He said the United States was not seeking anything that would run against Zambia’s laws or national interests.

The clarification follows claims circulating a proposed US$1 billion health-related arrangement, as Zambia’s copper and other minerals draw growing international attention amid global demand linked to industrial expansion and the energy transition.

Zambian officials have repeatedly said foreign partnerships, whether in mining, health or infrastructure, must support national development priorities and avoid deals that appear opaque or extractive, a point that has become more politically sensitive as the country heads deeper into an election season.

The US response, while focused on a specific claim, underscores how quickly narratives around resources and foreign assistance can trigger public concern in mineral-rich countries, particularly when strategic commodities are involved.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo maintains its position at the top of Africa’s copper hierarchy. With roughly 30,000 tonnes of identified reserves, the DRC remains the continent’s largest exporter of copper, with China and the UAE among its biggest destinations.

Exports to China alone are valued in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually, underscoring the critical role Congolese copper plays in global manufacturing and clean energy supply chains.

The importance of the DRC’s copper sector is more than anecdotal. According to broader market research, the country accounted for around $19.8 billion in copper exports in recent years, more than double that of its nearest African competitor, Zambia, and serves as a linchpin for key global markets in Asia and the Middle East.

Zambia follows closely as Africa’s second most significant copper exporter, with around 20,000 tonnes of reserves. Major consumers for Zambian copper include Switzerland and China, reflecting deep integration into European and Asian metal markets.

Copper is central to Zambia’s economy, making up about 70% of total export earnings and fuelling broader economic activity at home. Mines such as Kansanshi and Lumwana have been long-standing pillars of production in the region, supporting both local industry and foreign trade.

South Africa and Namibia round out the list of Africa’s key copper exporters, with 13,000 and 11,000 tonnes of reserves, respectively. India and China are among South Africa’s principal export markets, while Belgium and Germany figure prominently in Namibia’s trade mix.

Though smaller in volume than the DRC or Zambia, both countries contribute significantly to regional supply chains and are positioning themselves for future growth through exploration and mining partnerships.

Copper is not ordinary but an essential in renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, telecommunications and industrial infrastructure, sectors that are expected to drive demand for decades. Africa’s copper reserves, particularly in the DRC and Zambia, sit along the great African Copperbelt, a mineral belt that runs from the Copperbelt Province of Zambia into the mineral-rich regions of southeastern DRC.

The African Minerals Development Centre (AMDC), established by the African Union to implement the Africa Mining Vision, frames this resource wealth not just as a source of export earnings but as a foundation for industrial transformation. The Centre’s mandate encourages policies that promote value addition, responsible mining, and the strategic use of revenues to support sustainable development across the continent.

The (mal)governance of raw materials such as these even led to the resources being seen as a ‘curse’. In the present day, the scramble for critical minerals has many of the same features – imperial powers seeking to take control of the resources for their own benefit. History seems to be repeating itself.

The US’s new proposed trading club for critical minerals, in conjunction with its more domestically-oriented Project Vault, albeit designed to protect technologies for AI, manufacturing and defence rather than green industries, is but the latest example of an imperial-centred approach.  Such an approach could reinstate previous and reinforce existing power structures instead of recalibrating or even dismantling these structures for a socially-just global transformation that does not mainly serve the interests of the US.

If the world is to undergo a green transition, how might it do so without repeating the colonial and imperial global structures of the past? In short, what might a Green New International Economic Order (GNIEO) look like and how might it come about?

As a first step, greater agency and voice for the Global South are a prerequisite. Notwithstanding the uneven global distribution of critical minerals, many of them are found in the countries of the Global South (for example, China and Brazil alone have over 70% of known rare earth reserves).

If they are to be extracted and used to meet progressive social, political, economic and ecological goals, then countries of the Global South will need to have control over their resources and have access to the technologies which will allow them to use these resources for their own industrial advancement. Ownership of resources and access to technology and finance were, in fact, key aspects of the Global South’s proposals for a New International Economic Order (NIEO) in the 1970s. 

The NIEO was a brave attempt to see an alternative future for global economic governance but it failed to deliver as countries in the Global North, especially the US under Kissinger, sought to divide the countries of the Global South by exploiting the differences of interests between oil exporting and oil importing countries while maintaining Northern unity as much as possible, and as the Global South’s agenda unravelled as a result of the underlying tensions in its goals.

If a GNIEO were to be forged now, it would face many of the same problems. The unity of the Global North might be strained, however, as the US under Trump alienates friend and foe alike. Notwithstanding this, many of the current global governance institutions designed to regulate extractive processes, such as the World Bank’s Climate Smart Mining Initiative and the OECD’s Responsible Business Conduct, are dominated by Northern countries.

A coherent Global South response would require two major features. Firstly, it would need to manage the inherent tensions between resource nationalism and collective action. Secondly, and relatedly, it would need China to be a powerful leader given its global dominance in the extraction and processing of critical minerals.

Resource nationalism - and its associated policy instruments such as industrial policy, the support of State-Owned Enterprises, local content regulations and export bans - has resurfaced in the Global South over the past decade or so. Many countries feel the pull of resource nationalism as a way to protect and secure their own economic destinies in the face of predatory external threats.

Of course, this has often led local elites to engage in predatory behaviour themselves as part of the global structures of extraction and accumulation. Resource nationalism – in the sense of sovereign control over resources - is a necessary but insufficient condition for progressive change. One of the problems, from a global perspective, is how resource nationalism can be made compatible with collective action by the Global South, that is, which parts of nationalism can be reasonably ceded for the greater power offered by the prospect of cooperation with other Global South countries.

This dilemma is especially acute for China in the case of critical minerals. It is faced with geopolitical and geoeconomic threats from the US, is blocked by many Northern countries from investing in key sectors and from purchasing some key technologies. China’s response, perhaps unsurprisingly, has been overwhelmingly nationalist.

An examination of resource policy documents reveals a strong emphasis on domestic regulation covering issues such as environmental mitigation, work safety, export quotas and industrial restructuring and upgrading. There are specific provisions for international cooperation through the Belt and Road Initiative, for example, and in some bilateral agreements (with Russia, for example).

But there is conspicuously little which speaks to the global level, at how global governance structures could be forged to advance the interests of the Global South despite China’s insistence that it sees itself as a key member and supporter of the Global South. 

