The order followed a decree from Taliban leader Hibatullah Akhundzada banning the internet as part of new “morality measures.” The group, which seized power in Kabul in 2021, has promised alternative channels of access but has yet to explain what these might be.

Reports from the ground suggest that services began cutting out before Monday evening.

"Afghanistan is now in the midst of a total internet blackout as Taliban authorities move to implement morality measures, with multiple networks disconnected through the morning in a stepwise manner; telephone services are currently also impacted,” Netblocks said. 

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The signing took place at the start of Austin’s visit to Manila, which will also include a meeting with Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos.

While Austin and Teodoro did not make public statements at the ceremony, the Philippine Department of Defense emphasized that the agreement is a crucial step in boosting information-sharing capabilities and improving interoperability between the two nations’ armed forces.

The GSMIA aims to streamline the exchange of sensitive defence information that could enhance national security for both nations and facilitate the sale of specific classified technologies. It comes at a time of escalating tensions in the South China Sea, where China’s territorial claims have been widely contested.

Beijing has ignored an international ruling that its claims have no legal standing, continuing to deploy naval and coast guard vessels in the disputed waters. The Philippines has accused China of harassing its vessels and blocking access to critical reefs and islands in the region.

In recent months, these confrontations have turned violent, leading to injuries among Filipino personnel and damage to Philippine vessels. The ongoing tensions have raised concerns that the United States could be drawn into a conflict due to its mutual defence treaty with the Philippines, particularly if hostilities escalate in the South China Sea.

During his visit, Austin is expected to travel to Palawan, a western Philippine island that lies near key South China Sea flashpoints. There, he will meet with Filipino forces tasked with patrolling the waters and defending remote outposts.