Simón Bolívar and the idea of continental liberation

Few figures loom as large in South American history as Simón Bolívar . Born in present-day Venezuela, Bolívar led military campaigns that were central to the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia between 1810 and 1825.

Bolívar did not fight for a single nation. He fought against the empire itself. His armies moved across borders that had not yet hardened into modern states, defeating Spanish royalist forces and ending more than three centuries of colonial rule.

According to Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Library of Congress, Bolívar envisioned a united South America capable of resisting foreign domination. That ambition ultimately failed, but his military success reshaped half the continent.

José de San Martín and the southern campaigns

While Bolívar advanced from the north, José de San Martín led liberation efforts from the south. An Argentine general trained in Europe, San Martín played a decisive role in the independence of Argentina, Chile, and Peru.

His 1817 crossing of the Andes Mountains remains one of the most remarkable military operations in modern history. After securing independence, San Martín refused political power and withdrew from public life, a decision that sharply contrasts with many revolutionary leaders of the era.

Britannica describes him as a strategist driven more by duty than ambition, committed to liberation rather than rule.

Brazil’s unusual path to independence

Brazil followed a completely different route. Instead of a revolutionary war, independence came through Dom Pedro I , the Portuguese prince residing in Brazil.

In 1822, Dom Pedro declared Brazil independent from Portugal and became its first emperor. This transition was relatively peaceful compared to the bloody wars elsewhere on the continent, largely because the Portuguese royal court had already moved to Brazil during the Napoleonic Wars.

Sources such as the Brazilian National Library and World History Encyclopedia confirm that Brazil’s independence preserved its territorial unity but delayed the development of a republican political system.

Paraguay and Uruguay

Not all independence movements were led by continent-spanning figures. Paraguay achieved independence in 1811 through local revolutionary leaders who prioritised isolation and internal control to protect sovereignty.

Uruguay, meanwhile, emerged after years of conflict involving Spanish, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Argentine forces. Its eventual independence in 1828 was the result of diplomacy as much as warfare, positioning the country as a buffer state between regional powers.

These cases show that while major figures influenced much of South America, local politics and circumstances still played a decisive role.

The country became the first Black-led republic, the first independent nation in the Caribbean, and the second independent state in the Western Hemisphere, following the United States .

The Haitian Revolution, which spanned from 1791 to 1804, involved a series of conflicts between enslaved Haitians, colonial forces, and foreign armies, including those from Britain and France . 

This revolution resulted in the abolition of slavery in Haiti and the establishment of a sovereign state.

On social media, Haitians shared images of the national flag, family photos, and messages of peace. Many also posted chants of resistance in recognition of the country’s revolutionary past and ongoing challenges.

Haiti continues to face significant political and social instability . Following the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse in 2021, the country has experienced worsening insecurity. Throughout 2023, gang-related violence escalated, with criminal groups taking control of over 80% of Port-au-Prince, the capital.

In April 2024, Prime Minister Ariel Henry stepped down from office, leading to the formation of a transitional presidential council. As law enforcement capacity weakened and incidents of vigilantism increased, the United Nations Security Council approved the deployment of a Kenya-led multinational security mission to support the Haitian police in curbing gang violence. The mission officially began on June 25, 2024, after several delays.

According to the source , Tokyo was informed of the cancellations shortly after Beijing launched retaliatory measures over Takaichi’s November 7 remarks, in which she suggested Japan could deploy military forces in the event of a conflict in the Taiwan Strait. 

“Usually, November and December are the season for youth exchanges, but now they have all been called off,” the source said.

The freeze comes as Beijing intensifies pressure on Tokyo to force Takaichi to retract her statement, which she has refused to do. 

China has advised its citizens against travelling to Japan and urged students to reconsider studying there, citing safety concerns. It has also postponed planned diplomatic meetings, including a trilateral summit with Japan and South Korea that Tokyo was due to host.

The disruption is already affecting scheduled school visits. 

Earlier this month, 16 students and teachers from Wuxi in Jiangsu province cancelled a sister-city trip to Sagamihara in Kanagawa prefecture, according to Japanese officials. 

In Okinawa, education authorities said Chinese partners had abruptly scrapped a two-week language and cultural exchange to Shanghai for 20 high school students set to begin this weekend.

Scholars say the halt risks deepening hostility between the two countries at a time when ties are strained by territorial disputes in the East China Sea and Tokyo’s closer alignment with Washington to counter China. 

Shin Kawashima, an international relations professor at the University of Tokyo, described the suspension as worrying, warning that youth exchanges had long been seen as crucial stabilising tools when diplomacy faltered.

Earlier in November, Takaichi said Japan could consider deploying military forces if conflict erupted in the Taiwan Strait, arguing that instability around Taiwan — which lies close to Japan’s southwestern islands — would directly threaten Japan’s security . 

Beijing condemned the comments as a violation of its “one-China” principle and an attempt to interfere in its internal affairs, demanding a public retraction. 

Takaichi has since maintained that her remarks were consistent with Japan’s national security policy.

Tanzania has cancelled its 9 December Independence Day celebrations following calls for nationwide protests over mass killings linked to the disputed 29 October general election. Prime Minister Mwigulu Nchemba announced the decision on 24 November, saying funds would instead be used to rebuild infrastructure damaged during last month’s unrest. Opposition parties have urged citizens to use the holiday to protest the government’s handling of the election, in which President Samia Suluhu Hassan was declared the winner with 98% of the vote — a result they dismissed as fabricated. Key opposition figures were either detained or barred from running, including Chadema leader Tundu Lissu, who has been held on treason charges since April. Thousands protested the results, with rights groups condemning the security crackdown as violent and repressive. While the government has yet to release a death toll, it has formed a commission of inquiry that opposition leaders fear lacks independence. Nchemba urged Tanzanians to avoid violence and embrace dialogue, saying the country must not “return to what we went through.”