At present, we are therefore left with critical minerals, essential to the future well-being of the global population and planetary health, being governed by the anarchic interactions of rival powers. A Green New International Economic Order is needed urgently. 

The opinions and thoughts expressed in this article reflect only the author's views.

About the authors

Paul Bowles is Professor Emeritus at the University of Northern British Columbia, Canada. He has published widely on development, globalisation, and extractivism.

Nathan Andrews is an Associate Professor of International Relations at McMaster University whose research focuses on the global political economy/ecology of natural resource extraction and development.

Jing Vivian Zhan is a Professor in the School of Governance and Policy Science at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Her research focuses on comparative political economy, local governance, and natural resource management, especially in the Chinese context.

This opinion piece draws upon the analysis set forth in Nathan Andrews, Paul Bowles and Jing Vivian Zhan, “ Transforming Global Critical Minerals Governance: Is a Green New International Economic Order Possible?”, Third World Quarterly , 18 January 2026 (online first), DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2025.2608840. For extended analysis, see also Paul Bowles and Nathan Andrews (eds.), Extractive Bargains: Natural Resources and the State-Society Nexus , London: Routledge, 2024.

He said that the US will take Greenland “one way or the other” to prevent Russia or China from doing the same on Sunday, January 11.

Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen has warned that any attempt by the U.S. to seize Greenland would effectively destroy NATO, given that both Denmark and Greenland are members of the alliance.

“If the United States chooses to attack another NATO country militarily, then everything stops. That is, including our NATO and thus the security that has been provided since the end of the Second World War,” Frederiksen told Danish broadcaster TV2.

This is the second time Trump has threatened to take the Island since he started his second term in January 2025. You may have wondered, "Why Greenland?"

Greenland hosts a wide range of minerals that modern economies depend on. Although copper and gold remain fundamental to construction, electronics and finance, the country also boasts graphite, rare earths , nickel, iron ore and zinc that stretch along its coasts.

Graphite and nickel are increasingly critical for batteries , electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. Iron ore and zinc support heavy industry, while rare earth elements play a central role in wind turbines, advanced electronics and defence technologies.

Geological surveys show that many of these resources are concentrated in distinct zones, particularly in southern and western Greenland, reflecting the island’s unique and ancient rock formations.

What makes Greenland especially significant is not just the presence of common metals, but the breadth of strategically important ones as well.

Studies indicate that Greenland contains a large share of the minerals classified by the European Union as critical raw materials. These are essential resources for economic security, yet they are vulnerable to supply disruptions.

Rare earth elements, in particular, have attracted global attention because production is currently dominated by a small number of countries, leaving Europe and North America exposed to geopolitical risk.

However, here’s the thing: mineral wealth on paper does not automatically translate into mining success. Greenland’s mining sector remains small, and only a limited number of projects have moved beyond exploration.

Environmental regulation plays a major role. The government’s ban on uranium mining, for example, has stalled or cancelled several rare earth projects because uranium often occurs alongside those minerals. Legal disputes and investor uncertainty have followed, slowing development further.

Still, progress is happening. One notable example is the Amitsoq graphite project , which recently secured a long-term mining permit with backing from the European Union. If developed as planned, it could supply high-grade graphite for lithium-ion batteries and help reduce Europe’s reliance on external suppliers.

Beyond economics, Greenland’s mineral map has geopolitical weight. As competition over critical minerals intensifies, the island’s location between Europe and North America makes it strategically important. Interest from major powers is driven not only by commercial opportunity but also by concerns about supply chain resilience in an increasingly fractured global economy.

To achieve this transformation, the country estimates a required investment of $23.2 million. The priority areas for intervention include transitioning to low-carbon mining operations, replacing diesel-powered machinery with renewable energy , limiting deforestation, improving land management, enhancing water conservation, and building infrastructure that can withstand climate-related shocks.

The rehabilitation efforts will focus on refilling abandoned pits and restoring vegetation with native tree species to reduce erosion, improve stormwater absorption, and support biodiversity. Flood-impact assessments will be mandatory to ensure rehabilitated areas remain free of pollutants during extreme weather events.

The government aims for 90% of mining operations to integrate climate-compatible practices, such as water-efficient processing techniques and dry-stack tailings systems, by 2030.

Rwamagana District, located in the Eastern Province, has been identified as a priority site for restoration. During Mining Week, observed from 2 to 5 December under the theme "Minerals for a Smarter and Green Future", environment al organisation Save Environment Initiative partnered with MMB Mining Company to plant 3,650 tree seedlings.

Tree species planted included Eucalyptus, Grevillea, Umuhumuro, Umusave, and Iminyinya.

"Mining continues to play a vital role in Rwanda's development, but unsustainable practices have caused serious environmental degradation – from soil erosion and water contamination to biodiversity loss," said Concorde Kubwimana, CEO of Save Environment Initiative. He noted that damaged wetlands and unstable landscapes are an increasing threat to both ecosystems and communities.

Rwanda remains a significant global producer of tin, tantalum, and tungsten (3Ts), while also exporting gold, gemstones, rare earth elements, and lithium. 

The sector has become Rwanda’s top export revenue source , surpassing tourism. Export revenues grew from $373 million in 2017 to $1.75 billion in 2024, with a target of $2.17 billion by 2029.

Prime Minister Justin Nsengiyumva expressed the government's continued support for a responsible mining sector that aligns with international standards and contributes to local communities.

"Mining is not only about the extraction of resources; it is about creating opportunities for growth, innovation and shared prosperity," he said.

The sector currently employs around 92,000 people, according to the Prime Minister.

The Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the most mineral-rich countries in the world, with an estimated wealth of $24 trillion in natural minerals. Many of these minerals are vital for expanding the IT and AI industries, on which the U.S. relies. So far, China has led the way in tapping into the DRC’s reserves; today, Trump is hoping to change that.

Trump’s clear incentives for brokering peace may trigger alarm bells for many, however, the DRC’s government asserts that “sovereignty over resources remains entirely Congolese”. DRC Presidential spokesperson Tina Salama told the press this deal “is not 'peace in exchange for minerals', as has been claimed - it is about securing minerals to deprive the war of financing”.

Control of eastern Congo’s mineral wealth has long been a central driver of the region’s instability. Rebel militia groups like M23 often seize mines and key transport routes to extract revenue. Minerals like cobalt, copper and gold are easily smuggled out of the country and provide a reliable source of income that can be used to pay fighters, buy guns and maintain territorial control.

