, they do not dominate social media . Social media is more on the right. The left only knows how to use it to spread fake news. They have no reach; they get no views on social media. It is really the right that dominates social media," he said.

Another demonstrator, identified as Flavio, criticised what he described as attempts to interfere with Bolsonaro's campaign.

He called on Lula to respect the democratic process and accept the election results.

"I think he should not interfere with democracy , since he talks so much about democracy. Why does he have to be getting in the way, right? He has to let things take their course and respect his defeat. This Sunday it is 22 [Liberal Party electoral number] and that will not face any interference. It is no use, he will try to stop it and he will not manage... It is Bolsonaro!" he said.

Meanwhile, Lula has made the defence of Brazil's national sovereignty a central part of his campaign, repeatedly questioning the Bolsonaro camp's ties with Washington.

He also urged supporters to intensify their political activities both online and on the streets ahead of the vote.

"Get ready, because this is a war. And Lula's army cannot leave the streets, cannot leave the digital networks. The day-to-day struggle is important. We are already bigger than the Chinese army, than the American army, than the Russian army. We are the army of dignity, the army of decency, the army of democracy," he stated.

The comments reflect the political divisions surrounding the final days of the presidential campaign, with supporters of both candidates debating the role of digital platforms in shaping voter opinion.

Bolsonaro entered the runoff after securing 47.03 per cent of valid votes in the October 4 first round, according to Brazil's Superior Electoral Court (TSE).

Lula finished with 45.16 per cent.

Neither candidate secured the majority required for an outright victory, setting up a second-round contest on October 25.

Luka Franca, an electoral lawyer and co-director of the Feminist Institute Kuira, said women’s demands must be part of the presidential debate, noting that women represent more than half the electorate. President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Senator Flávio Bolsonaro are competing in the run-off, in which women’s votes could play a significant role.

That was the message from Brazilian presidential candidate Flavio Bolsonaro as he addressed supporters on Paulista Avenue in Sao Paulo on Sunday, criticising President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and the country's Supreme Federal Court ahead of the October 25 run-off.

The senator led a mobilisation called the 'Victory Bloc', organised in response to the 'Mass March for Democracy' held days earlier by supporters of Lula.

Bolsonaro travelled through the gathering aboard an open-top lorry, surrounded by supporters waving Brazilian flags and carrying placards backing his presidential campaign.

During his speech, he accused the Supreme Federal Court of interfering in politics and questioned Lula's relationship with Justice Alexandre de Moraes.

"Today, Brazil has no president. We have someone who had to share his power with Alexandre de Moraes, to whom the current president owes his mandate. A Supreme Court that has persecuted political opponents has created a great deal of legal uncertainty in our country," the candidate said.

Bolsonaro also encouraged supporters to watch the presidential debate scheduled for Sunday evening, saying he intended to make allegations against Lula.

"I want you to follow me, because today I want to see you all in front of the television watching the debate. There I will have the opportunity to set out the crimes that he (Lula da Silva) committed against our nation. Brazil is without a president, but only for a short time, because Flavio Bolsonaro is coming and Brazil will win," Bolsonaro emphasised.

The gathering was promoted through the candidate's social media platforms as part of efforts to mobilise supporters during the final days of campaigning.

Several participants also expressed concerns about the country's judicial system.

Junho, one of the demonstrators, accused the Supreme Court of undermining constitutional protections and democratic rights.

"I want to make it very clear that we have a Constitution that must be respected. Unfortunately, this Supreme Court has already trampled on it in every possible way. We no longer have a justice system that guarantees the democratic rights of every Brazilian," the supporter said.

Another participant, Vinicius, questioned the first-round election result and urged voters to support Bolsonaro in the second round.

"They should have lost in the first round. The ballot boxes stopped, God knows for what reason, and the opponent reached enough votes to force a second round. That is why it is important that next Sunday we vote for Flavio Bolsonaro, on the 25th, for the future of Brazil," he added.

The senator's rally followed a large demonstration organised by Lula's supporters, students and social movements.

Participants in that earlier march expressed support for democracy and the continuation of the Workers' Party (PT) government.

The rival mobilisations come as Lula and Bolsonaro prepare to face each other in the second round of Brazil's presidential election on October 25.

Bolsonaro, the son of former President Jair Bolsonaro, has established strong support among evangelical voters, while Lula is working to attract members of a community traditionally associated with the conservative right.

At a religious gathering at the Gilberto Cardoso Gymnasium, known as Maracanazinho, in Rio de Janeiro, several worshippers explained why they support Bolsonaro.

Maria Luisa, an evangelical Christian, said the senator's emphasis on family values influenced her political preference.

"He sets good examples for people . Many are like that, but he attaches great importance to the family. That is why we support Bolsonaro, because the family supports the family and always wants to see it doing well," she said.

