“Of course, we want to celebrate ( Aidilfitri ), but I would like to urge moderation,” Anwar said, according to Bernama. “Look at the wars taking place, do not assume nothing will happen. They are disrupting oil and gas… So we must save a little.” He suggested scaling back festive food preparations, including making fewer types of kuih and less ketupat.

Anwar, who is also finance minister, said a thrifty approach was needed as supply chain strains and higher prices continued to weigh on households. His remarks came as the government had already moved to cushion holiday costs, including announcing an additional public holiday and a 15-day festive season price control scheme for essential goods.

The Middle East conflict was not the only strain hanging over Ramadan in Malaysia this year. 

Health authorities also warned of a rise in tuberculosis cases during a period marked by packed bazaars, communal iftar meals and other crowded gatherings.

Malaysia recorded 596 new tuberculosis infections in Epidemiological Week 6 of 2026, bringing the national total to 3,161 cases so far this year, according to health ministry figures cited in multiple local reports. The increase was 9.8 per cent from the same period a year earlier, with Sabah recording the highest number of cases, followed by Selangor and Sarawak.

Officials said the increase partly reflected better screening and case detection, not only higher transmission. Still, the ministry urged vigilance, especially in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces. Tuberculosis is spread through the air and remains a public health concern during large gatherings, even though Ramadan activities themselves do not directly cause infection.

Together, the economic warning and the health alert gave this year’s Ramadan and Aidilfitri period in Malaysia a more cautious tone than usual.

But the surge in demand is colliding with a global energy shock . The conflict in the Middle East has disrupted oil supplies, pushing crude prices above $100 a barrel and tightening refined fuel markets, particularly in Asia.

For Indonesia, a major fuel importer, the timing is crucial. Petrol consumption is forecast to rise by around 12% during the Eid period, while demand for aviation fuel and cooking gas also increases sharply as families travel and prepare festive meals.

Higher fuel costs are already feeding into transport prices. Airlines across the region have raised fares or added surcharges as jet fuel prices surge, with some warning of sustained increases if the conflict continues.

At home, the government is attempting to shield consumers through subsidies and assurances that supply remains stable. However, the fiscal burden is mounting. Officials have warned that prolonged high oil prices could push Indonesia beyond its legal budget deficit limit, forcing spending cuts or new revenue measures.

Fuel prices are also politically sensitive in Indonesia, where past increases have triggered protests. Any disruption during the Eid period — when travel and household spending peak — could quickly amplify public frustration.

The central bank has already signalled that the war is limiting room for economic manoeuvre, citing inflationary pressures and currency weakness linked to higher energy costs.

For now, the mudik exodus continues, with packed airports, long ferry queues and congested roads.

“He was our imam and leader,” said a Malaysian Shi’ite who identified himself only as Zulfikar , describing Khamenei as a representative of the awaited Imam Mahdi in Shi’ite belief.

Small groups of Shi’ite adherents gathered outside the US embassy in Kuala Lumpur shortly after the strike, chanting slogans against the United States and holding portraits of the late Iranian leader.

But the reaction across Malaysia’s broader Muslim community has been far from uniform.

Malaysia officially recognises only Sunni Islam. Shi’ite teachings have been classified as a “deviant sect” since a 1996 religious ruling, and the spread of the doctrine among Muslims is prohibited.

Sympathy for Khamenei raises eyebrows

Muslims make up the majority of Malaysia’s population . The United States government estimates the country’s population at about 34.2 million as of mid-2023. According to Malaysia’s 2020 national census, around 63.5 per cent of residents identify as Muslim.

The rest of the population follows other faiths, including Buddhism (18.7 per cent), Christianity (9.1 per cent) and Hinduism (6.1 per cent), while smaller groups identify as atheists or adhere to religions such as Sikhism, Taoism and the Baha’i faith. 

Almost all Muslims in Malaysia practise Sunni Islam of the Shafi’i school, which forms the country’s dominant religious tradition.

Because of this, expressions of sympathy for Khamenei have sparked debate among many Sunni Malaysians.

Some prominent Muslim leaders offered condolences and described the Iranian leader as a martyr, a term in Islam traditionally used for those who die in a holy struggle. Their remarks drew criticism online from Malaysians who questioned how the leader of a sect considered deviant could be honoured in that way.

The differing responses highlight a long-standing tension in Malaysia, where Shi’ite Muslims have faced decades of scrutiny and restrictions.

Community representatives say Shi’ite followers have been questioned by religious authorities and security forces, while raids on gatherings and closures of Shi’ite-linked centres have occurred in the past.

Muslim sects in Malaysia

Because of this, some Shi’ite religious activities are conducted quietly, including prayer sessions and discussions held online.

At the same time, the wider conflict involving Iran has shaped how many Malaysians view the killing of its leader.

Malaysia’s government condemned the strike, with Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim calling the attack hypocritical and criticising Western countries for what he described as double standards on human rights.

“I would like to express condolences to the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei and his family; the leaders as well as the education community who were killed by the bomb attack by Israel and the United States,” Ibrahim said . 

However, reactions among ordinary Malaysians remain divided.

While some expressed sympathy for Iran and anger at the United States and Israel, others welcomed the strike online, citing Iran’s role in regional conflicts such as the Syrian civil war.

At the heart of the gathering is Jogokariyan Mosque , which this Ramadan is serving 3,800 free iftar meals every evening — complete with meals of rice, meat, vegetables and side dishes. 

This initiative is funded entirely by public donations and prepared by hundreds of volunteers.

Beyond the mosque, a 500-metre stretch of Jogokariyan Street transforms each evening into a bustling Ramadan market. 

This year, 400 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are operating food stalls, up from 350 last year. Organisers estimate individual traders earn between Rp 300,000 and Rp 1 million ($20 to $65) per night, with more than half of the stalls run by local residents.

Now in its 22nd year, the Jogokariyan Ramadan event highlights Indonesia’s long-standing tradition of community-led food provision during the fasting month. It also reflects the broader national focus on nutrition and food security .