U.S. investment in Congo’s mining industry could ensure that everyday Congolese people benefit from the wealth extracted from their country’s mines and help starve militia groups of funding.

However, even as Rwanda’s President Kagame and the DRC’s President Tshisekedi arrive in Washington, the fighting rages on in eastern DR Congo. The fighting sides on the ground are less swayed by the U.S. president’s appetite for economic deals and so preliminary accords agreed over the summer, in Washington and Doha, have often been ignored.

This week, both Rwanda and the DRC have accused the other of sabotaging peace talks with ceasefire violations, and few expect today's deal to have an immediate impact on the ground.

Ultimately, whether this deal delivers peace will be decided not in Washington, but in the hills where militias still trade bullets for minerals.

Recent figures show the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) maintaining an overwhelming lead in global cobalt output, producing 220,000 metric tonnes in 2024. No other nation comes close; Indonesia follows with 28,000 tonnes, while countries such as Russia, Canada, the Philippines, Australia, Cuba, Papua New Guinea, Turkey, and Madagascar contribute significantly smaller volumes.

The Global Critical Minerals Outlook Report 2024 reinforces this picture. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the DRC provides over 70% of all mined cobalt worldwide. At the same time, global demand has nearly doubled in the past decade, fuelled largely by the surge in electric vehicles.

The IEA projects that cobalt demand for clean energy technologies could rise by up to 60% by 2030, depending on how rapidly EVs and battery storage systems are adopted. Although battery developers continue exploring lower-cobalt chemistries, cobalt remains crucial for delivering the stability, safety, and performance required in many advanced battery designs.

Growing demand from the United States and European Union coincides with efforts by both regions to reduce reliance on single-country supply chains. Meanwhile, China retains a dominant role in cobalt refining, adding another layer of strategic complexity.

Indonesia’s rise as the world’s second-largest producer stems from rapid investment in its nickel and cobalt industries , which support its burgeoning battery manufacturing sector. At the same time, countries such as Australia, Canada, and the Philippines are positioning themselves as stable, regulation-friendly alternatives for manufacturers seeking diversified supply sources.

Ongoing conflict in Eastern Europe, sanctions involving Russia, and evolving mining regulations across parts of Africa are also influencing supply dynamics and reshaping investor strategies.

Attorney General Mohamed Shawky said an extensive inventory uncovered 265 kilograms of gold, two tonnes of silver, and other precious metals that had accumulated across various investigative bodies, including the Weights and Measures Authority and the Mineral Resources Authority. Many of the items date back to the late 1990s.

Following an assessment, the Public Prosecution recommended converting the seized gold into bullion and handing it to the Central Bank to strengthen Egypt’s strategic reserves. The Cabinet approved the proposal, enabling technical teams to melt and refine the seized items into high-quality bars.

The bullion, worth an estimated $34 million, was formally handed over this week during a ceremony attended by Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly, the Governor of the Central Bank Hassan Abdullah, and Finance Minister Ahmed Kouchouk. The Central Bank also received around $44 million in frozen financial assets, while 99,000 seized vehicles are set to be auctioned in line with court rulings.

Officials say the, amongst others, also follows months of clearing long-dormant evidence stores and unclaimed items.

Shawky described the operation as an example of “institutional integration and responsible management of public funds ,” adding that transforming stagnant assets into national reserves supports currency stability and economic resilience 

The Public Prosecution says it plans to continue similar asset conversion to modernise case management, clear backlogs and speed up judicial processes.

The plan envisions a large‑scale underground mine roughly 55 km northwest of Kisumu, with ore processed through a 1,500‑tonnes‑per‑day plant powered by a 12‑megawatt station, and tailings stored on site.

Capital costs are estimated at US$170 - 208 million (Sh22 - 27 billion), with annual operating costs of about US$19 million. The company projects royalties of US$4.3 - 4.7 million (Sh560 - 610 million) a year for the state, plus US$1.5 million (Sh195 million) via the Mineral Development Levy. Under Kenya’s Community Development Agreement rules, 1% of the value of gold produced would be shared directly with host communities. Initial mine life is eight years, with potential extension subject to further drilling.

“Our focus is to develop a world ‑class underground operation that meets global safety and sustainability standards,” said Jiten Divecha, general manager of Shanta Gold Kenya Ltd, who signed the EIA. 

The company proposes Long Hole Open Stoping (LHOS), a mechanised method designed to minimise surface disturbance. Mined-out voids would be backfilled with cemented aggregate to reduce the risk of subsidence, the EIA states. Key infrastructure includes a tailings storage facility, waste rock dumps and administrative buildings.

The project would require about 337 acres, mainly private land, potentially displacing around 800 households. Shanta has identified six resettlement sites totalling 1,932 acres, offering cash compensation or relocation within the region.

Yet ironically, both of these superpowers lack significant domestic reserves of many of these minerals. Africa, in contrast, hosts them, from cobalt in the Democratic Republic of Congo to lithium in Zimbabwe and platinum in South Africa .

But much of the value is lost externally. Raw minerals are exported, refined elsewhere, and packaged into high-value goods overseas.

This extract-then-enrich model leaves African countries dependent and undercompensated. The insight is simple: control over resources means control over the future — whether in energy, security, or technological development.

The narrative, however, is shifting. Across the continent, governments and entrepreneurs are pushing to recapture value. Ghana has established a new Ghana Gold Board (GoldBod) to regulate gold trading, buy local output, and discourage smuggling.

Zimbabwe is making a bold move after banning raw lithium ore exports in 2022. The government plans to ban lithium concentrate exports starting January 2027, forcing downstream processing to occur domestically.

Still, challenges remain. Global lithium prices have collapsed from their highs, squeezing margins and putting pressure on miners to survive through volatility.

The geopolitical pressure is also intensifying as China has recently tightened its export controls on rare earths and related technologies, especially around defence and semiconductors, signalling a more assertive posture.

Beyond steel , manganese is vital in nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) and lithium-manganese oxide (LMO) batteries, technologies central to China’s EV sector. Ensuring steady, high-grade supplies has therefore become essential to Beijing’s industrial strategy.

Gabon is the world’s second-largest producer of manganese, with reserves estimated at 250 million tonnes, concentrated in the Moanda region. Its ore, often exceeding 46% manganese content, is among the highest quality globally.