Another worshipper, Marisa, expressed hope that Bolsonaro would bring change to the country if elected.

"Flavio, may you be able to do the best for our country, with God before you. Brazil needs change, it needs renewal, and we are counting on your help," she said.

Joao Sebastiao also connected the candidate's political future to his religious beliefs.

"He is not yet the president of the country, but we believe that God is in control of this situation. And if he gets to where he has to get to, it will be because God put him in that place to govern and administer. We believe he will be a great administrator for this country. That is what we need today to have a better Brazil," he maintained.

However, the political importance of evangelical voters extends beyond religious beliefs.

Guilherme Galvao, an analyst at the Fundacao Getulio Vargas (FGV), explained that Jair Bolsonaro had attracted support from different groups through his positions on public order, conservative values and economic policies .

"On the basis of his discourse in defence of order, his values agenda and his own economic agenda, Jair Bolsonaro ended up winning over very diverse sectors and managed to turn evangelicals into his main social base. Today, any candidate for the presidency of the Republic or for any other major executive post who wants to win an election needs, in some way, to establish a dialogue with the evangelical sector," Galvao explained.

The analyst also highlighted differences in political preferences between Catholic and evangelical communities, while stressing that neither group votes as a single bloc.

"Catholics tend to prefer the Workers' Party (PT) and Lula, because the president maintains a more moderate discourse on these issues. There is a certain distance between him and evangelical grassroots, although it is not absolute. On the other hand, Bolsonarism has managed to capitalise on much of that discourse. Evangelicals, because of their decentralised form of organisation, have greater scope to develop political activism," the specialist added.

Both presidential campaigns have increased their engagement with religious groups ahead of the second round.

On October 10, Flavio Bolsonaro attended the centenary celebration of the Assembly of God of the Madureira Ministry at Maracanazinho, where he interacted with worshippers and delivered messages centred on faith.

Two days later, he participated in activities associated with the Catholic feast of Our Lady of Aparecida.

Lula has also intensified his engagement with evangelical communities. On October 14, he released a letter addressed to evangelical voters as part of his efforts to strengthen support within the religious sector.

Speaking at the Hispanic Heritage Month Gala in Washington on Wednesday, Milei expressed confidence in Bolsonaro's chances against Lula and accused the Brazilian leader of being a communist dictator.

'And now my dear friend Flavio Bolsonaro, with the forces of heaven on his side, I am sure that within a few days he will prevail over the communist dictator Lula da Silva,' he said.

The event, organised by Latino Wall Street, honoured Milei with an award recognising his leadership. Eduardo Bolsonaro, the brother of the Brazilian presidential candidate, was also in attendance.

Milei used the occasion to express support for the Bolsonaro family, including former President Jair Bolsonaro, who is serving a 27-year prison sentence for attempting a coup against Lula following his defeat in the 2022 elections .

'I would like to take this opportunity to greet Eduardo, Flavio's brother, here with us, and to send a message of affection and support to both Flavio and to their father, my friend President Jair Bolsonaro, who remains unjustly and vindictively imprisoned. Greetings, dear Jair,' he said.

The Argentine leader also called for closer cooperation between Latin American governments and US President Donald Trump to counter left-wing political movements across the region.

'It is the duty of all Latin American presidents to form, together with President Trump , a true shield against socialism. We cannot cede a millimetre in our reconquest of the hemisphere,' Milei said.

He also linked Lula politically to the late Cuban leader Fidel Castro and, in an unscripted remark towards the end of his speech, said the Brazilian president should be removed from office.

Milei's comments come as Brazil prepares for a closely contested presidential run-off between Lula and Flavio Bolsonaro, the eldest son of Jair Bolsonaro.

In the first round on October 4, Flavio secured 47 percent of valid votes, compared with Lula's 45 percent.

The Washington appearance marked Milei's twentieth visit to the United States since taking office in December 2023.

The Liberal Party (PL) candidate visited his father, who is under house arrest, at his residence in Brasília's Federal District on Tuesday, just days before the October 25 presidential run-off against President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva.

Speaking outside the housing estate, Flavio said his father was pleased with the first-round election results, which placed him ahead of Lula.

"I am leaving here very happy. He was very pleased with the result of these elections and that we came out ahead in the first round. He was very happy to have been heard by the majority of the Brazilian people, who gave a strong Senate for the legislature starting in 2027. They gave an even stronger Chamber, also further to the right," he said.

Flavio also revealed that his father had offered advice about the campaign but declined to disclose the details.

"He is satisfied with the work that is being done. He is hopeful that Brazil is going to change. Obviously he gives us some advice here and there. I am just not going to make it public because it could really be interpreted in bad faith and end up being used against him," he added.

The visit followed a decision by Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes on Monday to lift a restriction that had been in place for approximately 90 days.