Since 2025, the government under President Prabowo Subianto has expanded its Free Nutritious Meal programme, which aims to provide meals to schoolchildren, toddlers and pregnant women across the country. 

The initiative reached more than 55 million recipients in its first year, underlining Indonesia’s growing commitment to ensuring access to food for all.

However, vendors must receive typhoid vaccinations and complete food-handling courses before being allowed to operate. The state health department will also monitor bazaars to ensure hygiene and food safety rules are followed.

This decision comes as the health ministry recorded 596 new TB cases during Epidemiological Week Six of 2026, bringing the cumulative total this year to 3,161 cases. 

Johor has reported 280 cases so far. Sabah recorded the highest number at 755, followed by Selangor with 596 and Sarawak with 332.

Why these bazaars are important in Malaysia

Malaysia is a Muslim-majority country , and Ramadan bazaars are a central feature of the fasting month, drawing large evening crowds buying food for iftar, the meal that breaks the fast at sunset. 

According to the 2020 national census, 63.5% of Malaysia’s population practices Islam, making Ramadan a major period of heightened social and commercial activity.

The health ministry said it had no plans to reintroduce mandatory mask rules similar to those imposed during the Covid-19 pandemic. Instead, it is encouraging personal responsibility.

While Malaysia has transitioned to the endemic phase of Covid-19, officials warned that respiratory infections — including TB — can spread more easily in crowded or poorly ventilated spaces, particularly if an individual with untreated active TB is present.

Again, the ministry stressed that Ramadan itself does not cause disease transmission, but increased social interaction may raise exposure risks. It advised the public to wear masks if experiencing symptoms such as cough or fever.

Health minister Dzulkefly Ahmad previously said that 85% of TB cases involve Malaysian citizens, with 15% linked to foreigners.

Demographic estimates show that Muslims make up roughly 59% of Lebanon’s population, Christians around 34%, Druze about 5%, and Alawites approximately 1%, with small numbers belonging to other groups.

Sunni and Shia Muslim communities dominate much of the south, the Bekaa Valley, and parts of the north. Christian populations remain concentrated in Mount Lebanon, parts of Beirut, and the north-central regions. Druze communities are largely clustered in the Chouf Mountains and surrounding areas, while Alawites are concentrated near Tripoli in the north.

This religious geography is inseparable from Lebanon’s confessional political system, established under the National Pact of 1943, an unwritten agreement that shaped the post-independence state. The pact formalised power-sharing among religious groups based on demographic realities at the time, granting Christians a leading political role while recognising Muslim participation in governance.

After 15 years of civil war , the system was recalibrated by the Taif Agreement of 1989–1990, which shifted greater executive power to the Council of Ministers and introduced parity between Christian and Muslim representation in parliament.

Under the current framework, the country’s top offices remain allocated by religious affiliation : the president must be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of parliament a Shia Muslim.

Parliamentary seats and senior public-sector positions are also divided along sectarian lines. While this structure was intended to guarantee inclusion and stability, critics argue it has institutionalised patronage networks, weakened state accountability, and made reform exceptionally difficult.

What the above map makes clear is why this system endures despite widespread frustration. Lebanon’s religious communities are not confined to isolated enclaves; they overlap in cities, towns, and strategic regions.

Any attempt to alter the balance of power risks being interpreted as a zero-sum game for one group and a loss for another. In a country still shaped by memories of civil war and ongoing regional tensions, even modest political shifts can quickly become destabilising.

As Lebanon struggles with economic collapse , political paralysis, and spillover from regional conflicts, its religious map remains a critical lens for understanding both the country’s fragility and its resilience. The same diversity that complicates governance has also sustained Lebanon’s pluralistic identity for decades, making it a rare, if imperfect, experiment in coexistence in a deeply divided region.

Asia remains home to the vast majority, as more than 1.6 billion Muslims are in Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, forming the core. Indonesia alone has over 240 million Muslims, more than any other country in the world.

Africa follows with approximately 763 million Muslims, reflecting Islam’s long historical influence across North, West, and East Africa.

The above map breaks down the distribution clearly:

Many Muslim-majority countries have some of the world’s youngest and fastest-growing populations . This positions them at the centre of future global workforce trends and economic potential.

Nations like Pakistan, Nigeria , Indonesia, and Egypt have median ages below 25, meaning they will significantly influence global markets and labour dynamics in the coming decades.

Additionally, Muslim-majority regions hold critical economic power. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region contain over 48% of the world’s proven oil reserves and nearly 40% of global natural gas reserves, giving these countries major leverage in international energy markets.

Gulf nations such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the UAE are now also among the world’s most active investors, shaping sectors from technology to real estate across Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma told legislators the bill was not aimed at any religion, insisting that “true Islamic people will welcome this.” He argued that Islam does not endorse polygamy and pointed to countries such as Turkey and Pakistan as examples where restrictions exist. 

The opposition AIUDF opposed the legislation, with party MLA Aminul Islam arguing it contravened constitutional provisions.

The law also targets those who facilitate polygamous marriages. Parents, community leaders and religious figures involved in conducting or concealing such unions could face up to two years in jail. 

Repeat offenders will face harsher penalties, although specific terms have not yet been outlined.

Individuals convicted under the act will be barred from government jobs, state-funded schemes and contesting elections . 

Polygamy will now be treated as a cognisable offence, enabling police to arrest without a warrant and begin investigations immediately.

Victims of unlawful polygamous marriages will be eligible for financial compensation, assessed and awarded by a government-appointed authority.

The legislation excludes areas under the Sixth Schedule — including the Bodoland Territorial Region and the hill districts of Dima Hasao, Karbi Anglong and West Karbi Anglong — as well as members of Scheduled Tribes.

The bill was introduced on the opening day of the assembly’s winter session, following heated debate on its implications for personal laws and the rights of minority and tribal communities.