Government accelerates mining reforms for economic transformation

The Ministry of Minerals has launched an initiative to implement directives issued by President Samia Suluhu Hassan to transform the mining sector into a driver of national economic growth and prosperity. Speaking at a management workshop in Dodoma from 24–25 November, Minister for Minerals Anthony Mavunde said the President expects Tanzania’s mineral wealth to be managed in ways that generate tangible benefits for citizens and support development priorities. The directives — drawn from national addresses, the ruling party’s 2025–2030 manifesto, and the government’s early-term commitments — focus on boosting production, increasing value addition, and improving sector efficiency. Mavunde emphasised the need for innovation, discipline, and speed across the ministry and its agencies to meet these goals.

Energy ministry calls for stronger fuel systems and youth opportunities

Deputy Minister for Energy Salome Makamba has directed the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) to improve the efficiency of fuel transportation networks to address recurring national fuel shortages. During a working session with EWURA officials in Dodoma, she underscored the importance of expanding fuel storage capacity to safeguard supply and encouraged the regulator to explore ways to reduce the cost of household electrical installation materials to accelerate rural electrification. Makamba also highlighted the need to create more opportunities for young people in the energy sector. EWURA Director General Dr James Andilile reaffirmed the authority’s commitment to ensuring service quality, safety, efficiency, and good governance while implementing presidential directives.

AfDB approves $24.6 million loan to boost Tanzania’s agro-industrial growth

The African Development Bank Group has approved a $24.6 million senior corporate loan to Mohammed Enterprises Tanzania Limited (MeTL) to modernise and expand the country’s agro-industrial production. The investment will rehabilitate ageing tea estates, convert more than 1,000 hectares into organic plantations, and upgrade processing factories to double production capacity. It will also establish 15,000 hectares of sisal plantations and a new 200-hectare macadamia farm, while improving rural infrastructure and strengthening value chains connecting smallholder farmers to global markets. The project is expected to create over 1,400 jobs, generate more than $10 million in new annual export earnings, and contribute approximately $36 million in fiscal revenues. AfDB officials say the initiative strengthens Tanzania’s agricultural resilience and supports inclusive growth, particularly for women farmers. The funding forms part of a broader $74.7 million programme co-financed by ILX B.V. and MeTL equity.

Construction of long-delayed Bagamoyo port to begin in December

Tanzania will begin construction of the long-awaited Bagamoyo port in December, ending more than a decade of delays caused by disputes over earlier contract terms with foreign developers. Government spokesperson Gerson Msigwa said the port — part of a larger special economic zone project that includes industrial parks and transport links — will initially begin with 14 berths, eventually expanding to 28. The deep-water port, located 75 km north of Dar es Salaam, is designed to accommodate larger vessels than any other port in East Africa, with a planned depth of 20 meters. Tanzania originally signed a framework agreement with China Merchants Holdings International and Oman’s State General Reserve Fund in 2013, but the project stalled after the government rejected unfavourable terms. President Samia Suluhu Hassan revived negotiations after taking office in 2021, positioning the $10 billion project as key to boosting trade capacity and regional maritime influence. The port’s revival comes as Tanzania faces economic pressures and strained regional trade relations following a contentious and widely criticised election period.

The bold emblem, an AK-47 crossed with a hoe, set over an open book, often sparks curiosity, debate, and fascination. However, the story behind it is deeply tied to the country’s history, its struggle for liberation, and the turbulent security challenges that still shape the region today.

Mozambique adopted its flag in 1983, less than a decade after gaining independence from Portugal. The AK-47 symbolises the armed resistance led by FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique), which fought a 10-year guerrilla war using widely available Soviet-designed Kalashnikov rifles.

The rifle represents “defence and vigilance,” the hoe symbolises agriculture, and the book stands for education, together forming a vision of a nation that must protect itself while rebuilding.

Globally, the AK-47 is notorious for appearing in the flags and emblems of revolutionary movements, but in terms of national flags, Mozambique is the only country where the weapon remains officially included.

The Kalashnikov’s ubiquity in liberation struggles across Africa and Asia is well-documented, with the small-arms trade monitoring group Small Arms Survey noting that the AK-47 became a political and cultural icon precisely because of its durability, affordability, and availability.

While many Mozambicans see the rifle as a powerful reminder of hard-won freedom, others argue it sends the wrong message in an era where countries are under pressure to curb conflict and disarm militias.

Calls to remove the AK-47 have surfaced repeatedly, particularly from civil society groups who say the symbol conflicts with modern priorities such as peacebuilding and economic development.

However, attempts to redesign the flag have failed. In 2005, a parliamentary committee proposed a new design without the weapon. Yet the ruling party maintained that removing the rifle would erase an essential part of the nation’s identity and history.

The symbolism of arms on national symbols has gained renewed attention as Mozambique continues to battle insurgency in its northern Cabo Delgado region. The conflict, driven by extremist groups aligned with the Islamic State, has displaced over a million people since 2017.

Some declared sovereignty in the late 19th century, others only just broke away in the 2000s.

Take Bulgaria, for example: it formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Meanwhile, Albania did so in 1912.

Fast-forward to the early 21st century, and you’ll find Kosovo, which declared independence in 2008, still a subject of diplomatic contention today.

Because these independence years reflect far more than calendar dates, they signal shifts in imperial control, the rise of nationalism, wartime upheaval and geopolitical gamesmanship.

As the United Nations notes, the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the Balkan region transition out of Ottoman rule into new political realities.

Today, the legacy of those decades echoes in the region’s push toward the European Union and beyond.

At the recent Brdo-Brijuni Process summit , leaders of Western Balkan nations emphasised their shared goal of European integration, a reminder that independence wasn’t always the final stop, but part of a broader journey.