The restriction was imposed after Flavio read a letter from his father on social media, violating precautionary measures.

With approval from the Public Prosecutor's Office, Moraes authorised the visits on the condition that they would not serve 'political-electoral' purposes.

The judge is also the rapporteur in the coup-plotting trial that led to Jair Bolsonaro's imprisonment.

Turning to the presidential race, Flavio accused Lula's Workers' Party (PT) of spreading false information and claimed that lying was the "main pillar" of the president's campaign.

He rejected suggestions that his campaign was already celebrating victory.

"There is no 'we have already won' mood in our campaign. Everyone is out on the streets," he said.

Flavio announced plans to campaign across Brazil's south, north-east, north and south-east regions before the second round.

"We ask everyone to really take to the streets, take your children , take your family, take your Brazilian flag. Dress in your Bolsonaro T-shirt with great pride, because it will not be long before we take Brazil out of captivity," he added.

According to the reported October 4 first-round results, Flavio secured 47.03 per cent of valid votes, while Lula received 45.16 per cent.

Both candidates will contest the presidential run-off on October 25.

That was the message from Ingrid, one of several supporters of Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva who gathered in Rio de Janeiro on Monday to back his re-election ahead of the October 25 presidential run-off.

The mobilisation took place in the city's historic Lapa neighbourhood, where demonstrators assembled near the Arcos de Lapa alongside artists, samba musicians, carnival school members and representatives of social movements.

The gathering was part of efforts by left-wing groups to strengthen support for Lula as he prepares to face Senator Flavio Bolsonaro of the Liberal Party (PL) in the second round.

For some participants, the election has raised concerns about political rights and the possibility of the Bolsonaro family returning to power.

Lucas, one of the protesters, criticised the former president's political family and expressed fears about its return to government .

"I think the Bolsonaro family represents barbarity and the worst. They have already shown the worst in the history of Brazilian politics," he said.

"I think people are afraid of this family. The fear that what we have already seen will return is going to bring many people to our side."

Other demonstrators focused on voter participation, particularly among young Brazilians.

Eloisa said the election had encouraged more young people to become politically active, particularly after some voters failed to participate in the first round.

"I think there was a wave that has already passed. Many people did not go to vote because they thought the election was already decided. I think, on the one hand, it was important to attract young people, so that they also see, research and know what is behind all this. So I think young people now have much more strength in terms of protest ," she said.

The Lapa demonstration followed another pro-Lula rally on Copacabana beach, with both events aimed at mobilising voters before the final round.

According to first-round results attributed to Brazil's Superior Electoral Court, Flavio Bolsonaro secured 47.03 per cent of valid votes on October 4, while Lula received 45.16 per cent.

The two candidates will contest the October 25 run-off to determine who leads Brazil during the 2027–2030 presidential term.

The celebrations brought attention to concerns about religious freedom after Bolsonaro promised to "decree that Brazil belongs to the Lord Jesus Christ" if elected president.

Some devotees fear the declaration could exclude other religious traditions, including devotion to Our Lady Aparecida, Brazil's patron saint.

Pilgrims filled the Walkway of Faith, which connects different parts of the religious complex. Some travelled on their knees to express gratitude, devotion and the fulfilment of religious vows.

Among those attending was Alisse Figuereido, a Catholic student who acknowledged the importance of Catholicism in Brazil but questioned the idea of defining the entire country through one religious belief .

"Catholicism in general is very important in Brazil, because for a long time it was the country's largest religion. If Flavio wins it is complicated, because he has already said explicitly in an interview that he was going to turn Brazil into a country of Jesus. He wants to exclude all the other saints and beliefs that exist in our country," she said.

Bolsonaro made the pledge in an August video posted on social media , describing it as one of his first actions if elected president.

Following criticism, his campaign clarified that the statement referred to a symbolic prayer during his inauguration and maintained that he respects all religions.

The controversy also renewed discussion about a 2007 bill introduced by former federal deputy Victorio Galli. The proposal sought to change Our Lady Aparecida's title from patron saint of Brazil to patron saint of Brazilian Catholics.

The bill was shelved in 2008, while Bolsonaro has denied any intention of changing the Virgin's title.

Wilton Fabricio, a devotee of congado, an Afro-Brazilian cultural and religious tradition, also expressed concern about possible discrimination against religions of African origin.

"Its underlying aim is to persecute religions of African origin, among them the religions where black people are. And regarding Our Lady Aparecida, they have already said they could end the holiday. This is not a game," Wilton said.

Devotion to Our Lady Aparecida began in October 1717, when three fishermen discovered a small terracotta image in the Paraíba do Sul River.

Pope Pius XI proclaimed the Virgin Brazil's patron saint in 1930, while 12 October became a national holiday in 1980.