A map from around 400 CE illustrates the region's remarkable diversity. Across the peninsula, people practised everything from traditional tribal polytheism, worshipping many gods tied to nature and tribe, to newer monotheistic faiths like Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Hanifism, which focused on the belief in one God.

This blend of faiths paints a fascinating picture of the world Islam would later grow. It also reminds us that questions of belief, identity, and coexistence are not new; they’ve shaped human societies for centuries and still matter deeply today.

In many tribal and rural areas, polytheism was the main belief system. People worshipped gods and spirits connected to the land, sky, and their own communities.

According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica , these deities were often linked to celestial bodies, like the sun and stars, and played central roles in local traditions.

Meanwhile, monotheistic faiths were spreading their roots. Jewish communities had long been established in some regions, and by the 4th and 5th centuries, Christianity had begun to thrive, particularly in southern and northern Arabia.

Further east, Persian influence introduced Zoroastrianism, the official religion of the powerful Sassanian Empire. It didn’t dominate the region but found small footholds along the trade routes and coastal settlements connected to Persia.

There were also smaller, lesser-known groups like the Sabians. Though historians still debate exactly who they were, their presence adds another layer to the region’s vibrant mix of beliefs.

A produced by The World in Maps categorises these nations by their official or constitutionally endorsed faiths — Christianity (in red), Islam (in green), and Buddhism (in dark grey) — pointing to the enduring complexity of how states and religions interact globally.

What a “state religion” means and how it varies

A state religion (also called an official or established religion) is one that a government formally endorses or gives special status, privileges, or constitutional recognition. But this does not necessarily mean the state is a theocracy or that it compels all citizens to follow that faith.

In many nations, religious freedom still exists, albeit within a framework where the “official” religion enjoys preferential treatment , whether in funding, influence over ceremonial functions, or constitutional prominence.

This landscape is diverse in practice. Some states explicitly define their religion in their constitutions, others make public references, or provide institutional support.

For instance, Jordan’s constitution states that “Islam is the religion of the State” while still permitting other faiths to be practised.

Malaysia’s federal constitution similarly affirms Islam as the religion of the federation, though it allows other religions to be practised peacefully.

Where state religions persist, and which ones

The map shows a concentration of state religions in parts of the Middle East, Southeast Asia , and parts of Europe and Africa.

Islamic state religions are particularly frequent: countries like Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Jordan, Kuwait, and others have Islam as the constitutionally recognised religion.

In the sphere of Buddhism, a few nations (such as Bhutan and Cambodia) declare Buddhist identity in their constitutions as a “spiritual heritage” or state faith.

In Europe, some countries maintain established Christian churches (e.g. the Church of Denmark), though the practical role of these churches varies, and secularisation trends are strong.

It’s also worth noting that many more countries, beyond those with formal state religions, still favour one religion through policy, funding or cultural entanglement. According to Pew , over 80 nations give official or unofficial advantages to particular faiths.

Groups that fail to comply risk penalties, suspension of credentials, and possible criminal investigation. They are also required to align religious doctrine with state ideology under the principle of “Sinicisation.”

“Religious clergy engaging in online activities should love the motherland, support the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, uphold the socialist system, follow national laws and regulations, and adhere to relevant provisions on managing religious affairs,” according to Article 2 of the rules translated to English by religious rights magazine Bitter Winter .

Further provisions tighten political control: Article 7 states that organisations are banned from publishing content that “incites subversion of state power, opposes the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, [and] undermines the socialist system.”

The measures also restrict where preaching can take place. Article 5 limits online religious activity to official websites, apps, forums and platforms that have secured an Internet Religious Information Services Licence. Personal social media accounts, livestreams and private groups are explicitly forbidden.

According to Bitter Winter, the rules also extend to youth activities. 

“Clergy may not evangelize to underage users or organize youth religious camps or training,” it reported. The same provision bans attempts to commercialise religious life, including fundraising, merchandise sales, or monetising online religious activities.

Technology is not exempt. Generative artificial intelligence cannot be used to produce or disseminate religious content.

National security is a key theme underpinning the new rules, with provisions forbidding foreign “religious infiltration,” extremist teachings, and even fortune-telling or astrology. 

The rules also restrict worship itself, outlawing livestreamed sermons, online rituals, and even meditation sessions unless conducted on state-approved platforms.

Beijing formally recognises five faiths: Buddhism, Catholicism, Islam, Protestantism and Taoism. 

Controls across these beliefs are stern, with activities such as proselytising and Sunday schools facing bans. Groups outside the recognised framework, including Falun Gong, remain outlawed.

Under Xi Jinping, enforcement of these rules has hardened. Rights groups say more than a million Uyghurs have been detained in camps in Xinjiang, accusations China rejects as “counter-terrorism” measures. 

Christians worshipping in unauthorised “house churches” and underground Catholic clergy have also faced arrests, keeping China high on global rankings for religious restrictions.

The visualisation shows the largest religion in every district across the country, revealing that Hinduism is the majority faith in nearly every part of India, while pockets of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and others form distinct majorities in certain regions.

According to the 2011 Census, Hindus make up roughly 79.8% of India’s population, Muslims about 14.2%, Christians 2.3%, Sikhs 1.7%, Buddhists 0.7%, and Jains 0.4%. Most districts reflect this Hindu majority, but the map shows exceptions.

In Jammu & Kashmir and Lakshadweep, Muslims form the largest group. Large parts of the Northeast—including Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya—have Christian majorities, while Punjab remains predominantly Sikh.

There are also small Buddhist-majority pockets in Ladakh and parts of Arunachal Pradesh. These regional differences are reminders that India’s national identity is rooted in religious diversity as much as in shared culture.

Yet, the picture is not static. Research shows that between 1950 and 2015, the Hindu share of India’s population dropped by about 7.8 percentage points, while the Muslim share rose from 9.8% to 14.1%. Some districts have seen noticeable shifts between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, driven by migration, fertility rates, and conversion patterns.