Prime Minister Jotham Napat has criticised the opposition’s constitutional challenge, calling it a deliberate attempt to destabilise his administration. He urged political actors to respect the democratic mandate given by the people and focus on maintaining political stability. The PM’s statement came amid heightened tensions surrounding recent legislative changes, reflecting his broader call for unity and responsible governance in Vanuatu’s evolving democracy.

PM defends people’s vote on constitutional reforms

In response to criticism, Prime Minister Napat defended constitutional reforms aimed at ending Vanuatu’s recurring political instability. He emphasised that the amendments emerged from a grassroots democratic process, reflecting the will of the people rather than elite political interests. The reforms seek to strengthen governmental stability and reduce frequent changes in leadership that have historically hampered policy continuity. Napat underscored that the reforms symbolise a collective effort to build a stronger, more resilient democracy.

Australia and Vanuatu agree to $500m deal, but details remain scarce

Vanuatu has signed a $500 million agreement with Australia, focusing on economic transformation, labour mobility, and security cooperation. While officials hailed it as a major step toward deeper regional ties, few details about implementation have been disclosed. The deal aligns with Canberra’s broader Pacific engagement strategy, reflecting its efforts to strengthen partnerships in the face of growing strategic competition in the region. Observers note that transparency and equitable benefit-sharing will be key to the agreement’s success.

Vanuatu maintains non-alignment policy in Nakamal Agreement

Despite its growing ties with Australia, Vanuatu reaffirmed its non-alignment policy under the Nakamal Agreement, emphasising national sovereignty and independence in foreign affairs. Prime Minister Napat reiterated that while partnerships with countries like Australia are vital for development, Vanuatu remains committed to neutrality in international politics. This stance reinforces the nation’s long-standing position of avoiding entanglement in great-power rivalries, particularly between Western allies and China in the Pacific.

Tanna recognized as birthplace of Vanuatu’s independence movement

In a moment of national pride, President Nikenike Vurobaravu formally recognised Tanna Island as the birthplace of Vanuatu’s independence movement. The commemoration highlighted the island’s historical significance in mobilising local leaders and communities during the fight for sovereignty. The event served as a reminder of Vanuatu’s enduring commitment to unity and national identity, even as the country navigates contemporary challenges in governance and development.

Eighty years later, the UN remains one of the most significant symbols of global unity, with 193 member states spanning every corner of the globe. What began with 51 founding members has grown into a truly universal body, reflecting decades of decolonisation, independence movements, and shifting political landscapes.

When the UN Charter came into force in 1945, membership was dominated by major world powers and a handful of independent nations. But the decades that followed changed everything. Between 1946 and 1959, the organisation expanded steadily as post-war recovery reshaped Europe and Asia.

Then came a wave unlike any before: the 1960s and 1970s brought dozens of new African and Asian nations into the fold as colonial empires dissolved and independence swept across the Global South. According to the United Nations , membership had grown to 99 states by 1960 and surpassed 110 by 1962.

The next major shift occurred in the 1990s, following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Newly sovereign countries across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Balkans joined the UN, marking the organisation's transition into a nearly complete representation of the world map. By the early 2000s, the UN had 193 member states, a number that remains unchanged today.

This steady expansion tells the story of a changing global order. From the original 51 states gathered in San Francisco to nearly every nation on Earth, UN membership reflects humanity’s ongoing quest for shared dialogue and collective problem-solving.

It also mirrors the rise of newly independent voices that reshaped international priorities, from development and equality to environmental sustainability.

In 2025, as the world marks the UN’s 80th anniversary, questions about its effectiveness and reform have taken centre stage. The recent election of Bahrain, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Latvia, and Liberia to the UN Security Council for the 2026–2027 term underscores the continued effort to ensure diverse regional representation

Red marks countries that commemorate independence (the largest category). Orange shows nations that mark the formation of government . Yellow indicates unification moments, green reflects revolution, blue for saint days, purple for discovery, and pink for other reasons or when the reasoning doesn’t fit neatly into those categories. The striped pattern indicates where no data is available.

Unsurprisingly, most countries celebrate independence. That reflects widespread decolonisation and the rise of modern nation-states across Africa, Asia, Latin America , and elsewhere. The map shows large regions in red, indicating how many national days commemorate breaking free from colonial rule.

But some national days commemorate unification, for example, when formerly divided states merged (yellow). Others mark revolution (green), where a nation’s founding moment lies in an internal upheaval or regime change, rather than a foreign withdrawal. For example, Egypt celebrates Revolution Day on July 23, commemorating the 1952 revolution that ended the monarchy and established a republic.

Saints’ days or patron feast days also serve as national days in some countries, linking religion , tradition, and identity. Other nations mark discovery or “discovery of land” days, highlighting colonisation or exploratory heritage (purple). And in a few cases, national days are tied to other events or dates whose meaning is local or particular.

Significantly, not every country marks independence. Some states choose another moment, a constitution, a monarch’s accession, or a national hero’s birthday — because that event feels more defining to their identity.

This map’s breakdown is timely given recent political shifts and identity debates around the world. For example, Bangladesh officially recognised “July Mass Uprising Day” (August 5) in 2025, commemorating a recent revolution and regime change in 2024.

That shows how new national days can emerge from contemporary events, a country redefining how it wants to remember its own story.

Elsewhere, in regions facing secessionist pressures or debates over historical memory, national days are flashpoints. Which events get honoured (or omitted) reflects ongoing struggles over identity, history, and power.

Decades after the end of Angola’s brutal civil war, the country is still fighting a silent battle against landmines scattered across its southern provinces. These hidden explosives not only claim lives but also block access to farmland, delay infrastructure development, and hinder the resettlement of displaced communities. NGOs and international partners continue to press for increased funding and faster demining efforts to make rural areas safe and spur economic recovery.

Journalists push for fair wages

Media tensions are growing as Angolan journalists continue to demand improved pay and safer working conditions. The Minister of Telecommunications, Information, and Social Communication has stated that negotiations will not stop until both parties reach an understanding. This dispute highlights ongoing concerns about press freedom, the professionalisation of the media sector, and the economic challenges facing journalists in Angola.