For many pilgrims, the anniversary remains an occasion for prayer, gratitude and hope, while others see it as an opportunity to raise concerns about religious tolerance and respect for different beliefs.

Speaking to the congregation, Bolsonaro accused his political opponents of spreading lies and portrayed the country's political divisions as part of a spiritual struggle.

“Facing this spiritual war that Brazil is going through at this moment is not easy,” he said.

Bolsonaro also linked his presidential ambitions to his religious beliefs, expressing faith in what he described as God's plan for Brazil.

“I cling to what I believe is God's plan for our nation,” he told worshippers, adding that he hoped God's will would ultimately prevail.

The candidate also voiced support for his father, former President Jair Bolsonaro, who was sentenced to 27 years and three months in prison over a plot to overturn the 2022 election result.

“President Bolsonaro will be set free and Madureira will be there. Brazil will have a new president and Madureira will be there,” he declared.

The appearance forms part of Bolsonaro's efforts to consolidate evangelical support before his run-off contest against incumbent President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva on October 25.

“We are aligned to declare war, from January next year, on the narco-terrorists of Comando Vermelho, of the PCC, and on the militias,” Bolsonaro said, outlining their proposed security agenda.

The senator also urged supporters to mobilise on the streets and social media ahead of the October 25 presidential run-off, calling on them to counter what he described as misinformation about his campaign.

Beyond security, Bolsonaro proposed vocational training programmes aimed at improving economic opportunities for poorer Brazilians.

The meeting came amid uncertainty over Rio de Janeiro's governorship election . A court ruling concerning annulled votes and a revised tally could potentially allow Ruas to be declared governor-elect without a run-off against rival Eduardo Paes.

Speaking in Brasilia on Sunday, the Liberal Party (PL) candidate celebrated his first-round result before turning his attention to the October 25 runoff against Lula.

"Nearly 56 million Brazil ians gave this vote of confidence for change. The key word is change. Brazil cannot take any more," Bolsonaro said in a message released by his campaign team.

With 99 per cent of polling stations counted, Bolsonaro had 47.03 per cent of valid votes, compared with Lula's 45.16 per cent.

Neither candidate secured an absolute majority, sending the contest to a second round.

Bolsonaro used his remarks to criticise the Workers' Party (PT) and Lula's record in government .

"It is the end of the PT era," Bolsonaro asserted, blaming the current government for problems including business closures and household indebtedness.

The candidate also outlined some of the policies he plans to push during the remaining weeks of campaigning.

They include reducing the number of government ministries and ending the possibility of presidential re-election.

"He cares about power. I care about Brazil's future. I am contesting Brazil's future," Bolsonaro said, drawing a contrast between himself and Lula.

Bolsonaro and Lula will face each other in the presidential runoff on October 25.

Speaking at the Renaissance Sao Paulo Hotel on Sunday, the Workers' Party candidate admitted he had expected to secure enough votes to win outright.

"I would have liked to win the election in the first round. But it is not the first time I have thought that...the people like me to contest the second round. And I am very good at the knockouts. I do not lose, I do not." he said.

With 99 per cent of ballot boxes counted, data from the Superior Electoral Tribunal (TSE) showed Bolsonaro with 47.03 per cent of valid votes and Lula with 45.16 per cent.

Both candidates advanced to the second round scheduled for October 25.

"The result is often unexpected. We never achieve everything we wanted. I confess before you that I was convinced I would win the election in the first round," said Lula, who is seeking a fourth term as Brazil's president.

Lula described the runoff as a new phase of the contest and called on his supporters to begin campaigning again.

"The match is going to start. We are in extra time," he said.

The president said the new campaign would focus on persuading voters, including those who did not take part in the first round.

"It is the hour of the trial by fire. It is time to show the true picture of Brazil today. It is the Brazil we want. So, from tomorrow we begin a new campaign," he said.

Lula also defended proposals focused on technological and scientific development, rare earths and critical minerals, and strengthening Brazilian industry.

He highlighted education , research and technology as key parts of his platform and pledged to continue supporting universities, federal institutes, and technical and higher education.

More than 158 million Brazilians were eligible to vote. Alongside the presidential contest, voters were choosing all 513 members of the Chamber of Deputies and 27 of the Senate's 81 members.

“We have to know who these politicians are, know their proposals, because it is the future of our country,” student Pedro Henrique said. He expressed opposition to Bolsonaro, arguing that the rights of students, young people , Black Brazilians and LGBTQ people could be threatened under his presidency.

Student Vicky Rodrigues, who indicated support for Lula, raised concerns about possible US intervention in Brazil and access to the country's strategic resources. She argued that protecting Brazil's sovereignty should remain a priority regardless of the election outcome.

Voting in Brazil is compulsory for people aged 18 to 70 and optional for 16- and 17-year-olds. If no candidate wins more than half of valid votes on Sunday, a second round will be held on October 25.