This evolving demography has major social and political implications. The majority of faiths often shape local governance , voting patterns, and cultural priorities. At the same time, minority-majority districts are increasingly in the national spotlight, especially amid concerns over rising religious tensions.

A 2023 report by the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom highlighted growing incidents of violence and discrimination targeting Muslims and Christians in India. These developments show that while census data maps the distribution of faith, it cannot capture the full lived experience of religious communities.

Globally, India’s trends fit into a broader pattern. Islam remains the fastest-growing major religion worldwide, and Pew Research projects that India will continue to see a gradual rise in its Muslim population in the coming decades.

Meanwhile, within India, some communities—such as Lingayats in Karnataka—are pressing for separate recognition in future censuses, which could further shift how religious identity is measured.

Bangladesh is losing at least $1.7 billion annually to extreme heat , according to a World Bank report warning of a growing public health and economic disaster. Between 1980 and 2023, maximum temperatures rose 1.1°C, but the “feels-like” heat index surged 4.5°C — making Dhaka one of the world’s hottest urban heat islands. Heat-related illnesses are spiking: diarrhoea cases nearly tripled in summer, depression rose 23.8% on days over 35°C, and heat exhaustion hits working adults and the elderly hardest. The report also warned Bangladesh could lose 4.9% of GDP to heat by 2030 without intervention.

Deeper trade ties, fewer US tariffs sought

Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus reaffirmed Bangladesh’s commitment to stronger US ties in trade, investment, energy, and development as Dhaka and Washington near a bilateral trade deal. At a September 9 meeting with Assistant US Trade Representative Brendan Lynch, Yunus welcomed the July decision to cut tariffs on Bangladeshi exports from 35% to 20% but urged further reductions. Talks also covered trade imbalance, US agricultural imports, energy cooperation, and aircraft purchases. Yunus highlighted Bangladesh’s labour reforms and pledge to improve the investment climate, expecting more US investment and concessional credit. Lynch praised Bangladesh’s early, constructive engagement and stressed swift implementation of tariff agreements and purchase commitments.

Islamist parties launch 3-day protest for electoral reform

Islamist parties Jamaat-e-Islami, Islami Andolan Bangladesh, and Khelafat Majlis will stage a three-day nationwide protest starting September 18 to press their five-point demand for electoral reform, including proportional representation and banning the ruling 14-party alliance and Jatiya Party. The parties will hold separate rallies in Dhaka on September 18, divisional processions on September 19, and district- and upazila-level demonstrations on September 26. Jamaat said the programme aims to ensure free, fair, and intimidation-free elections, while IAB announced simultaneous protests across the country. The groups also demand justice for killings and corruption under the previous government and insist on a level playing field before the next polls.

Journalist hacked in Bhanga protest

Violent protests in Bhanga escalated Monday as demonstrators vandalised and set fire to key government offices, including the Upazila Parishad and Highway Police Station. MyTV journalist Sarwar Hossain was brutally hacked while covering the unrest , and several other reporters were injured. Clashes erupted after a road blockade, forcing bloodied police officers to seek refuge in a mosque, where madrasa teachers and students shielded them from the mob. Protesters later attacked police stations and torched motorcycles. The unrest stems from an Election Commission decision merging Algi and Hamirdi unions with Faridpur-2, which has triggered blockades across South Bengal. Police have filed a case against 90 people as tensions remain high.

Youth urged to lead national development

Interim government Chief Adviser Dr. Muhammad Yunus on September 15 said no national problem will remain unresolved if B angladesh’s youth stay active and engaged. Speaking at the Youth Volunteer Award 2025, Yunus urged young people to use their talent and creativity not just for personal success but for social good, citing their historic role in the 1971 Liberation War. He praised their contributions to healthcare, environmental protection, poverty alleviation, and social justice. Yunus stressed that future challenges, from health crises to educational gaps, must be confronted collectively, with youth leading the way. He congratulated award recipients and called youth the “driving force” of the nation’s progress.

Islam first reached Africa in the seventh century when the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates spread the faith across the northern edge of the continent. Over time, Muslim kingdoms and trans-Saharan trade networks entrenched Islam across North and West Africa.

Christianity arrived in parts of northeast Africa within a few centuries of Jesus’s death, but its rapid expansion in sub‑Saharan Africa occurred much later, during European colonial missions in the 15th century. Several countries lying between the two zones, including Nigeria, Cameroon and Sudan, now have large populations of both faiths.

In Nigeria’s case, a roughly 50‑50 split between Muslims and Christians means it hosts about 115 million Muslims – the largest absolute number in any African country. Mauritius stands out because Hindus make up about 47.9 % of its population, a legacy of indentured Indian labourers who were brought to work on sugar plantations during colonial times.

The Pew Research Centre notes that between 2010 and 2020, the population of sub‑Saharan Africa grew by 31 % to 1.1 billion. Christians now account for 62 % of the region’s population, while Muslims make up roughly one‑third; religiously unaffiliated people and followers of traditional African religions each represent about 3%.

In absolute terms, the number of Christians rose to 697 million (up 31 % from 2010) and Muslims to 369 million (up 34 %); Hindus numbered just over a million. Pew emphasises that Muslim‑majority countries cluster in the north, near the Middle East and North Africa, while Christian‑majority countries dominate the south.

This division is so pronounced that it appears within countries: Nigeria’s mostly Muslim northern states and Christian south share a porous frontier, and this north‑south fault line contributed to Sudan’s split into Sudan and South Sudan in 2011. By comparison, the Middle East–North Africa region is overwhelmingly Muslim—94 % of its 440 million people identify as Muslim and only about 3 % as Christian.

Some countries resist neat classification. In Eritrea, estimates of religious composition vary widely: some sources put the Christian share between 47 % and 63 % and the Muslim share between 37 % and 52 %.

A 2010 national health survey found 61.4 % Christian and 38.4 % Muslim, whereas the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom’s 2021 report described the population as split roughly in half.