Angola celebrates 50 years of independence with carnival

President João Lourenço joined thousands at an off-season carnival along Luanda’s Nova Marginal to mark the 50th anniversary of Angola’s independence. The event was a major cultural showcase, featuring parades, music, and traditional performances that drew crowds from across the country. The celebration served as both a moment of national pride and a reminder of the challenges Angola has faced since independence, including war, political transition, and economic reform.

High-profile tax fraud trial begins

An investigation into one of Angola’s most significant financial scandals kicked off this week, involving 38 defendants accused of tax fraud. This case is expected to be closely watched as a litmus test for President Lourenço’s anti-corruption campaign, which has targeted prominent figures and sought to recover billions of dollars lost to graft. Analysts say the proceedings will be a measure of Angola’s ability to strengthen its legal system and restore investor confidence.

$7 billion spent annually on public sector salaries

Angola’s government disclosed that it spends around $7 billion annually on public sector salaries, a massive allocation in a country still facing post-war reconstruction needs and economic diversification challenges. This revelation has sparked debate about public spending priorities, efficiency in state institutions, and the need for reform to create more space for infrastructure, health, and education funding.

Many placards called for justice over the riots of January 2023, which prosecutors allege were incited by Bolsonaro and senior allies.

“There was an attempted coup d’état, there was a threat to the democratic rule of law , and the accusations were proven,” said Marcio, a protester. “He even has a broad right of defence, and now we will reach the end of this trial with the conviction.”

The mobilisation also voiced support for President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s government, which is challenging recent tariffs of up to 50% on Brazilian products imposed by the Trump administration. The measures affect exports including coffee, meat, eggs, sugar, honey, tropical fruits and timber.

“We will not accept any kind of attack from US imperialism on our sovereignty and the wealth produced by our class,” said Juliana, one of the demonstrators.

She also called for accountability beyond the attempted coup. “We need to hold Bolsonaro and his entire troop from the armed forces accountable, not only for the attacks of January 8 and threats to democratic freedoms, but also for the genocide promoted during the pandemic and for so many other crimes that have been ignored.”

Alcides, another protester, said the act was not only against Bolsonaro but also against foreign interference.

“We are in the streets protesting against the intervention of the Trump administration in our country. This act is in defence of democracy and sovereignty. Wearing yellow and green is about defending sovereignty and democracy, so once again the Brazilian people shout loudly: ‘Long live democracy, long live sovereignty!’”

While left-wing groups demonstrated in São Paulo, right-wing supporters also staged rallies in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, calling for amnesty and expressing support for Bolsonaro.

The Lula government has filed a consultation with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to challenge the US tariffs, arguing that the measures are politically motivated and linked to Bolsonaro’s legal troubles.

"They advanced step by step, with Chinese patience, Chinese wisdom, 80 years later, to become today the leading economic, commercial and technological power, and from what we saw in the parade yesterday on the main avenue of Tiananmen in Beijing, it seems that China is already the first military power on planet Earth. A sister power, a friendly power," he said.

On Wednesday, China hosted its biggest military parade in decades, marking the end of World War II and the Second Sino-Japanese War. Leaders from 26 countries right across Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America attended the event.

Maduro also described the progress of Beijing as 'admirable,' insisting it should be an example for the efforts of the Venezuelan people .

"Venezuela, following the immortal legacy of Commander Chavez, sooner rather than later, must be recognised in South America as also a middle power of economic, social, cultural, educational and technological development," he stressed.

Maduro, amid tensions with the United States , affirmed that Venezuelans are 'fierce warriors' when their land, history and rights are threatened.

In 2019, 97% of Bougainvilleans sent a powerful message by voting “yes” to independence from Papua New Guinea (PNG). The aspiration, however, remains unfulfilled.

The “ Era Kone ” covenant, signed to guide the transition, established a 2025–2027 timeline for recognition. Still, PNG’s parliament has not ratified the referendum, and delays have stirred frustration among Bougainville’s leaders and people.

The island's leadership is doubling down on its push for independence.

President Ishmael Toroama made it clear that the region will not veer from its chosen course. “It gives us the opportunity, whether the national government likes it or not,” he told RNZ Pacific, adding that the right to self-determination is “a national constitution guarantee or the framework of the Bougainville Peace Agreement… At least it is the constitutionally guaranteed process set in by the National Constitution.”

The drive for sovereignty is equally central to Ezekiel Masatt , Bougainville’s Independence Implementation Minister. He also emphasised that the signing of the Melanesian Agreement at Burnham was a turning point.

“We must obtain political independence to have some sovereign powers, to make some strategic economic decisions,” he said. “Now, given the Melanesian Agreement , where Bougainville can achieve some sovereign powers, I think that is a great start in the right direction.”

A landmark election

The September 4 poll is historic for its scale and logistics. Conducted in a single day, it will stretch across 544 polling stations with more than 3,000 staff, ensuring the process runs smoothly. More than 400 candidates, including seven vying for the presidency, will contest the vote.

The Bougainville House of Representatives will expand to 46 seats, thanks to five new single-member constituencies. This structure preserves reserved seats for women and former combatants, ensuring inclusive representation. Over 204,000 voters are also registered to take part.

Notably, this election reflects unprecedented gender diversity. Thirty-four women are running, including 14 for the three reserved women’s seats and several in open constituencies.

Among them are Elizabeth Palin, a former teacher and local leader now contesting a women’s reserved seat, and Amanda Masono, a sitting member who is shifting to compete in the open Atolls constituency (Asia Pacific Report).

Economic choices ahead

The independence debate cannot be separated from Bougainville’s economic future. At the centre lies the Panguna mine , once the engine of PNG’s export economy before civil conflict and environmental devastation forced its closure.

For Toroama, reopening Panguna is crucial for economic sustainability.