Until now, Gabon largely exported raw ore, with limited local processing. But that model is changing as Libreville has announced a ban on raw manganese exports from 2029, requiring foreign companies to invest in domestic processing. Mines Minister Gilles Nembé has described the policy as a step to make Gabon “a competitive industrial hub in the mining sector.”

In September, a delegation of seven Chinese firms met Gabonese authorities to propose building an integrated industrial zone for manganese processing. Companies such as Inner Mongolia Xinchuan Metallurgy pledged to transfer smelting technology and establish facilities for alloys and battery-grade products. This approach goes beyond mining, embedding China deeper into Gabon’s value chain.

China’s push comes amid rising competition from Japanese investors, who also signalled plans in July 2025 to invest in Gabon’s processing industry, seeking to secure supplies for steelmaking and EV technologies while diversifying away from Chinese dominance.

For Gabon, these rival bids offer leverage with foreign competition accelerating investment, expanding job creation, and boosting value-added industries. For China, securing processed manganese in Gabon reduces reliance on volatile global markets while tightening control over critical mineral supply chains.

As the 2029 export ban nears, Gabon’s manganese could become a flashpoint in the global race for battery metals, shaping Africa ’s role in the green energy transition and testing how far China’s industrial strategy can reach.

Authorities believe the miners are buried between 28 and 30 metres deep, but the search has become more difficult as water has begun flooding the tunnel, raising concerns for both those trapped and emergency teams. “Right now, we are still waiting for more help because it’s needed. We need more help, as we don’t know how many metres deep or in which exact area the missing people are located”, said Víctor Alfonso Valencia, coordinator of the Aires de Garrapatero Guard.

The collapse occurred in the early hours of Friday at an open-pit excavation that operates illegally, though local residents highlighted the desperation that drives people to such work. “Whether the mine is illegal or not, people are looking for work – it’s for their family’s livelihood. So don’t talk about it being illegal, because when people are hungry, we’re not going to let ourselves starve. People look for a way to eat, to provide for their families”, said community member and risk guardian Margarita Cayapu Méndez.

With uncertainty over how long the emergency might last and limited medical resources in the area, civil defence officers warned that logistical challenges remain, while families and residents continue urging authorities to deploy more assistance. Illegal gold mining remains a structural issue in Colombia, where government attempts to formalise the sector and eradicate illicit operations have met with only limited success.

China controls a staggering 69–70% of global rare-earth output and over 90% of processing capacity, a dominance that extends beyond mining to full-scale vertical integration. This encompasses separation, refining, and even manufacturing magnets and alloys essential for modern technology.

In 2010, China paused rare-earth exports to Japan over a territorial dispute, triggering a 50% spike in global prices almost overnight.

Countries worldwide recognise the risks. Germany and Canada recently signed an agreement to cooperate on supply chains for lithium, gallium, germanium, and rare earth elements, aiming to reduce reliance on a single supplier.

Meanwhile, the U.S. is stepping up: Critical Metals, the development-stage mining company, secured a 10-year contract to supply rare earth concentrates from Greenland to a new U.S. processing facility, backed by the Department of Defence.

Australia is also pushing its advantage. According to the local news agency, The Australian, the country is planning a $1.2 billion strategic reserve of critical minerals and launching processing investments through its Critical Minerals Facility.

The tech warfare between China and the U.S.

Rare earths are more than just industrial inputs; they are strategic leverage. China’s export controls on key elements and technologies have repeatedly shaken global industries. Recently, it introduced sweeping export regulations on minerals, magnets, and processing equipment, heightening concerns in markets that depend heavily on these materials.(turn0news19)

U.S. President Trump responded with a warning of 200% tariffs on China if it restricts rare-earth magnet exports to the U.S.

India is also responding to its National Critical Minerals Mission and the broader “Make in India” initiative, which aims to ramp up domestic exploration and production. Recent announcements include plans for extensive exploration missions, especially in Gujarat, to secure rare earths for the auto and tech sectors.

Rare earths are foundational to the modern world’s energy transition and security. China’s dominance makes critical technologies and industries vulnerable to supply shocks and geopolitical manoeuvres. Countries are responding by diversifying supply chains, investing in homegrown mining and refining capabilities, and forming strategic partnerships.

Will global efforts dilute China's stranglehold? That remains to be seen, but one thing is clear: whoever controls rare earths may well control the technological future.

But under the new policy , companies will only be allowed to export refined lithium products, not unprocessed material.

The aim is to keep more of the lithium value chain within Zimbabwe, create jobs, and attract investment in local refining.

The government hopes to follow Indonesia’s example, where a similar ban on nickel exports led to a boom in domestic processing and battery production.

Several Chinese firms, including Sinomine and Huayou Cobalt, have already started building plants in Zimbabwe to make lithium sulphate, a processed material used in battery manufacturing.

Others, such as Canmax, Chengxin and Yahua, may have to do the same if they want to keep buying from Zimbabwe.

The move matters beyond Zimbabwe’s borders. In the first quarter of this year alone, the country exported more than 200,000 tonnes of lithium concentrate to China .

This is enough to produce nearly 26,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent, a standard unit in the battery industry.

If the export ban takes effect without enough local processing capacity in place, it could create supply delays and force global buyers to look elsewhere but if Zimbabwe succeeds, it could become a more powerful player in the global lithium market.

The shift highlights how countries rich in natural resources are demanding more than just royalties. They want a bigger share of the benefits from the global green energy transition.

As demand for electric vehicles and battery storage rises, Zimbabwe’s move is a clear signal that supply chains will depend as much on national policies as on geology.

Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signed more than 30 bilateral agreements with Chinese President Xi Jinping on Tuesday, May 13, in Beijing. The deals include Chinese investment in Brazil’s mining sector, transport infrastructure, ports, and the purchase of Embraer jets. Both countries also agreed to cooperate on artificial intelligence, climate action, and initiated a $157 billion currency swap between their central banks to ensure market liquidity over five years. The agreements reflect Brazil’s growing economic alignment with China amid ongoing U.S.-China trade tensions.