The results will determine both who leads the country and how much support the next government has to address household finances, public security and pressure on public services.

Lula faces Bolsonaro’s son

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, of the Workers’ Party, is seeking a fourth presidential term overall and a second consecutive term since returning to office in 2023. Vice-President Geraldo Alckmin is again his running mate.

His main challenger, Flávio Bolsonaro of the Liberal Party, is a senator representing Rio de Janeiro and the eldest son of former president Jair Bolsonaro. He is running alongside congressman Alfredo Gaspar and seeking to return his father’s conservative movement to the presidency.

Twelve presidential candidates remain following Leonardo Avalanche’s withdrawal on September 30. Other contenders include Ronaldo Caiado, Romeu Zema, Renan Santos and Augusto Cury.

A Datafolha poll released on October 1 showed Lula with 42% of total voting intentions and Bolsonaro with 38%. Among valid voting intentions, Lula had 45% and Bolsonaro 40%. In a simulated run-off, Lula’s 48% against Bolsonaro’s 45% represented a statistical tie within the poll’s margin of error.

The survey interviewed 2,506 electors between September 29 and October 1, with a national margin of error of two percentage points. The figures leave the outcome uncertain and suggest the contest could continue to a second round.

Household finances and public spending

The candidates offer different approaches to managing the economy and financing government programmes.

Lula proposes maintaining his administration’s fiscal framework while protecting social spending and public investment. He also supports consolidating the consumption-tax reform approved during his current term.

Bolsonaro proposes cutting at least 10 ministries, reducing appointed positions and changing fiscal rules to lower public debt relative to the economy. He wants to review the tax reform to reduce the burden on production and consumption.

These proposals will influence how Brazil balances demands for jobs and better services with pressure to control spending and borrowing costs. Major changes would require support from Congress.

Security and violence against women

Public safety has been a major campaign concern, with violence against women receiving particular attention. Women account for 53% of the electorate, making their support crucial to both leading candidates.

Bolsonaro has proposed chemical castration for sex offenders and expanded assistance for victims. Lula has pledged to strengthen existing protections, including real-time monitoring of offenders wearing electronic ankle bracelets. Both support tougher penalties, which would require parliamentary approval.

The Amazon and Indigenous land rights

Brazil contains about 60% of the Amazon rainforest, giving its environmental decisions consequences beyond its borders.

Lula’s programme targets zero net deforestation by 2030. Bolsonaro promises to end illegal deforestation by 2029, while easing environmental licensing and allowing Indigenous communities greater discretion over economic activities on their land.

The distinction between the targets matters: ending illegal clearing still permits authorised forest loss. Environmental specialists warn that weaker protections could reverse recent progress against deforestation. Despite these stakes, Amazon conservation has received relatively little attention during the campaign.

Congress, the courts and accountability

The congressional elections will shape the next president’s ability to pass legislation, approve budgets and carry out campaign promises. Senators also approve senior appointments and conduct presidential impeachment trials. Those elected this year will serve eight-year terms.

Jair Bolsonaro’s conviction for attempting to overturn his 2022 election defeat remains part of the political backdrop. Flávio Bolsonaro has advocated an amnesty, with a presidential pardon as a possible alternative. Either proposal would face legal questions; a victory would not automatically secure his father’s release.

The Banco Master controversy has also kept judicial accountability in the campaign debate. On October 1, Lula defended Justice Flávio Dino’s decision to pause proceedings concerning allegations involving Justice Alexandre de Moraes and banker Daniel Vorcaro. The allegations remain distinct from established findings of wrongdoing.

How the electoral process works

Voting across Brazil will take place from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Brasília time , with corresponding local hours in other time zones. People already queuing when polling stations close may still vote.

Voting is compulsory for literate citizens aged 18 to 70. It is optional for 16- and 17-year-olds, people over 70 and people who cannot read or write. Voters must present an accepted photo ID.

Most voters casting ballots in Brazil will make six choices on an electronic voting machine, in this order: federal deputy, state or Federal District deputy, two different senators, governor and president.

Votes for president and governor automatically include their running mates. Repeating the same Senate candidate invalidates the second Senate vote. Electors registered abroad vote only for president and vice-president.

To win the presidency or a governorship in the first round, a candidate must receive more than half of valid votes. Blank and invalid ballots do not count towards that threshold. If nobody achieves it, the two leading candidates contest a run-off on 25 October.

Senators are elected in a single round, with the two highest-polling candidates in each state and the Federal District winning. Deputies are elected through proportional representation, meaning party and federation vote totals help determine how seats are allocated.

Official results will begin appearing from 5 p.m ., Brasília time, according to the TSE. Even if the presidential race continues to a run-off, Sunday’s congressional results will already have shaped the next government’s ability to act.