Ethiopia also balances a large Muslim minority with a dominant Orthodox Christian tradition, and in Sudan, the Muslim‑dominated northern provinces separated from the mostly Christian south in 2011. Mozambique saw the region’s largest increase in Christian share over the past decade, while the Muslim share has increased in Benin.

Opposition figures are pushing for a snap presidential election by November 2027, which, if successful, would preempt the scheduled 2028 vote and cut short the term of incumbent President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Turkish Transportation Minister Abdulkadir Uraloglu revealed plans for the snap polls in a televised interview . This development follows the opposition’s claim of having gathered more than 20 million signatures backing arrested Istanbul Mayor Ekrem Imamoglu as the candidate of the Republican People’s Party. On the side of the ruling party, Erdogan has left the door open on a possible re-election bid. If he wins, he would be the Turkish president through 2033 or for 19 years — the longest in history.

Trade deficit plummets to 9-month low

Turkey’s trade deficit recorded a 12% year-on-year decrease in July 2025, a 9-month low shortfall credited to quicker growth of exports compared with imports. According to preliminary data from the Turkey Trade Ministry, the trade deficit went down to $6.4 billion in July 2025 from $7.3 billion in the same month last year. Exports rose by 11% year-on-year to $25 billion, while imports grew at a slower rate of 5.4% to $31.4 billion. 

Turkey unlikely to allow US nuclear subs in Black Sea

Turkey would likely reject any US request to deploy nuclear submarines in the Black Sea, international law analyst Hakan Erkiner said, citing the 1936 Montreux Convention. The remarks followed US President Donald Trump’s August 1 announcement of plans to send submarines to “appropriate regions.” The convention allows Turkey, which is officially neutral in the Russia-Ukraine war, to restrict military vessel transit through the Bosporus and Dardanelles.

Turkey slams Israeli security chief over Jewish prayer in Muslim mosque

Turkey on August 4 condemned Israeli National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir for conducting a Jewish prayer at the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in East Jerusalem, calling the act a violation of the site’s sanctity and long-standing agreements. The Turkish foreign ministry criticised what it described as a “raid” by Israeli ministers, accompanied by police and settlers, at Islam’s third-holiest site, which also sits on Judaism’s holiest — the Temple Mount.

Azerbaijan begins gas exports to Syria via Turkey

Azerbaijan has launched gas exports to Syria through Turkish territory, marking a new regional energy link. Annual supply is expected to reach 1.2 billion cubic metres from the Shah Deniz field. Turkish Energy Minister Alparslan Bayraktar said initial daily deliveries will be 3.4 million cubic metres, with the potential to increase to 6 mcm and eventually 2 bcm annually. Turkey’s role is part of its broader effort to support Syrian reconstruction.

Yet, the Buddhist population seems to be catching up quickly. The religion boasts a global population of about 500 million followers and it's the fourth largest religion in the world.

China ranks number 1 in total number of Buddhists — over 254 million — which represents only 18.3% of its population. This is due to China’s vast population base and the presence of many other religious and philosophical traditions, including Taoism, Confucianism, Christianity, and Islam.

Nonetheless, China is home to a rich history of Mahayana Buddhism, which deeply influences its temples, art , and monastic practices.

In contrast, Thailand (66.1 million, 92.6%) and Cambodia (15.7 million, 96.8%) rank as the most intensely Buddhist societies in the world by proportion.

In these nations, Theravāda Buddhism is not just a religion — it's a central part of national identity, education, and daily life. Monastic life remains highly respected, and many young men enter monasteries temporarily as a rite of passage.

Japan (41.4 million Buddhists) and South Korea (10.9 million) reflect a more syncretic approach. In both countries, Buddhism coexists with Shintoism (in Japan) and Christianity (in Korea). Many individuals participate in Buddhist rituals while identifying culturally rather than exclusively religiously.

Though Buddhism originated in India in the 6th century BCE, it now accounts for just 0.7% of India’s population. Still, India remains spiritually significant, home to sacred pilgrimage sites such as Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, and Kushinagar. The modern resurgence of Buddhism in India has been driven in part by the Dalit Buddhist movement, influenced by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

In Saudi Arabia, Eid al-Adha is synonymous with the annual Hajj pilgrimage, where millions gather in Mecca to 'stone the devil'.

Meanwhile, families across countries like Israel , Palestine, and Indonesia began the day with early prayers, followed by the ritual sacrifice of sheep, goats, or cows.

Damascus acknowledged the spirits of the departed loved ones as the gathered at graveyards to offer prayers.

In Iran, families queued at ram houses to follow through with the ritual sacrifice of sheep, goats, or cows.

Despite the destruction caused by Israeli airstrikes in Gaza, worshippers gathered amid the rubble, their faith unshaken. In Pakistan, large crowds attended prayers and shared meals with neighbours.

In Mogadishu, Somalia, people came together for prayers and festive family meals, offering children moments of joy even amid security challenges .

While traditions vary from region to region, the day is marked by prayers, the sharing of food, and moments of community reflection.

Here is the rest of the world in pictures:

In downtown Homs, dozens of Syrians previously barred from celebrating the holiday are preparing to rejoice freely for the first time in 14 years.

On the evening of Wednesday, June 4, many Syrians crowded the bustling streets of Homs to shop for clothes, fireworks, and snacks in preparation for the upcoming holy celebrations.

Yasmine Al-Nimr, a mother of two who was previously displaced from the Al-Waer neighbourhood of Homs, told AFP, "This is the first Eid in 14 years that we've come to downtown Homs and strolled around Deblan Street and Hamra Street and the markets. It's the first time we feel like it's Eid in 14 years. We're hearing the Eid call to prayer in the streets; it finally feels like Eid in Homs. We haven't had an Eid since we fled Homs (during the war )." Adding "This is the first time I'm buying (Eid gifts) for my girls, who I brought with me from the liberated north, and I brought them here to Homs to buy them clothes. You wouldn't believe my happiness. You wouldn't believe how happy I am to be shopping for clothes in Homs.”