U.S. urged to support Latin American industry as Brazil plans data centre policy

Brazil's Finance Minister Fernando Haddad stated on Monday, May 12, that the United States should adopt a more supportive stance toward industrial development in Latin America and South America, emphasizing that the U.S. has "much to gain" from deeper regional engagement. In an interview with UOL, Haddad clarified that President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva will pursue a multilateral foreign policy and will not align exclusively with either the United States or China. He noted that China remains Brazil’s top trading partner, while the United States leads in technological innovation—both relationships considered essential to Brazil’s strategic interests.

Beijing-based Meituan to invest $1 billion in Brazil to launch food delivery app 

Chinese tech giant Meituan announced plans to invest $1 billion over five years to introduce its food delivery service in Brazil. The initiative is part of the company’s broader global expansion strategy following its recent entry into the Middle East. The Beijing-based firm will launch its Keeta food delivery app in Brazil within the coming months. The announcement followed the signing of an investment agreement on Monday during a forum involving Brazilian and Chinese businesses. The signing was overseen by Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and Meituan CEO Wang Xing.

Lula seeks to balance Brazil-Russia trade, expand cooperation in energy and critical minerals

During an official visit to Russia on May 10, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated that a key objective of his bilateral talks with President Vladimir Putin was to address Brazil’s trade deficit with Russia and explore opportunities in energy transition and critical minerals. President Lula noted that Brazil faces a trade deficit of approximately $11 billion within an annual trade flow of nearly $12 billion with Russia. He emphasised the importance of balanced trade, describing it as a two-way relationship based on mutual benefit. He also highlighted Russia’s role as a strategic partner in oil, gas, and small nuclear reactors, describing the latter as a promising technology for ensuring a long-term energy supply. 

Brazil, China to sign $27.69 billion currency swap deal 

Brazil’s central bank announced on Monday it will sign a currency swap agreement with the People’s Bank of China, valued at up to 157 billion reais ($27.69 billion) over a five-year term. The agreement will be formalised on Tuesday in Beijing during central bank governor Gabriel Galipolo’s visit. Its purpose is to provide liquidity and stabilise financial markets during periods of stress. The move further strengthens economic ties between Brazil and China and follows the announcement of over $4.5 billion in planned Chinese investments across key Brazilian industries.

Chinese telecom giant Huawei has unveiled a cloud-enhanced AI solution in Zambia aimed at delivering seamless, personalised education to underserved rural areas. Speaking at a digital inclusion summit, Huawei VP Lei Yang said the technology will enable real-time access to learning content, support language translation, and tailor education to diverse learning needs. According to Xinhua , Zambia’s Ministry of Education praised Huawei’s two-decade partnership, highlighting the role of smart classrooms in closing the country’s digital divide.

Vedanta's Zambia copper unit seeks RMB support for debt financing

Vedanta Resources Ltd.’s Zambian unit has appointed Rand Merchant Bank to help secure up to $1 billion in debt financing to expand Konkola Copper Mines (KCM), according to sources. The move comes 10 months after Vedanta regained 80% control of KCM following a settlement with the Zambian government, which included a $1 billion investment pledge. So far, $330 million has been invested, primarily to settle debts. KCM aims to boost copper output from 40,000 tons in 2023 to 300,000 tons annually, as global miners anticipate long-term demand despite short-term market pressures, NDTV reports.

AfDB approves guarantee for Zambeef expansion to boost Zambia’s agriculture

The African Development Bank has approved a Kwacha-denominated Risk Sharing Credit Guarantee to support Zambeef’s $100 million expansion in Zambia. The five-year project aims to double production, enhance efficiency, and strengthen food security across Southern Africa. It is expected to create nearly 1,400 direct jobs and benefit over 86,000 farmers and small businesses. Zambia’s largest cold-chain food producer, Zambeef, currently contributes about 1% to the nation’s GDP. The move aligns with Zambia’s national development goals and AfDB’s "Feed Africa" strategy.

Zambia opens upgraded Nakonde Lab to boost food security after drought

Zambia has commissioned a refurbished Plant Quarantine and Phytosanitary Service (PQPS) lab at the Nakonde border with Tanzania to boost maize import screening and protect food security after the country’s worst drought in 40 years. According to Africa.com , the lab, upgraded with UK funding and TradeMark Africa support, features advanced equipment to detect crop diseases like Maize Lethal Necrosis. With nearly half the population facing food insecurity, officials say the lab is critical as Zambia imports maize from neighbouring countries.

Keith Mweemba defeats Kamanga to become new Zambia FA president

Keith Mweemba has been elected President of the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ), winning 45 votes at the reconvened AGM in Kabwe on May 9, 2025. He replaces Andrew Kamanga, who led FAZ for nine years. The election, delayed by a court injunction in March, was supervised by FIFA, CAF, and COSAFA to ensure transparency. A vice-presidential run-off is pending, while Col. Priscilla Katoba was re-elected unopposed as Women’s Representative, marking continued progress for female leadership in Zambian football, myjoyonline reports.

The company, backed by a venture affiliated with billionaires Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos, wrote to Congolese President Felix Tshisekedi’s office earlier this year, stating it “would welcome the opportunity to develop the asset.”

In the letter to the DRC government, KoBold Metals' Chief Legal Officer, Sandy Alexander, outlined a proposal to resolve ongoing disputes and accelerate the development of the Manono lithium deposit.

KoBold Metals operates across 70 projects spanning five continents. In 2023, the company invested $150 million in Zambia to explore the Copperbelt region, where it has already drilled 50,000 meters at the Mingomba mine, which is expected to become the country's largest copper mine upon completion.

The move comes as the global demand for lithium surges, driven by its crucial role in electric vehicle (EV) batteries and renewable energy technologies.

KoBold Metals recently raised $537 million in a funding round, bringing its valuation to nearly $3 billion.

The nation boasts nearly 8,000 deposits encompassing approximately 90 different minerals, with about 20 being economically significant. Notably, Ukraine holds substantial reserves of coal, iron ore, manganese, titanium, and uranium, among others. ​

With iron ore reserves estimated at 28 billion tons , Ukraine ranks among the world's top producers, supplying significant quantities to the global market. ​Additionally, the country possesses around 3 billion tons of manganese ore, essential for steel production. ​

For titanium, Ukraine is the world's sixth-largest producer of a metal vital for aerospace and other high-tech industries. Significant lithium deposits, such as the Shevchenko deposit in Donetsk Oblast, also position Ukraine as a potential key supplier for the burgeoning electric vehicle market. ​

This richness is why the US in February 2025 sought to sign a minerals deal which was also central to Kyiv's push to secure Washington's support. The agreement aimed to establish a Reconstruction Investment Fund to harness revenues from Ukraine's mineral wealth, with Ukraine contributing 50% of its resource revenues until it reaches $500 billion. ​

The agreement, however, 'hit a wall' after a faceoff between Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and US President Donald Trump at the Oval Office on Friday, February 28.