The mine is not the only factor shaping Bougainville’s economy. International attention is growing, with China and the United States signalling interest in infrastructure and resource projects.

The celebration will run throughout the day and include live music, traditional food, and dance performances to showcase Colombia’s culture to both locals and the international community living in Prague.

While Colombians in the Czech Republic have gathered informally in the past, this is the first time the national holiday will be officially recognised in the country.

Organisers say the event is a significant moment for the growing Colombian community in Europe and an opportunity to promote national identity beyond their borders.

The celebration is open to everyone and aims to attract residents, tourists, and expats interested in Latin American culture .

“It’s not just a celebration of independence; it’s a celebration of identity and community,” said one of the organisers.

This transformation is more than cartographic—it’s a deep story of resilience, resistance, and resurgence.

At the dawn of the 19th century, Africa was largely controlled by indigenous kingdoms and empires like the Ashanti, Zulu, Sokoto Caliphate, and Buganda. However, this indigenous order was violently upended during the infamous Scramble for Africa in the late 1800s, formalised at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885.

European powers—chiefly Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, Germany, and Italy—divided the continent without African input, creating borders that persist today. By 1914, over 90% of Africa was under colonial rule.

The aftermath of World War II and the weakening of European empires gave birth to a wave of African nationalism. Between 1951 (Libya) and 1994 ( South Africa ’s first post-apartheid elections), nearly every African territory transitioned from colonial to self-rule.

Highlights include:

By the late 20th century, 54 recognised African states had emerged, reshaping the political map entirely.

Despite independence, most African nations inherited borders drawn by colonial powers, which often grouped together disparate ethnic groups or split single nations apart. These colonial boundaries are at the heart of many ongoing conflicts , such as:

However, in recent decades, Africa has embarked on a new form of transformation—not by redrawing borders, but by reclaiming political and economic agency.

Key developments include:

Ethiopia, located in the Horn of Africa, fiercely maintained its independence through military resistance, most famously by defeating the Italian army at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.

Despite a brief occupation by Fascist Italy from 1936 to 1941, Ethiopia was never formally colonised and retained its imperial structure under Emperor Haile Selassie.

Liberia, on the other hand, was founded in 1822 by freed African-American slaves under the auspices of the American Colonization Society . It declared independence in 1847 and remained free from European colonisation, although it was heavily influenced by American political and cultural norms.

Modern-day significance

The independence of Ethiopia and Liberia is more than a historical footnote—it continues to shape their national identities and regional roles today:

Cultural and psychological impact

The historical independence of Ethiopia and Liberia has had a profound cultural impact, serving as beacons of African resistance and resilience . Ethiopia, in particular, became a symbol of hope for Pan-African movements and Black liberation struggles across the globe, from Harlem to Johannesburg.

In Liberia, the preservation of indigenous identities alongside Americo-Liberian traditions has created a complex but uniquely self-governed African society that avoided the deep scars of European-imposed boundaries and rule.

Beijing reiterated its firm opposition to any push for the island’s independence and criticised Taiwan’s ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), accusing it of pursuing independence with foreign support.

“The Democratic Progressive Party administration stubbornly insisted on Taiwan's independence, and its vain attempt to separate the country for foreign independence was to stand in the way and was bound to fail,” he said.

“China will eventually be unified, and the historical trend of unification will surely be unstoppable,” Guo added.

Speaking to Israel’s public broadcaster KAN, Somaliland’s Foreign Minister, Abdirahman Dahir Aden, underscored that the self-declared republic will not entertain negotiations on humanitarian resettlement or other bilateral matters unless the world first acknowledges its status as an independent nation.

“Somaliland is open to dialogue on a range of international issues,” Aden said, “but those conversations must begin with recognition of our sovereignty and the establishment of diplomatic relations.”

The statement comes amid reports that Israel and the United States have floated possible resettlement options for displaced Palestinians in territories including Somaliland, Somalia, and Sudan. However, all three countries have denied receiving formal proposals from international actors regarding such plans.

Minister Aden emphasised that while Somaliland is committed to playing a constructive role in global affairs, its primary objective remains securing international legitimacy.

“We have governed ourselves peacefully and democratically for 33 years. Our people have proven their commitment to stability and self-reliance. Recognition is not just a symbolic milestone—it’s a necessary foundation for meaningful cooperation,” he added.

Since declaring independence from Somalia in 1991, Somaliland has functioned as a de facto state with its government, currency, military, and institutions. Despite its relative stability and democratic progress, it has yet to be recognized by any country or international body.

The term "Guinea" likely originates from a Berber or West African word such as "Ghiné" or "Akal n-Iguinawen" (meaning "land of the black people"). European traders and explorers in the 15th century used the term "Guinea" to describe a broad coastal region in West Africa known for its trade in gold, ivory, and enslaved people.

Countries with 'Guinea' in their names:

Guinea (Republic of Guinea)

Located in West Africa, Guinea was formerly known as French Guinea and was part of French West Africa. The country gained independence from France in 1958. The name simply reflects its location along the historic Guinea Coast.

Guinea-Bissau

Formerly Portuguese Guinea under Portuguese colonial rule, Guinea Bissau is a neighbour to Guinea in West Africa. Its capital city, Bissau, was added to distinguish it from the neighbouring Republic of Guinea. This country also gained independence from Portugal in 1973.

Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea is a country located in Central Africa, bordered by Cameroon, Gabon, and the Gulf of Guinea. It is a former Spanish colony but gained independence in 1968. "Equatorial" was added to highlight its location near the equator and to differentiate it from other "Guinea" countries.

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is a country in Oceania, located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The eastern half of the island of New Guinea was colonised by both Germany and Britain, and was later administered by Australia. The name 'New Guinea' was given in 1545 by Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, who believed the local people resembled those from the West African Guinea region. The country gained its independence in 1975.

The commission, composed of 14 researchers - seven from Cameroon and seven from France - was tasked with investigating France's involvement in the repression of independence and opposition movements between 1945 and 1971.