"Eid is different from last year and the years before. We've lived happy days since the liberation. The markets are different between Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr, but even Eid al-Adha is different this year. Eid al-Fitr was nice. So we're hoping that there are good things to come. Happy Eid to everyone," Tamer Al-Sufi, a 59-year-old shop owner in Homs, also added.

Eid al-Adha, one of the two major Islamic festivals alongside Eid al-Fitr, is celebrated on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijja , the twelfth and final month of the Islamic calendar. The festivities typically continue for the next three days, known as the Days of Tashreeq.

The festival commemorates the Prophet Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his son in obedience to God’s command.

It will be marked from the evening of Thursday, June 5, to Friday, June 6, this year.

According to the 2020 U.S. Religion Census , Islam ranks as the second largest religion in the majority of states, including California, Texas, New York, and Florida, reflecting the growth of Muslim communities in both urban and suburban areas.

Judaism claims the second spot in several key states like New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Maryland, thanks to historically strong Jewish communities, especially in the Northeast.

Buddhism emerges as the second-largest religion in states like Montana, Idaho, and New Mexico , where immigration and refugee resettlement programs have contributed to vibrant Buddhist communities.

Hinduism holds the second position in Delaware, while the Bahá’í faith is the second largest in South Dakota—an interesting reflection of the smaller, but committed, religious minorities in those states.

The 2020 Religion Census compiled data from denominational reports, surveys, and community records, making it one of the most comprehensive religion surveys in the U.S. The patterns it reveals underscore the interplay of immigration, cultural heritage, and socio-economic dynamics in shaping America ’s religious makeup.

For example:

Subsequently, Christianity’s explosive rise from the 1st century CE became evident. Spurred by the Roman Empire’s adoption and European colonisation over centuries, Christianity surpassed all other religions by the 16th–17th century and has maintained that lead into the modern day.

In parallel, Islam rose swiftly after the 7th century CE, spreading from the Arabian Peninsula into the Middle East, North Africa , Central Asia, and parts of Europe and Southeast Asia. Today, it stands as the second-largest religion globally, and its growth trajectory remains steep due to high birth rates in Muslim-majority countries.

The fade of ancient faiths

Ancient polytheistic religions—such as those of the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and Norse—which once dominated their regions, saw a decline following the spread of monotheistic faiths.

Buddhism, although never the largest in terms of global population, however, retains a significant and steady presence, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, thanks to early missionary efforts and cultural integration.

Modern shifts: The rise of secularism

By the 20th and 21st centuries, a new category began to climb: the religiously unaffiliated. This includes atheists, agnostics, and those who identify as "spiritual but not religious." Driven largely by secularisation in Europe, North America, and parts of East Asia , this group has grown rapidly—making it one of the largest belief segments today.

In a nutshell, Christianity remains the largest religion, with over 2.3 billion followers. Islam follows closely with 1.9 billion, projected to surpass Christianity by the end of the 21st century. The "unaffiliated" now make up more than 1 billion people , a number that continues to grow.

In 2013, the global Muslim population was estimated at 1.63 billion, making up about 23% of the world's population. By 2020, this number had grown to approximately 2 billion, representing nearly 24.9% of the global population.

This growth is largely attributed to higher fertility rates and a younger median age among Muslims compared to other religious groups.

Looking ahead, the Muslim population is projected to grow significantly. By 2030, it is expected to reach 2.2 billion, accounting for about 26.4% of the world's population.

This trend is anticipated to continue, with the Muslim population projected to nearly double by 2050, reaching around 2.8 billion. By then, Muslims are expected to make up 30% of the global population.

The majority of the world's Muslims currently reside in the Asia-Pacific region, which is home to about 60% of the global Muslim population. This region includes countries with large Muslim populations such as Indonesia, Pakistan, and India.

The Middle East and North Africa, while predominantly Muslim, account for about 20% of the global Muslim population. Sub-Saharan Africa is also seeing a significant increase in its Muslim population, projected to rise from 16% in 2010 to 24% by 2050.

Since the ousting of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the Hindu population has faced a series of targeted attacks in the Muslim-majority country.

However, Hindu devotees, amid the spate of attacks stepped out in large numbers on the culmination of the festival.

"We no longer feel any fear. Whatever concerns we had are now gone. There is nothing left to fear," said Kumar Mondal, a 50-year-old devotee, reflecting a sentiment of cautious relief among the celebrants.

For some, like 29-year-old music teacher Mitu Ghosh, initial fears remained. "We were celebrating the Puja with some apprehension, wondering what might happen at any moment. However, things are going well now. While there have been some incidents of vandalism that make us a bit sad, we are still celebrating the Puja," she said.

Jibon Chandra Pal, a 55-year-old Bangladeshi expatriate, shared a similar sentiment. "There was an incident in the Tanti Bazar neighbourhood in Dhaka on Friday, but it was a mugging, nothing too serious. The way we are celebrating now is what matters most," he said, noting that the anticipated violence did not occur.

Hindus make up approximately 8% of Bangladesh's 170 million population, translating to around 13 million people, making Hinduism the second-largest religion in the country after Islam.

Interim leader Muhammad Yunus, a Nobel laureate, has been criticised for not doing enough to protect the Hindu minority. Reports suggest that hardline Islamist groups have gained increasing political influence and visibility since the fall of Hasina, raising concerns about the safety of the Hindu community.

Akon's $6 billion futuristic African metropolis project in Senegal faces an ultimatum from the government to commence substantial construction work or risk losing the land allocated for the project. The site remains undeveloped after four years, and financial viability concerns have been raised. Akoin cryptocurrency, touted as the project's economic backbone, has also plummeted in value. Newsweek reports that local leaders and residents are now expressing scepticism, and the project manager is awaiting further instructions to proceed with construction. Akon is expected to visit Dakar soon to address concerns and reassure stakeholders of the project's viability.