Music producer Daniel Roitman also supported Lula, pointing to the cultural sector and his assessment of former president Jair Bolsonaro's government. Administrator Flavia Zambom, meanwhile, backed Flavio Bolsonaro, highlighting proposals including lowering the age of criminal responsibility.

In Recife, Lula retains support among some voters who credit his governments with giving greater attention to Brazil's Northeast. Helena de Andrade Bezerra said the region's political trend remained more favourable to Lula, while Sergio Ferreira said he would vote for Bolsonaro because he believed the senator could “move Brazil forward”.

Professor Fernando Brancoli of the Federal University of Rio said Brazil's regional voting patterns reflect broader economic, social and political differences, warning that the country's electoral divide cannot be explained solely along North-South lines.

Lula made the remarks on Monday during a campaign rally at Republic Square in central Belem, where supporters of his Workers' Party (PT) gathered alongside allied political leaders.

"Please tell our opponent to withdraw his candidacy. And back us because they have no chance," the president said.

The rally came just days before Brazil's October 4 election, with Lula urging his supporters to remain mobilised ahead of the first round of voting.

Lula also used the event to address diplomatic tensions with the United States . He called for relations based on respect for Brazil's sovereignty and non-interference in its internal affairs amid differences over possible foreign intervention in the election and bilateral cooperation against organised crime.

"I do not want war with the US. I want respect. I want respect. So, comrades, be prepared and do not look beyond this," Lula added.

Supporters at the rally also explained their reasons for backing the president.

"I support President Lula for his record of commitment to education and his fight against fraud. In my humble opinion, President Lula is one of the most important people ever to have set foot in Brazil ," said Diego Aguiar, a systems analyst.

Aguiar also backed the continuation of Lula's political project, saying he believed its impact was being felt by the public.

"People trust that President Lula's project is improving their lives because they have faith; because they are living it," he added.

Before the rally, Lula visited the hospital complex of the Benemerita Sociedade Portuguesa Beneficente do Para alongside Health Minister Alexandre Padilha.

He toured the new facilities of Hospital Sao Joao de Deus, which is part of the complex and provides care to patients under Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS).

Bolsonaro also criticised President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva over the government’s move to restrict online betting, accusing him of acting for electoral reasons. Flávio said he supports banning online casinos while distinguishing them from regulated sports betting. The election is due to take place on 4 October, with recent polls showing a close race between Lula and Flávio, although results vary between surveys.

The Workers' Party candidate travelled through the city centre aboard a vehicle, greeting supporters during the campaign event in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro.

Lula was joined by Eduardo Paes, candidate for governor of Rio de Janeiro, and Senate hopefuls Benedita da Silva and Pedro Paulo, all backed by the president.

Addressing supporters, Lula returned to comments he made two days earlier at the UN General Assembly in New York and used them to target Flavio Bolsonaro.

"Just as Brazil does not belong in anyone's backyard, there is no place for militia representation inside the Planalto Palace".

Lula also accused parts of Brazil's right of placing foreign interests ahead of those of the country.

"There are many people who in the morning kiss the Brazilian flag and at night go to Copacabana to kiss the US flag. And there are people who want to hand over Brazil, who want to govern this country to hand over our riches. They are the same ones who wanted to privatise the beaches," he said.

His remarks referred to a project pushed by Flavio Bolsonaro in the Senate to transfer coastal land to private owners. The government blocked the proposal on the grounds that it would restrict public access to beaches.

Supporter Luisa Moragas said she remained confident despite Flavio Bolsonaro's advance in the polls .

"I cannot bring myself to feel afraid, not even looking at the polls. Because no matter how much Flavio Bolsonaro grows, no matter how much he is growing, we see in the streets, among the people, in the communities, people who truly see that Lula is the best for Brazil, that Bolsonaro, that Flavio Bolsonaro, that Bolsonarism was the great plague of our country".

Another supporter, Evaristo Da Veiga, defended Lula's connection with voters.

"The people are Lula. It is no use dressing him up in falseness; this Bolsonaro's face is falseness with the people. The people do not want scraps again. The people want culture and leisure. They want health and education . It is Lula again. Young people want Lula, science, culture".

Eloisa Gonzaga also expressed her support for the president.

"The greatest thrill I could be experiencing is seeing the best president we have had in all my life in politics , and I am a person who lives politics. I will tell you: the best president, the best moment, and he will be elected with faith and Lula in mind".

The campaign event came ten days before the first round, with Lula and Flavio Bolsonaro the main contenders amid an exchange of accusations between the two candidates and Bolsonaro's advance in the polls in Rio de Janeiro state.

Bolsonaro,  one of the presidential candidates formally registered for  Brazil ’s 2026 election, began the event with supporters at Marco Zero in Old Recife before walking to Cais da Alfândega  for the main rally.