By streamlining these procedures, the government hopes to establish a more efficient and beneficial mining industry.

Malawi, classified as one of the poorest countries globally, largely depends on agriculture, particularly tobacco, to generate foreign exchange.

The Kasiya asset, being developed by the Rio Tinto Group-supported Sovereign Metals Ltd., is located in the west of Malawi. Once operational, this project aims to produce graphite alongside rutile, diversifying the country's mineral output and potentially enhancing its economy.

The temporary ban comes at a time when mining projects are being assessed to enhance economic opportunities.

CEO Craig Scherba said the shipments are intended for important demand markets. This move is significant for Madagascar’s economic development and will help the country become a key supplier of graphite to global markets.

“These initial container shipments of SuperFlake® graphite are destined for key demand markets for higher value graphite products, including refractory materials and graphite foils for consumer electronics and fire-retardant applications,” Scherba was quoted .

The Molo mine is partly backed by Mick Davis, former CEO of Xstrata, through his investment firm Vision Blue, which has a stake in NextSource.

The new technology is expected to significantly lower the cost of mineral exploration in the country and attract investment.

Speaking at an event in Lusaka on Wednesday, President Hichilema said the mapping exercise would help Zambia better assess the true market value of its mineral wealth, enabling more secure transactions.

“The project underscores our commitment to unlocking the untapped potential of the country's mineral resources as we work towards achieving our goal of 3 million tonnes of copper production by 2031".

“It will ultimately create jobs and drive economic growth,” Hichilema was quoted .

The president also urged Zambians to support the initiative, highlighting its potential to strengthen the country's economic prospects.

This article highlights the top seven African countries leading in diamond production value according to recent statistics from the Kimberley Process —a collaborative initiative involving governments, industry, and civil society to regulate diamond trade and production.

Below are the top 7 African countries with the highest diamond production values:

Botswana

Botswana leads the continent in diamond production, with its mines valued at $3.28 billion in 2023. The country's diamond industry is a major driver of its economy, providing substantial revenue and employment. The diamond industry accounted for approximately 20% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022.

Angola

Angola's diamond reserves are vast, with production valued at over $1.53 billion in 2023. The country has seen significant growth in its diamond sector, thanks to improved extraction technologies and increasing global demand. In 2023, Angola produced approximately 9.8 million carats of diamonds. This marked a 24% increase from the previous year.

Namibia

Namibia employs innovative techniques, including marine diamond mining, contributing to a production value of $1.23 billion in 2023. This approach has positioned Namibia as a key player in the diamond industry. In 2022, Namibia's diamond production amounted to 2.1 million carats, marking a 16.67% increase from 2021.

South Africa

South Africa, with its rich history of diamond mining, remains a major contributor with a production value of approximately $794 million in 2023. South Africa covers 13% of the global diamond production as it produced approximately 5.9 million carats of diamonds in 2023. 5.

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe's diamond fields, despite being contentious, produced diamonds worth more than $423 million in 2023. The country's diamond production is primarily centred in the Marange diamond fields, located in the Chiadzwa area of the Mutare District. These fields are known for their extensive small-scale diamond production and are considered one of the world's richest diamond deposits. In 2022, Zimbabwe produced approximately 4.5 million carats of diamonds.

Lesotho

Lesotho may produce fewer diamonds, but their exceptional quality adds significant market value, estimated at $138 million in 2023. The country's diamonds are highly sought after for their clarity and size. In 2022, Lesotho's diamond production amounted to approximately 700,000 carats, marking a significant increase from the previous year. The diamond mining industry is a vital part of Lesotho's economy, contributing significantly to local employment and government revenue.

Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone has transformed its diamond industry, moving away from its troubled past to sustainably produce diamonds valued at over $102 million in 2023. One of the most famous diamonds from Sierra Leone is the 709-carat " Peace Diamond ," discovered in 2017. This diamond brought significant attention to the country's diamond sector and highlighted the potential for ethical and transparent mining practices.

Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema is accused of using lawfare to weaken opposition and secure re-election. He has targeted opposition leaders through the courts and manipulated the judiciary, parliament, electoral commission, and civil service to consolidate his power. According to Mail and Guardian , this includes arrests of opposition leaders, suppressing the right to protest, and skewing appointments in his favour. Critics argue that Hichilema is undermining democracy and human rights.

Railway museum shines light on Jewish history

The Gateway Jewish Museum in Zambia sheds light on the country's rich Jewish history. At its peak, there were about 1,200 Jews in Zambia, but today there are only 11. Despite their small numbers, they had a significant impact on the country's commercial, political, and intellectual life. The Jewish community in Zambia had open and equitable relations with Africans and made important contributions to the nation's development. The museum and a medical school in Ndola, funded by the Council of Zambian Jewry, serve as a tribute to the Jewish heritage in Zambia. The Jerusalem Post reports that Rabbi Moshe Silberhaft of the African Jewish Congress oversees the needs and heritage of the remaining Jewish community in Zambia.

Woman raises funds for children with sponsored 7200-mile walk

Maxine Stevens, a woman from Basingstoke, southern England is organising a sponsored 7,200-mile virtual walk to raise money for a school in Livingstone, Zambia, where she has supported a young man for 25 years. Self-employed Maxine who runs a holistic therapy business visited Zambia in the early 2000s and ended up sponsoring a five-year-old boy called Paul Kamwi.The funds raised will go towards providing a reliable water source and a safe play area for the schoolchildren. Gazette adds that the virtual event, open to all, will take place from July to September, with participants walking, running, swimming, or cycling the distance. To donate or take part in the fundraising events, email priderockschoolzambia@gmail.com or visit the GoFundMe page.

Ending gender-based violence

In Zambia, gender-based violence (GBV) increases the risk of HIV infection for women. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) supports training healthcare workers to identify and respond to GBV. This has led to a decrease in HIV-positive tests for survivors of GBV. Health centres also enlist survivors to address harmful social norms in the community. This support has rekindled Queen, a gender-based violence survivor's dream of becoming a nurse and has given her hope for the future, Share America reports .