Preparations for the Youth Olympics

Senegal is preparing to host the Youth Olympic Games in Dakar in 2026. Senegalese musician Youssou N'Dour performed at the Africa Station in Paris, showing the country's readiness for the event. The mayor of Île Saint-Denis is also working towards the Youth Olympics and has received requests to visit from other cities hosting future Olympics. According to RFI , N'Dour emphasised the importance of solidarity among African nations in supporting sports and culture and praised the diversity of French champions at the Paris Olympics. He also mentioned his fascination with fencing.

Senegal appoints new judges

Senegal's new leadership is preparing a "witch hunt," claimed the former ruling party, after several judges were replaced. The opposition party APR stated that President Bassirou Diomaye Faye's new government, which took office in April, is using the guise of accountability to settle scores, following recent arrests of opposition figures, reports Barron's .

Islamic veil controversy

In Senegal, Prime Minister Ousmane Sonko has called for schools to allow girls to wear the Islamic veil, sparking controversy among Christians. The Catholic community has expressed indignation and urged schools to update their regulations to prevent conflicts over the issue. This is a recurring debate, with a recent example in 2019. As reported by La Croix International , despite the controversy, Catholic schools in Senegal are highly sought after and attended by political leaders.

Senegalese taxman surpasses expectations

Senegal’s tax authority, DGID, exceeded expectations by collecting 1,309 billion CFA francs (USD2.2 million) in the first half of 2024. This reflects the resilience of the Senegalese economy. According to APA News , the goal for the year is 2,700 billion CFA francs (USD4.5 million), with a focus on property tax. The director is optimistic about meeting and surpassing future targets.

Tajikistan has updated its parental responsibility law, now extending responsibility to all participants in the educational process. The revised legislation embodies a holistic strategy for the education and development of children in Tajikistan, engaging a diverse group of contributors while prioritising the safeguarding of children's rights. Its objective is to foster an educational setting that is more welcoming, secure, and nurturing, tackling contemporary issues like radicalism, aggression, and bias. According to Asia Plus , a key amendment includes the broadening and meticulous delineation of terminology within the statute. It unambiguously explicates terms such as "education," "development," and "guardians," thereby delineating the duties of everyone involved in the educational journey.

Bilateral ties

The Saudi-Tajik-Uzbek Parliamentary Friendship Committee from the Shoura Council, under the leadership of Dr. Muhammad Al-Jarba, initiated an official tour of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In a media briefing, Dr Al-Jarba highlighted the tour's objective to bolster collaborative parliamentary ties with the legislative bodies of both Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, aiming to fortify relationships across all sectors, as reported by Saudi Gazette . He further emphasized the Shoura Council's dedication to proactive parliamentary and diplomatic endeavours that enhance mutual relations and align stances in global and regional assemblies on diverse matters, thereby promoting shared benefits. The committee plans to engage with their counterparts in the respective parliamentary friendship committees and meet with a range of officials during their visit to the two nations.

Polygamy on the rise

Polygamous marriages are on the rise in Tajikistan due to poverty, job opportunities abroad, and societal pressures. Many women see it as their only way to secure financial security. Economic challenges and limited job opportunities have led to almost 1 million of Tajikistan's estimated 9 million residents seeking work abroad. The money they send home significantly supports numerous households, accounting for 20-30% of the nation's GDP, as reported by the World Bank and World Economic Forum. This economic dynamic partly explains why numerous divorced women in Tajikistan endorse the concept of men having multiple wives. Asia Plus highlights that polygamous unions are predominantly pursued by wealthier men, and many women view this as a viable path to ensure financial stability for themselves and their offspring.

Punishment for soothsaying

Tajikistan has escalated its legal penalties for engaging in activities like soothsaying and conducting "healing sessions" for the ill and disabled, intensifying its crackdown on individuals practising fortune-telling, sorcery, or witchcraft, as per recent updates reported by Radio Liberty's Tajik Service, the country's Penal Code amendments now impose stricter consequences, including potential imprisonment of up to two years or substantial monetary penalties reaching 144,000 somonis (approximately US$13,350). This marks a significant shift from the 2008 legislation that prohibited soothsaying under the category of witchcraft but did not include jail time, and had set the maximum fine for fortune-telling at 3,000 somonis (US$280), as reported by Asia Plus .

Hijab banned

In a recent legislative move that has ignited considerable debate, Tajikistan has introduced a ban on the hijab. Supported by President Emomali Rahmon's government, this law is a component of a wider initiative purportedly designed to uphold the country's cultural heritage and counteract radicalism. The Majlisi Milli, Tajikistan's higher chamber of parliament, ratified a bill last Thursday, June 20, prohibiting "foreign clothing," specifically addressing the hijab traditionally worn by Muslim women. This legislation is one of 35 religiously oriented statutes intended to limit what the authorities consider foreign influences. The repercussions for non-compliance are stringent, with fines starting at nearly EUR 700 (USD750) for ordinary citizens to about EUR 5,000 (USD5,360) for religious figures, Roya News reports.

After Prophet Muhammad died in 632 AD, the Ibadis who did not agree to his succession were considered Kharijite heretics (holding opinions that differed from the generally accepted views). They fled to remote areas in modern-day Oman, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria.

After seeking refuge in places like Tihert (now Tiaret, Algeria) they sought to settle on the Djerba Island.

Many of their manuscripts remained here on the island and remain held in family libraries today although some of them were sold or exchanged.

However, these artefacts face threats from both human and environmental factors including harsh weather conditions.

The remaining scripts in the library are protected by ozone generators which purify the air and remove airborne particles and mold to minimise deterioration.

74-year-old librarian and member of the Islamic offshoot Ibadism Said al-Barouni has taken up the task of preserving the remnants of his family's six-generation library and the remaining Ibadi manuscripts.

al-Barouni has resorted to scanning the manuscripts to record digital copies which can be preserved for future purposes. He believes it's "today's only solution" to preserve the old texts.

"Look at what Djerba's humidity has done to this one," he was quoted as saying as he held a tarnished piece of paper in his gloved hand.