Bolsonaro targets Lula and Supreme Court

During his speech, Bolsonaro focused his criticism on Lula and Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes. He claimed Lula’s ministers were protecting Moraes and linked the issue to the presidential election .

"Lula's ministers are protecting Alexandre de Moraes. Do you know why? Because they are betting on Lula's re-election so that everything ends in a cover-up in the Supreme Court. But that is not going to happen, because we are going to win these elections in the first round," Bolsonaro told his supporters.

Bolsonaro also questioned Lula's government's economic and social record and criticised the Workers’ Party (PT).

"And with the continuity of this government, if it does continue, do you think Brazil would have more or less corruption, or even more, with another four years of this government? Would you suffer more or less violence? You would suffer more. But I, together with each one of you here, together we will rescue this Brazil," he said.

Bolsonaro added that he would not allow Brazil "to sink into this sea of mud created by Lula", and he called the president "a liar, a corrupt man and incompetent".

Supporters back Bolsonaro

Supporters attending the rally also voiced their backing for Bolsonaro.

Linda, one of those at the event, said she believed voters wanted a change in leadership.

"I trust in Flavio Bolsonaro's victory because the people are tired of theft, of the PT's theft. So enough of this dishonest old guard in power," she said.

The Pernambuco visit forms part of Bolsonaro’s campaign efforts in Brazil’s north-east.

Brazil’s first-round election is officially scheduled for October 4, with a possible presidential run-off on October 25 if no candidate receives the required majority. Voters will also elect governors, senators and federal, state and district deputies.

Speaking to supporters on Avenida Paulista, Bolsonaro said he campaigns wearing protective gear and portrayed voters as his defence.

"I want to assure everyone that I campaign wearing a bulletproof vest. I put my chest on the line for the Brazilian people, because I know that, deep down, you, the Brazilian people and the Brazilian electorate, are the vest that defends our democracy today," he said.

Bolsonaro also presented his presidential bid as a protest and argued that Brazil could prosper under a different political direction.

"This is the Brazil of the future I want: a Brazil where people do not have to rely on a politician simply to put food on the table. My candidacy is a protest, it seeks to show that Brazil can be fixed, that Brazil has a future and that Brazil can prosper," he said.

Security formed a major part of his speech. Bolsonaro said Comando Vermelho and militias would be classified as terrorist organisations. He also proposed lowering the age of criminal responsibility and introducing tougher sentences for crimes.

"I will work to approve chemical castration for rapists and abusers of women. Mobile phone thieves will serve a minimum sentence of eight years in prison and will have to work to pay for their own upkeep," he announced.

The rally also featured slogans against President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and criticism of Supreme Court Minister Alexandre de Moraes amid tensions between the court and Bolsonarismo.

"We must protect the Supreme Court from Alexandre de Moraes. That rotten apple cannot be allowed to contaminate the whole Court. The Supreme Court is not Alexandre de Moraes; the Judiciary is not Alexandre de Moraes; the magistracy is not Alexandre de Moraes," Bolsonaro said.

While Bolsonaro addressed supporters in Sao Paulo, Lula led a civic-military parade in Brasilia marking 204 years of Brazil's Independence. The events came ahead of the first round of the presidential election on October 4.

The event was held near Posto 5, one of the main political strongholds of his father, former president Jair Bolsonaro, who served from 2019 to 2022.

Flavio Bolsonaro focused his campaign message on public security, fighting drug trafficking and taking a tough stance against organised crime.

He also criticised President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva over his foreign policy, arguing that the government was focusing on diplomatic tensions instead of Brazil's domestic problems.

"(Lula) fights against countries that are 10,000 kilometres away from us. But the current government does not fight traffickers, does not fight murderers, does not fight robbers. I am going to fight for you!" the legislator said.

At the event, supporter Leticia Soares backed Bolsonaro's candidacy and said she expected an economic recovery. She also highlighted the possibility of closer political ties with Argentine President Javier Milei.

"The economy is going to go from zero to 100 per cent. And with Milei, being together, we can only grow. The economy is growing all over the world ; grow together," the activist said.

Another supporter, Mauricio Vargas, said he believed a Flavio Bolsonaro government aligned with US President Donald Trump could tackle Brazil's main criminal groups.

"The right-wing government of Flavio Bolsonaro, aligned with President Trump of the United States , will be very good for the nation to put an end to the PCC (First Command of the Capital) and the Comando Vermelho," Vargas said.

Bolsonaro also defended the legacy of his father, former President Jair Bolsonaro, who is currently under house arrest and barred from political office for his attempted involvement in a coup in 2022.

He promised to confront the political system, reduce public spending and cut government posts.

Flavio Bolsonaro's campaign launch coincided with the official start of Lula's campaign, as the president held his first event in São Paulo.