Historian Lancelot Arzel, a key member of the Franco-Cameroonian Commission of Remembrance, emphasised the importance of these revelations.

“This report is the result of research on the role and involvement of France in Cameroon from 1945 to 1971 during the repression of independence movements,” Arzel explained. “We used almost 1,100 boxes of archives, and 2,300 documents were declassified for our work. These will be made available to researchers in both France and Cameroon,” he told the AFP.

Arzel noted the diversity within the commission as a crucial factor in its success. “The commission brought together men and women from all walks of life and generations, helping us assess France’s responsibility during this era,” he said.

Co-president of the commission, Karine Ramondy, highlighted the significance of transforming such a contentious period into a scientifically researched historical account. “One of the great successes of this work is that we’ve managed to turn this complex chapter into a well-considered history,” she said. “It’s a story of men and women, unfolding over time and expressed in different ways, culminating in a 1,000-page report.”

The period in question remains one of the bloodiest in Cameroon's history, often shrouded in taboo discussions since the country gained independence.

Some inmates also had their sentences reduced, but the majority remain in detention.

The release began on Saturday, with buses seen taking prisoners from Insein Prison in Yangon as families and friends waited outside, hoping to reunite with their loved ones.

Major General Zaw Min Tun, a spokesperson for the military, said about 600 people jailed under Section 505(A) of Myanmar’s penal code were freed. This law is often used against those who speak out against the military.

Among those released was Khet Aung, a former chief minister of Kachin State, who had been jailed on corruption charges, local reports indicate . Many of the freed foreigners were Thais arrested for gambling and Indonesians caught fishing in Myanmar’s waters.

However, high-profile detainees like Aung San Suu Kyi were not included. The 79-year-old has been in military custody since the army took power in February 2021. She is serving a 27-year sentence on charges widely seen as politically motivated.

Since the military coup, over 28,000 people have been arrested for political reasons, according to the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP). The group says at least 21,499 remain in detention, and more than 6,100 civilians have been killed.

Amnesty is a common practice during major holidays in Myanmar. However, the terms state that released prisoners could be sent back to jail if they break the law again.

The military marked the Independence Day anniversary with a flag-raising ceremony in the capital, Naypyitaw. Myanmar gained independence from Britain on January 4, 1948.

However, the Junta took charge after a military coup on 1 February 2021. The army, known as the Tatmadaw, removed the democratically elected government led by the National League for Democracy (NLD).

The initiative, launched by filmmaker Mohamed Fawi, aims to nurture Sudan’s first filmmaking community while empowering women to share untold stories. “After the war began, I felt compelled to contribute from within Sudan,” Fawi said.

“The most fitting approach was to create a project for women, as many workshop participants focused on women’s issues.”

One participant, Zeinab Alfadel, explained the process: “We were trained in filming, scriptwriting, and directing. Afterwards, we moved on to production and editing, culminating in the release of our films.”

For Eithar Khairy, another filmmaker, the experience was transformative. “It was challenging but rewarding. The idea came from Miss Bakhita, who suggested making a documentary during the ‘Cinema by Women Workshop.’”

The "Women's Cinema Project," as it’s called, has trained 11 women so far, creating a platform for voices long overlooked in Sudan.

In contrast to regions where family structures provide a safety net—such as many Asian cultures with deep-rooted familial traditions—Northern Europe’s robust support systems empower individuals to live independently.

Strong economies, high levels of education, and well-established urban centres provide a stable foundation for solo living, making it feasible and attractive. In cities across Germany and Canada, urban life similarly fosters single living, where individuals feel free to prioritise their choices without societal pressures to marry or have children.

For many young adults, marriage has become an option rather than a necessity. Younger generations are delaying or forgoing traditional marriage to pursue career and personal goals, exploring alternatives like cohabitation or communal living.

With evolving gender roles, more women are focusing on career advancement, contributing to rising singlehood rates among professionals.

 While celebrated by many, this trend brings potential challenges. Higher single rates can contribute to lower birth rates, impacting long-term national growth and increasing welfare costs, especially around pensions.

Nevertheless, for now, the choice to live single is an expression of autonomy, with many individuals enjoying the freedom to shape their lives as they see fit.

At the recent Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Samoa, Zambia was elected Vice-Chair of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG). The initiative aims to monitor breaches in democratic principles among its 56 member nations, with Foreign Affairs Minister Mulambo Haimbe leading these efforts. CMAG, established in 1995, plays a crucial role in championing human rights and constitutional governance. Commonwealth Secretary-General Patricia Scotland emphasised the significance of CMAG in safeguarding democracy and civil liberties within the Commonwealth community. 

Zambian footballers killed in bus crash

Zambia is mourning the loss of seven players from Chavuma Town Council FC in north-western Zambia who perished in a bus accident while en route to a league match. This incident has drawn expressions of deep shock from the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ), which is currently liaising with the authorities for further information. In addition to the fatalities, twelve other individuals were injured, five of whom require treatment in Lusaka. Condolences and support for the affected families and the injured have been extended by CAF President Patrice Motsepe and Artur de Almeida e Silva, head of the Southern African Regional Football Associations. 

Zambia and Malawi to develop Kenya fuel import strategy

Malawi and Zambia are developing a fuel import strategy inspired by Kenya's procurement model. This strategy permits direct procurement of petroleum products from Gulf producers, bypassing the Open Tender System. A government-to-government agreement, successfully established with Saudi Arabia and the UAE, allows selected Gulf state-owned firms to designate oil marketing companies for distribution in Kenya. Energy officials from Malawi have sought advice from their Kenyan counterparts to devise a similar arrangement. A technical team from Kenya has been appointed to support Malawi in comprehending the deal's framework and the challenges it presents. 