AFP reports that due to the complexity of old Arabic cursive for modern readers, Barouni has started using Zinki, an AI software designed to read and simplify ancient texts.

Feras Ben Abid, a London-based Tunisian software engineer and founder of Zinki, says the tool provides access to numerous manuscripts that the average reader cannot understand.

It is also a way to "change misconceptions some have had on certain topics", he was quoted as saying.

The Djerba library holds over 1,600 ancient Ibadi texts and books on various topics, including astrology and medicine, dating from as early as 1357.

Locally referred to as the Djamaa El-Djazair, the grand mosque which officially cost $898 million and was constructed by a Chinese construction company in the 2010s, has the highest minaret in the world, standing at 265 metres (869 feet), and can hold 120,000 people, Arab News reports.

The mosque has been criticised for being nothing more than a vanity project for former President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who was compelled to step down in 2019 after 20 years in office. According to Aljazeera , Bouteflika had intended to inaugurate the mosque in February 2019 but was unable to do so due to widespread protests and the military's subsequent intervention in Algeria, which forced him to resign.

The mosque, which covers almost 70 acres of land, is said to have a helicopter landing pad and a library with room for one million books.

It has been open to foreign tourists and state visitors to Algeria for approximately five years and first opened for prayers in October 2020.

The mosque’s official opening allows it to host many public prayers and events ahead of the holy Muslim month of Ramadan, which begins in March.

"No one can ignore PVV anymore. We will form a government,” Wilders commented. 

His triumph is seen as a seismic event in Dutch politics and is anticipated to reverberate across Europe. Nevertheless, he must forge alliances with other parties and establish a coalition government.

Wilders has consistently adopted an anti-Islamic stance over the years, but in the recent election campaign, he spoke more moderately and concentrated on economic issues affecting lower-income groups, as well as addressing the country's housing shortage.

However, his party's agenda continues to advocate for the prohibition of the Quran, mosques, and the Islamic veil in the Netherlands.

  "The Dutch people have now voted to deal with the refugee tsunami,” he said in a speech after his victory. 

In recent years, many Iranian families aspired to break national stereotypes by welcoming a furry addition to their families. While dogs have been traditionally used for herding and guarding, they were never considered a company, a best friend for emotional support, or a member of the family; and certainly not allowed in the sanctity of a home.

Nowadays, a surge in pet adoption is apparent through the burgeoning of pet shops, pet clinics and even Iranian pet food brands all over big and small cities, and rich and poor neighbourhoods. 

There are not any official statistics on the number of households with pets but Payam Mohebi, head of Tehran Veterinary Hospital, estimates that there are between 6 to 8 million pets (cats and dogs) in Iran. He claims: "One out of every 10 Iranians has a pet."

Iranian households have become less crowded than ever as fertility and marriage rates drop, and pets are taking open spots at record levels. This year fertility/reproduction rates plunged to an unprecedented low, recording population growth of only 0.7%. Many young adults also choose to forego marriage altogether.

Unofficial statistics show that 13 percent of Iranian households are single-person and during the past decade marriage rates decreased more than 36 percent. Financial issues as well as changes in lifestyle patterns are believed to be the root cause for this phenomenon. 

Some lonely Iranians may find solace in the company of pets but keeping a dog as company is not only foreign to the Iranian culture but frowned upon due to teachings of Sharia law that considers dogs as being “unclean”.

Iranian Islamic officials and particularly religious leaders perceive the phenomenon as a sign of rebellion within the society and a threat that undermines their teachings, as more people discover the warmth they've been robbed of by Imams’ Fatwa.

Religious references assert that keeping a dog at home for entertainment purposes results in the cancellation of good deeds. Some believe that it may affect the whole neighbourhood and prayers won't be heard if any of the 7 next-door families keeps a dog.

Mohammad Reza Naseri, Imam of Yazd county, called keeping dogs and pets "enemy's influence", while Nasser Rafiei, seminary lecturer and speaker of the supreme leader Ali Khamenei's office, stated that adopting dogs is considered as “crossing redlines”. Hassan Rouhani, Imam Juma of the county of Babol, called the phenomenon “regrettable” and Gholamhossein Mahdovinejad, Imam of Semnan province also dubbed it as a sign of cultural invasion and promotion of Western culture saying: “Living with dogs is seen in Western culture and it is far from the Islamic culture and lifestyle”.

Keeping dogs has been a matter of controversy not only among religious figures and seminaries but also between policymakers and in the House of Representatives, where various bills were introduced to fine and punish dog owners. Currently, there is no legislation to regulate the behaviour of dog keepers. The order to ban dogs in public places is issued by the “Islamic Republic of Iran Police Headquarters”  and it is not enforced consistently. 

Since there are not any rules or codes of conduct to preserve the rights of citizens who may be affected by this phenomenon, it causes discord and hostility within the society making it a matter of personal conflict among citizens. Many citizens worry about safety threats as keeping a leash on dogs is not exercised by some dog owners; while others complain about health issues resulting from some dog owners not cleaning up after their pets in parks and passages.

Javan newspaper, close to the IRGC, emphasizes that specific rules should be introduced concerning "buying and selling, keeping, and walking dogs", and wrote: "The unanimous demand of the society is to introduce serious measures against walking dogs. They both carry diseases and make the face of the city dog infested, ugly and they are violating the rights of citizens".

It is speculated that the cunctation of the parliament to pass a law for banning dog ownership is caused by logistics that imply it may result in a crash in the market revolving around the pet industry. If the bill becomes a law not only many veterinarians will go out of business due to a stark decrease in the number of the clients but pet food and accessory brands –many of which are believed to be owned by the Islamic regime officials themselves- will go out of business.

Any approach to regulate keeping dogs rather than banning them altogether will be construed as granting authorization which is in opposition to religious references.

In the absence of legislative control, the responsibility lies on citizen’s shoulders to educate and regulate themselves and each other, in order to build a culture that ensures the well-being of all.