Mineral investment

Zambia is poised to create a dedicated organization focused on mineral investment and trade, aiming to maximize profits from its abundant natural resources. This initiative received the green light from the Cabinet on Wednesday, June 12, 2024. As Africa's second-leading copper producer, Zambia plans to launch a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) through ZCCM Investment Holdings, which currently holds various mining assets, to facilitate investment and trading activities, reports Zawya .

What they said

Kenya’s President William Ruto who spoke during the event commended South Korea’s decision to invest in Africa. “Africa’s rich natural resources and growing and increasingly youthful, skilled population present a significant opportunity for growth in agriculture, industry and trade,” Ruto was quoted by The Citizen

This is the highest the country has recorded since the COVID-19 pandemic began.

An increase in small-scale mining accounts for the growth in gold production which managed to offset the decline in the large-scale sector. Output from small-scale miners surged by 70.6%, rising from 0.66 million ounces in 2022 to 1.1 million ounces in 2023.

According to the Ghana News Agency , the large-scale sector saw a decline, with production falling from 3.1 million ounces to 2.9 million ounces, a 4.9% decrease in 2022.

Gold output is expected to reach between 4.3 and 4.5 million ounces in 2024. New projects such as Newmont’s Ahafo North and Cardinal Resource’s Namdini Gold Mine are projected to promote these numbers.

In addition to gold, other mineral outputs are also expected to rise. Manganese production is projected to increase to 5 million tonnes, bauxite to between 1.2 million and 1.5 million tonnes, and diamond exports to approximately 220,000 to 250,000 carats.

Currently, only 16 percent of Tanzania’s lands have been surveyed. A geophysical survey of nearly 18 percent of state land will be done in the next financial year through the Geological Survey of Tanzania, Minerals Minister Anthony Mavunde announced.

“In the next fiscal year which starts in July 2024, parliament has approved a project to conduct an in-depth geophysical survey in two blocks with a total area of 165,574 square kilometres. This will lead to the establishment of many large mines and significantly increase opportunities,” Mavunde said during the mining stakeholder’s forum in Arusha.

The Minister further revealed that $3.55 billion worth of minerals were exported in 2023 alone, accounting for 56.2 percent of the sales of non-traditional goods compared to exports worth $3.39 billion in 2022.

Tanzania’s mining sector contributed about 10.9 percent to the national income for the third quarter of 2023.

There's a unique opportunity for oil and gas-producing nations in Africa to transition towards a more sustainable energy future, according to Energy Expert Joshua Narh has said.

The Executive Chairman of the Energy Chamber of Ghana and the Project Mentor for the African Energy and Minerals Management Initiative emphasized the diversification of African economies through oil and gas revenues.

"Many African countries heavily reliant on oil and gas revenue are likely to diversify their economies to reduce vulnerability to commodity price fluctuations. This could involve investing in renewable energy sources, agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors." "Oil and gas will likely remain significant contributors to many African economies in the foreseeable future. New discoveries and technological advancements in exploration and production techniques may lead to increased oil and gas output in some regions," he said.

McKinsey estimates a significant increase in energy demand by 2040, presenting both challenges and opportunities for the African continent

McKinsey Insights indicated that the ongoing conflict in Ukraine could spur increased demand for oil and gas from African countries equipped with the requisite infrastructure and reserves. The conflict, which has driven up European gas prices over the past year, prompted the European Commission to propose that Europe achieve self-reliance in renewable energy and diversify the sources of its natural gas supply by 2030. This can lead to heightened demand for Africa’s oil and gas.

The Society of Petroleum Engineers also predicts that the future of oil and gas in Africa will surpass its current state. "Africa will experience the second-largest growth in gas supply by 2050, with the demand for natural gas projected to rise by 85% and account for 35% of Africa."

To leverage the continent’s resources and enhance energy security, Narh explained that "African countries may increasingly collaborate on regional energy projects, such as cross-border pipelines and liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals."

"Adequate infrastructure, including pipelines, ports, and refineries, will be essential for the growth of Africa's oil and gas industry. Governments and private investors may need to collaborate to develop infrastructure projects that facilitate the efficient transportation and processing of hydrocarbons," he added.

What they said

Amsterdam & Partners LLP  noted in the statement that, "The iPhones, Mac computers and accessories that Apple sells to its customers around the world rely on supply chains that are too opaque and that are tainted by the blood of the Congolese people…Although Apple has affirmed that it verifies the origins of minerals it uses to manufacture its products, those claims do not appear to be based on concrete, verifiable evidence…The world's eyes are wide shut: Rwanda's production of key 3T minerals is near zero, and yet big tech companies say their minerals are sourced in Rwanda." Congo government spokesperson Patrick Muyaya has said that "in Congo, people have been dying for 30 years as a result of illegal mining. We want clarification on the sources of supply for major technology companies, in particular Apple, to verify whether they are acquiring minerals produced in completely illegal conditions.” However, Apple’s report states that "We found no reasonable basis for concluding that any of the smelters or refiners of 3TG determined to be in our supply chain as of December 31, 2023, directly or indirectly financed or benefited armed groups in the DRC or an adjoining country."

The project is spearheaded by Uganda-based mining and mineral trading company Woodcross Resources and is estimated to be commissioned in May 2024.

 "We are preparing to launch our very first tin processing facility. They will be refining tin to over 99% in terms of its purity,” Irene Bateebe, a top official of the energy and mineral development ministry was quoted by Reuters on April 3.

Uganda’s President Yoweri Museveni hopes that the move will maximise the profits of exports to the country, where many gold refineries are in operation, and Chinese-backed Sunbird Resources was just granted a license to mine limestone for cement manufacturing.

“The Chinese side wants to use the PPP model to invest over US$1 billion in the coming years,” Xiaohui is quoted by the South China Morning Post .

A technical and inspection team further presented a report on the assessment of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority as part of efforts to kick-start the project.

Zambia's Transport Minister, Frank Tayali, expressed enthusiasm about the report, highlighting that Chinese experts would be collaborating with Zambian labour based on the recommendations outlined in the inspection report.

The initiation of the reconstruction project dates back to 2022, following Chinese President Xi Jinping’s promise to rehabilitate the railway as a symbol of his country’s continued friendship on the African continent.