Over 800 prisoners pardoned on Independence Day celebration

On the occasion of Zambia’s 60th Independence Day, President Hakainde Hichilema granted pardons to 859 prisoners. This decision included 840 ordinary inmates, along with nine elderly individuals, seven women with children, and three foreign nationals. In his commemoration efforts, Hichilema laid wreaths at the graves of liberation leader Kenneth Kaunda and the Freedom Statue in Lusaka. He engaged in an investiture ceremony and urged citizens to confront pressing national challenges, including climate change, poverty, and corruption. 

Zambian president dismisses constitutional court judges

President Hakainde Hichilema made headlines by dismissing three constitutional court judges, which has raised concerns regarding potential judicial interference. This action followed a recommendation by a judicial commission concerning alleged misconduct tied to a 2016 ruling that benefitted his political opponent, Edgar Lungu. Critics, including human rights advocates, have raised alarms about the timing of the dismissals, particularly with the upcoming 2026 elections on the horizon, suggesting a possible motive aligned with Hichilema’s political strategy. While a former vice president has defended the firings as a necessary oversight, Lungu’s legal representative has condemned the action as illegal, insisting that the executive branch should not rectify judicial rulings. Government officials maintain that the president's actions were legally justified, referencing constitutional authority to dismiss judges in response to commission recommendations.

"President Obrador has done so much for our country. Tonight, we celebrate not just our independence, but also his contributions," said Maria Gonzalez, a resident.

Her sentiment was echoed by many others who see Obrador as a champion of the people.

"First, it's [we are here] to celebrate the beginning of the independence movement, but also because we support the president, who is our president because we elected him, Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador." Alfonso Sanvicente, a teacher told AFP.

Mexico's Independence Day is celebrated on September 16th each year. This day marks the anniversary of the "Grito de Dolores," a historic event in 1810 when Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, called for Mexico's independence from Spanish rule.

The celebrations typically include vibrant parades, fireworks, music, and traditional dances. The "Grito de Independencia" is reenacted, with the President of Mexico ringing the same bell that Father Hidalgo used, followed by the crowd shouting "¡Viva México!"

Guterres emphasised that East Timor's journey from conflict to peace serves as an inspiring example of how negotiation and international cooperation can resolve disputes.

"Timor-Leste has greatly inspired the UN in mediating solidarity at the international level. This is something that the UN will never be able to repay to the Timorese people. And, at present, Timor-Leste has evolved from a host country for peacekeeping forces to a country contributing personnel to UN peacekeeping missions in other countries, namely in South Sudan," he said as he addressed a section of the nation.

Citizens like Luis da Silva Amaral also echoed the sentiments of the UN when he told the AFP "The difference is that we are now free, we sleep well. In the past, we couldn't sleep peacefully, because militias were all over the place, looking for us. The young people who were involved in our movements were hunted, kidnapped, they could just disappear or die."

East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste, gained independence in 2002 after a tumultuous history of colonization and occupation. The country was a Portuguese colony until 1975, after which it was invaded and occupied by Indonesia.

Following a UN-supervised referendum in 1999, where an overwhelming majority voted for independence, East Timor faced significant violence and destruction before finally achieving sovereignty in 2002.

Uruguay has suspended all football activity for the weekend following the health emergency of Nacional defender Juan Izquierdo. According to CNA , the 27-year-old player is currently stable yet unconscious in the intensive care unit at Albert Einstein Hospital in São Paulo after experiencing an irregular heartbeat and collapsing during a Copa Libertadores match against São Paulo. The association has announced this suspension for the rights of professional footballers in Uruguay, emphasising the prioritisation of Izquierdo's wellbeing.

Bilateral ties with Saudi Arabia

In a notable diplomatic effort, Saudi Arabia and Uruguay have enhanced bilateral cooperation by forming a joint committee, which recently convened for its inaugural meeting in Montevideo. Chaired by Ahmed Al-Khamshi, Saudi Arabia's Undersecretary of Agriculture, and Nicolas Albertoni, Uruguay's Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs, this meeting resulted in the signing of a memorandum establishing a joint business council. TV Brics highlights that this collaborative initiative aims to strengthen the trade and diplomatic relations that have existed since 1974.

Increased fish mortality

In environmental news, low temperatures have led to significant fish mortality in the Uruguayan rivers, particularly the Santa Lucia and Negro Rivers. The Assembly for the Water of the Santa Lucia River highlighted the necessity for precautionary measures following the alarming reports of large-scale fish deaths, primarily shad, attributed to freezing temperatures since June, as reported by Prensa Latina . This issue has also been mirrored in Argentina's lower Paraná river basin, prompting discussions around environmental management and conservation strategies.

Uruguay to reduce beef exports to China

Uruguay is actively seeking to reduce its dependency on China for beef exports, a sector significantly impacted by a decelerating Chinese economy. Historically, China has served as the primary market for Uruguayan beef; however, as of August 2023, North America has emerged as the leading revenue source, now accounting for 32% of beef export revenue compared to China's 30%. MercoPress adds that from January to August, Uruguay's beef exports reached US$1.223 billion, exhibiting a slight increase in volume despite an 11% decrease in average prices. Additionally, markets such as the European Union and Israel are contributing to the country’s diversified export strategy. The USDA, however, projects a moderate uptick in Chinese demand for the latter half of the year amidst an anticipated increase in domestic meat production in China.

UAE congratulates Uruguay on Independence Day

UAE leaders, including Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum and Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, sent congratulatory messages to President Luis Lacalle Pou of Uruguay on the occasion of Uruguay's Independence Day, celebrated on August 25th to mark its independence from Brazil in 1825, reports The Siasat Daily .

Thailand's soft-power policy has yielded a 3.69 billion baht windfall, with over 800 foreign filmmakers showing interest in the "Land of Smiles" as a filming destination. The Department of Tourism (DOT) reported a surge in interest during its participation in the 77th Cannes Film Festival in France from May 14 to 25. According to The Star , the DOT estimates that inquiries at the festival will lead to over 3.69 billion baht in investments. The DOT received inquiries from over 800 filmmakers, attracted by the government’s 20% cash rebate for foreign film crews working in Thailand, and sought information on Thai films, series, and film crews. Additionally, 30 producers and filmmakers are ready to invest in projects in Thailand, the DOT noted.