"It is against the sell-out of Flavio Bolsonaro and his allies, who are simply trying to sell Brazil in exchange for a green card, for support in Donald Trump's elections ," student Luna said.

Demonstrators also criticised Tarcisio's management of education in Sao Paulo state. A survey by the APEOESP trade union association published in April recorded broad opposition within the education community to the state government's policies.

"We are on the streets in defence of our education , in defence of our country," demonstrator Pacu Haddad told Viory.

The protest comes as Brazil's political contest intensifies ahead of the 2026 presidential election, in which Bolsonaro, the son of former President Jair Bolsonaro, is among the main contenders.

"This is a simulation of my image and my voice made with artificial intelligence. I am imprisoned and silenced by an unjust and arbitrary decision, based on something I never did. But I guarantee you one thing: no prison will silence the feeling of hope that we awakened," the AI-generated message said.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also appeared in a recorded video congratulating Flavio Bolsonaro on his nomination.

"You are a great defender of Brazil . You are a great defender of the friendship between our peoples. And I know that you will lead Brazil to achieve ever greater accomplishments. Congratulations," Netanyahu said.

In his speech, Flavio Bolsonaro described the 2018 stabbing of his father, his imprisonment and the restrictions placed on him as three attempts to remove Jair Bolsonaro from political life. He accused opponents of "silencing the greatest leader of the right that this country has had" and pledged to "free Brazil" from what he called "the dirty hands of Lula and the Workers' Party."

He also said he leaves home each day wearing a bulletproof vest and accompanied by security , but that it would not stop him from running.

"With that purpose, today I assume, before God and before all of you, my Brazilian nation, the mission of being a candidate for the presidency of the Republic of Brazil of the future," he said.

Flavio Bolsonaro also called for constitutional changes, lower taxes and tougher criminal laws, including treating 14-year-olds convicted of rape as adults, longer prison terms for assaults on women and chemical castration for people convicted of raping children .

At a separate Workers' Party convention, President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said "this 80-year-old young man will win the elections again", signalling his intention to seek a fourth presidential term overall. Lula is currently serving his third, non-consecutive term.

“For the first time, I am going to include the issue of national defence in a government programme so that we can make a public commitment,” he said.

Lula stressed that Brazil has no intention of threatening other countries but said it could not afford to be unprepared.

He questioned the commitment of major powers to nuclear disarmament and pointed to military expansion by countries including Pakistan, India, China and the United States .

“It is full of madmen in the world. Right now, the president of the United States wants to keep Greenland and says that Canada is going to become a state. He wants to take the Panama Canal,” Lula said.

The president added that Brazil should recognise its size and strategic importance within Latin America .

He said he did not want war but also did not want Brazil “to be caught by surprise.”

Lula is seeking re-election in October and is expected to face right-wing Senator Flávio Bolsonaro. National security has emerged as a key issue in the campaign, with Bolsonaro focusing his proposals on tougher measures against organised crime and drug trafficking.

A series of strong earthquakes struck multiple regions across the globe within 12 hours, with the strongest a magnitude 6.5 earthquake off the coast of the southern Philippines.

The USGS recorded 11 earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or higher during the period, affecting countries across Asia, Oceania, Central America and the Caribbean. The events ranged from magnitude 4.6 to 6.5, highlighting the concentration of seismic activity along the Pacific "Ring of Fire," where tectonic plates frequently interact.

The largest event was a magnitude 6.5 earthquake that struck 34 kilometres west-southwest of Sarangani, Philippines, at a depth of 42 kilometres.

The quake occurred in a region that is among the world's most seismically active due to the interaction of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The USGS assigned the event a Green PAGER alert, indicating that widespread fatalities or major economic losses were unlikely.

The tremor came less than three weeks after a devastating magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck southern Mindanao on June 8, underscoring the region's continued seismic activity.

Japan recorded two earthquakes exceeding magnitude 5 during the same period.

A magnitude 5.8 earthquake struck near Yokoshiba at a depth of 43 kilometres, followed later by a magnitude 5.7 event near Oshino at 50.9 kilometres depth, according to the USGS.

Japan sits atop the convergence of four major tectonic plates and experiences thousands of earthquakes each year, making it one of the world's most earthquake-prone countries.

Elsewhere, the USGS recorded:

Most of these earthquakes occurred along active plate boundaries, particularly around the Pacific Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped belt that accounts for roughly 90% of the world's earthquakes and about 75% of active volcanoes, according to the USGS.

Why earthquakes cluster along the Ring of Fire

The Ring of Fire stretches around the Pacific Ocean through the Americas, East Asia and Oceania. Continuous movement of tectonic plates causes frequent earthquakes as plates collide, separate or slide past one another.

Countries such as Japan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand routinely experience significant seismic activity because they lie directly on these plate boundaries.