Japan tops the world in estimated daily per-capita fermented food consumption, highlighting the enduring role of traditional diets in modern nutrition as scientists continue to explore the health benefits of fermented foods.

According to data compiled from Fermented Food Consumption Analysis, Public Health Nutrition (2024), PubMed Central , and other academic sources, the average person in Japan consumes approximately 360 grams of fermented foods daily, placing the country ahead of South Korea, Ethiopia and several Nordic nations.

Japan's leadership reflects the widespread use of fermented ingredients in everyday meals. Common staples include miso, soy sauce and katsuobushi, all of which are produced through fermentation processes that have been refined over generations.

South Korea ranks second with an estimated 290 grams per person daily, driven largely by the country's famous fermented dishes such as kimchi, doenjang and gochujang. Kimchi alone is consumed regularly by a majority of South Korean households and is widely regarded as a cornerstone of the national diet.

Indonesia rounds out Asia's representation in the top ten with approximately 175 grams per day, supported by traditional foods including tempeh, tape and oncom.

Outside Asia, Ethiopia stands out with an estimated daily consumption of 280–310 grams, reflecting the importance of fermented staples such as injera , the country's iconic sourdough flatbread, as well as traditional fermented beverages including tej and borde.

Northern Europe also performs strongly. Iceland ranks fourth at around 270 grams per day, while Finland and Denmark share fifth place with 260–270 grams daily.

In these countries, fermented dairy products play a central role. Foods such as skyr, viili, piimä and kefir have been consumed for centuries and remain popular components of everyday diets.

Bulgaria, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia and Armenia all feature prominently in the ranking, reflecting the region's longstanding relationship with fermented milk products and preserved foods.

Bulgaria records approximately 230 grams daily, supported by its globally recognised yoghurt culture. Turkey follows with around 200 grams, where yoghurt, ayran and tarhana continue to be dietary staples.

Meanwhile, Russia and Ukraine average about 190 grams, with foods such as ryazhenka, smetana and pickled vegetables remaining common household items.

Growing consumer interest in gut health has brought renewed attention to fermented foods. Research published in journals including Public Health Nutrition and studies indexed by PubMed Central suggest that fermented foods may contribute beneficial microorganisms and bioactive compounds that support digestive health and microbial diversity.

A widely cited Stanford University study found that diets rich in fermented foods were associated with increased microbiome diversity and reduced markers of inflammation in healthy adults.

Researchers caution, however, that the health impact of fermented foods can vary depending on the type of food, preparation methods and overall dietary patterns.

“In response to this aggression and violation of the Strait of Hormuz regulations, the enemy’s American-Zionist vessel named Panaya was targeted by missiles from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy,” the report stated.

The broadcaster also said the United States had carried out another strike on Iranian infrastructure.

“It is mentioned that the American enemy, in another act of aggression, targeted a telecommunications tower of the Corps in the south of Qeshm Island,” it added.

Iran said it responded by targeting US-linked military sites in the region.

“In response to this aggression, their airbase and helicopter base located in one of the countries in the region, as well as the headquarters of the Fifth Fleet, were subjected to missile and drone attacks by the Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps,” the report said.

Kuwait’s military said drones struck its international airport, causing “significant” damage. However, US Central Command (CENTCOM) appeared to dispute the extent of the attack.

“Two Iranian missiles fired at Kuwait fell short or broke apart en route, and three missiles launched at Bahrain were immediately intercepted by US and Bahrain air defence forces,” CENTCOM said.

US media reported that President Donald Trump had requested changes to the framework of a potential agreement after talks with aides, including issues related to the Strait of Hormuz, the removal of enriched uranium, and negotiations on Iran’s nuclear deal.

Tehran said on Monday, June 1, that the United States was “constantly changing its views and putting forward new or contradictory demands.”