Azerbaijan Independence Day wishes

The King of Thailand congratulates President Ilham Aliyev on Azerbaijan Independence Day and expresses hope for continued cooperation between the two countries in various areas, Azernews reports. In the letter, King of Thailand Maha Vajiralongkorn wrote, "His Excellency Mr Ilham Aliyev, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the occasion of the Independence Day of the Republic of Azerbaijan, allow me to extend my cordial congratulations and best wishes for the good health and happiness of Your Excellency, as well as for the peace, progress, and prosperity of the Republic of Azerbaijan and its people. Thailand and the Republic of Azerbaijan have enjoyed a fast-growing relationship in multiple areas of common endeavour."

NEC Corporation and NEC Thailand collaboration

NEC Corporation (Thailand) Limited (NEC Thailand) has announced a strategic partnership with AIRA Factoring Public Company Limited (AIRA Factoring) to enhance digital supply chain finance solutions through innovative technology and collaboration. This partnership highlights NEC Thailand’s dedication to utilizing its digital expertise to offer comprehensive support and opportunities for clients and markets throughout Thailand. According to Thailand Business News , NEC Thailand and AIRA Factoring will collaborate as non-exclusive partners to deliver a range of key services.

Strong banking system

The Thai banking system is strong, with high levels of capital and liquidity. Profitability improved in Q1 2024, but monitoring is needed for small SMEs and vulnerable households to prevent NPLs. The banking system’s loan growth turned slightly positive at 0.7% YoY, attributed to the expansion of large corporate loans in the manufacturing sector. Thailand Business News reports that the NPL ratio increased to 2.74% primarily from corporate loans and mortgage loans. Profitability improved from the previous quarter, but there is a need to monitor the debt serviceability of small SMEs and certain vulnerable households with slow income recovery.

Higher labour quota from Israel

Thailand's Labour Minister plans to ask Israel to raise its quota for Thai workers during an official visit. The focus will be on increasing job opportunities, ensuring proper wages, and addressing the living and working conditions of Thai workers in Israel. Bangkok Post reports negotiations will also include the safe employment of Thai nationals and the release of those held in Gaza. The Department of Employment has lifted its suspension of sending workers to Israel, with assurances of safety measures in place from the Israeli embassy.

Taiwan remained a Japanese colony for half a century after China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War. Following the defeat of Japan in World War II, China’s Nationalist government, led by the Kuomintang (KMT), took control of Taiwan. Not long after, the Nationalists which also ruled mainland China under the Republic of China (ROC) were attacked and defeated by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War which led to the Nationalists retreating to Taiwan in 1949. CCP took power and established the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing, China.

During this period, the U.S. supported Taiwan economically, and it now operates independently with its government and a population of twenty-three million people, though recognition is limited.

Mainland China since then has vowed to unify Taiwan with mainland China.

Cross-strait tensions

Mainland China insists on the " One China " principle, saying there’s only one China, considering Taiwan as part of its territory and itself as the sole legitimate government. They aim for Taiwan's eventual reunification with the mainland and claim that the 1992 Consensus binds Taiwan to this idea, even though there is disagreement on its content.

Taiwan rejects reunification and seeks independence. Despite Taiwan's push for independence, Mainland China remains committed to reunification and has intensified efforts to bring Taiwan under its control, saying it has not ruled out force in achieving this goal.

"One China" possibility

In the 1980s, relations between Taiwan and China began to improve as Taiwan eased restrictions on visits and investments in China. In 1991, Taiwan officially declared an end to the war with China. However, China proposed the "one country, two systems" model, offering significant autonomy to Taiwan under Beijing's control, a proposal that Taiwan rejected.

President Tsai, who took office in 2016, disputed the existence of the 1992 consensus and increased defense spending, reaching a record budget of nearly $17 billion for 2022.

China has since heightened military measures, including frequent patrols and naval displays around Taiwan. Taiwan reported a surge in cyberattacks from China, accusing Chinese groups of hacking into its government agencies. China also implemented various diplomatic and economic pressures on Taiwan and its international partners including suspending cross-strait relations, restricting tourism to Taiwan and intimidating countries that have ties with Taiwan, emphasizing its proposal for reunification under the "one country, two systems" formula and maintaining the option to use force if necessary.

In a 2019 speech , China’s President Xi said , "We make no promise to renounce the use of force and reserve the option of taking all necessary means.”

The likelihood of a China-Taiwan War

The fact that China hasn’t ruled out using force to achieve Taiwan’s “reunification” raises concerns about the likelihood of war. However, experts hold differing views on the likelihood and timing of a Chinese invasion . Some experts point to 2049 as a critical date, given President Xi's emphasis on achieving the "Chinese Dream" by then.

Regardless, The People's Liberation Army (PLA) has prioritized preparing for a Taiwan contingency, and Taiwan has been a significant driver of China's military modernization . 

Can Taiwan defend itself against China in the breakout of a war? Taiwan may face challenges considering China’s defense spending , estimated to be around twelve times that of Taiwan.

President Tsai has however allocated a record budget of over $19 billion for 2023 in defense spending. The U.S. under President Joe Biden and former President Donald Trump has also expressed a commitment to come to Taiwan's defense if attacked by China.

On January 9, China issued a threat of additional trade measures against Taiwan, escalating tensions ahead of elections on the island. Taiwan accused Beijing of engaging in "economic coercion", and election interference that includes military activities and expressed displeasure over a surprise Chinese satellite launch conducted in its airspace.

The situation reflects heightened political and economic tensions between the two sides and as it reaches its peak, the world closely watches and holds its breath in anticipation of the next chapter.