The Tazara railway, originally constructed in the 1970s with Chinese assistance, has been a crucial artery for transportation in the region. However, over the years, the infrastructure has faced challenges, necessitating substantial investments for its modernization and revitalization.

Carlos Hurtado, the Head of Epidemiology of the Departmental Health Service in Santa Cruz, the Eastern part of Bolivia confirmed the first monkeypox case in the region in 2024. According to a report received by the Bolivian National Center for Tropical Diseases (Cenetrop) on February 9, the patient is a 22-year-old man with general malaise, fever, and anal pain. Hurtado reports that the patient is receiving antibiotic treatment and is being evaluated for hospitalization and isolation. The contagion is indigenous and not related to international travel, local media Los Tiempos reports.

$52 million in mineral theft

Bolivia's mining sector, which accounted for 24% of exports in 2023, is facing significant damage from the illegal practice of "juqueo," or mineral theft. The theft of nearly two tons of minerals per year, mainly tin, is a significant issue, causing an estimated $52 million in losses, local media El Diario reports. According to El Diario, more looting has occurred as a result of cooperatives being freed from labour, environmental, and tax requirements. Bolivian Mining Corporation mines have a significant issue with cooperatives, which are exempt from labour, environmental, and tax obligations. Despite 2018 laws punishing mineral theft with 10 years in prison, cooperatives evaded $1.4 billion in 2022, threatening economic stability and highlighting the need for reforms, El Diario reports.

Aid to assist forest fires in Chile

Bolivia has sent 70 tons of humanitarian aid to Chile to assist those affected by forest fires. The package includes rice, noodles, flour, powdered milk, sugar, and medical supplies, totalling around Bs 6 million (around $870,000). Chile's President, Gabriel Boric on February 4 declared two days of national mourning for the fatalities of the forest fires which at the time was 112, a tragedy described as “the largest” since the 2010 earthquake that hit the Latin American nation, Los Tiempos reports.

Shortage of medicine due to lack of dollars

The Pharmaceutical Chamber in Bolivia warns that the lack of dollars could hinder the import of medicines for the sick, urging authorities to act immediately. According to El Diario , the state bank has reduced foreign and national currency transactions, and economic analysts have noted a 16% loss against the dollar. The Bolivian Financial System Supervision Authority has established that commissions for transfers abroad exceeding $1,000 will be determined by the bank when the consumer buys dollars from the financial institution, El Diario reports.

Cessation of magistrates extension

The Attorney General of Bolivia, César Siles, has warned that the possible cessation of the extension of magistrates could be declared unconstitutional if the bill is approved in the Legislative Assembly of the Latin American nation. Siles believes that approving other regulatory projects without constitutional protection could lead to the same issue. “Trying to approve other regulatory projects, other laws, without having the constitutional umbrella, we are going to return to the same thing, because the Constitutional Court is going to have to declare it unconstitutional. Although I do not believe that the dismissal of magistrates will be approved, if it is approved, a declaration of unconstitutionality will surely correspond to that bill,” he is quoted by local media El Deber .

Colombian President Gustavo Petro, a supporter of the Palestinian cause, stated on X that U.S. President Joe Biden "must act quickly to stop the genocide in Gaza." He also said that "the Israeli people must change their current government and open the path to a definitive peace based on the existence of two sovereign states."

Vice President meets with Pope Francis

Colombia's Vice President, Francia Márquez, and Pope Francis met at the Vatican on Thursday, December 14. After the meeting, Márquez posted a video on X, in which she shared that the two South American leaders discussed peace in Colombia, social justice, climate change, and "historical reparations for Afro-descendant and indigenous people who continue to experience the consequences of colonialism and slavery."

Scientific research vessel

The first scientific research vessel made in Cartagena, Colombia, set sail for Antarctica on Thursday, December 14. The vessel, named ARC Simón Bolívar, will carry out scientific projects and study the impact of the climate crisis on coastal regions. It is the largest ship built in Colombia for ocean research and is equipped with technologies for geophysical, oceanographic, and hydrographic studies, as reported by El Universal.

Colombian minerals company

The Colombian government presented a project that aims to create "the Ecopetrol for the mining sector". Ecopetrol is the largest petroleum company in the country. According to the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the initiative will help drive the transformation from primarily extractive mining to productive mining. It will also aim to generate wealth for the state.

Energy for Ecuador 

The Minister of Mines and Energy, Andrés Camacho, met with his Ecuadorian counterpart, Andrea Arrobo, to discuss the energy supply to the neighbouring country. Ecuador has been facing electricity shortages since late October due to drought affecting the operation of its hydroelectric plants. Colombia pledged to provide energy to Ecuador as long as its hydrological reserves allow it to do so. The minister posted on his X account: "We maintain our total commitment to our brotherly country, Ecuador, to provide all available energy, with the assurance of having energy back for the strongest period of the El Niño phenomenon in Colombia. That's what the climate cooperation we proposed to the continent is all about."

Despite its discovery in 2002, the massive ore body has remained dormant due to prolonged legal battles involving charges of corruption and bribery for securing mining rights, the military dictatorship in the West African country until 2010, as well as the huge infrastructure cost to develop the project, NS Energy reports.

Rio Tinto has announced intentions to allocate approximately $6.2 billion for the project, which includes investments in port and rail infrastructure to facilitate the production and transportation of products, Mining.com reports.

Rio Tinto Executive Committee lead for Guinea, Bold Baatar said, “We are continuing to work closely with the Government of Guinea, Chinalco, Baowu and WCS towards full sanction of this world-class project by all partners. "

The initial production from the two blocks jointly owned by Rio Tinto is projected to gradually increase over 30 months, reaching an annualized capacity of 60 million tonnes annually. Rio Tinto has indicated that its share of the production will amount to 27 million tonnes.

“Simandou will deliver a significant new source of high-grade iron ore that will strengthen Rio Tinto’s portfolio for the decarbonisation of the steel industry, along with trans-Guinean rail and port infrastructure that can make a significant contribution to the country’s economic development,” Baatar added.

Rio Tinto now reports the conversion of approximately 1.5 billion tonnes to Ore Reserves, supporting a 26-year mine life with an average iron grade of 65.3% and low impurities. Additionally, Rio Tinto discloses Mineral Resources, exclusive of Ore Reserves, amounting to 1.4 billion tonnes at 66.1% Fe and low impurities.