In 2025, nuclear accounted for roughly 23% of EU electricity generation , ahead of wind at about 18% and natural gas at around 17%, based on data compiled by energy analysts and platforms tracking Europe’s power system.

Combined, low-carbon sources, including nuclear, wind, solar and hydropower, now make up the majority of electricity generation across the EU.

This reflects a broader structural shift. According to Ember and European energy data, wind and solar together generated more electricity than fossil fuels in 2025 for the first time, a milestone widely seen as a turning point in Europe’s energy transition.

Solar alone contributed roughly 13% of electricity generation, while wind accounted for close to 17%, supported by sustained investment and policy backing across the bloc.

Despite the growth of renewables, fossil fuels still play a significant role.

Natural gas, coal and oil together accounted for roughly 27% of EU electricity generation, underlining the bloc’s continued reliance on dispatchable power sources to stabilise grids during periods of low renewable output.

Gas remains particularly important for its flexibility, though analysts warn that Europe’s electricity prices remain closely tied to gas markets, exposing the system to geopolitical volatility.

Coal, once a dominant source of European power, has continued its long-term decline, falling below 10% of the electricity mix in recent data.

Renewable energy has expanded rapidly in recent years.

According to Eurostat and industry reports, renewables accounted for around 47% of EU electricity generation in 2024, up sharply from previous years, driven largely by wind and solar expansion.

In 2025, that momentum continued, with record solar installations and strong wind output contributing to further gains.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) notes that renewables are now the fastest-growing sources of electricity globally, with solar leading growth and accounting for a significant share of new energy supply.

“I have seen that Europe continues to buy Russian gas, but Europe does not want our countries to talk about Russia,” he said. “I think we need to be a bit more honest and sincerely recognise each other’s potential. Our struggle is to determine for ourselves with whom we want to cooperate,” he added.

Traore said Burkina Faso wants the freedom to “analyse, choose, formulate, create and evaluate” its partnerships independently.

Traore also confirmed that Burkina Faso is deepening cooperation with Russia in civil nuclear energy.

“This is no longer just a plan,” he said. “We are already collaborating with Russia in the field of nuclear energy. The Minister of Energy has signed the memorandum.” He added that the country is now working to establish the legal and institutional framework required for the project.

Burkina Faso, led by a military government since a 2022 coup, has strengthened ties with Russia while distancing itself from France, its former colonial power.

Despite sanctions imposed after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, several European Union countries continue to import Russian fossil fuels.

According to the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), France was the EU’s largest importer of Russian fossil fuels in February 2025, purchasing €399 million worth. Some liquefied natural gas (LNG) delivered to France’s Dunkerque terminal was later sent to Germany.

Hungary ranked second with €307 million in imports, including crude oil and pipeline gas. Belgium was third, importing €266 million worth of Russian LNG, some of which may have been re-exported to other EU states.

Overall, the EU accounted for 14 percent of global Russian fossil fuel purchases in February, spending around €1.7 billion, nearly half of which was on LNG.

For more than a century, economic power meant industrial power. The battle was over manufacturing. But that battle is largely settled. Supply chains have been redrawn, factories relocated, and the geography of production transformed. A new contest is under way.

It is the battle for power. Not political power, but electrical power.

Electricity is the enabling force behind everything else. It runs factories, data centres, transport systems and defence networks. It is what allows countries to manufacture, to digitise, to modernise and to fight. Energy is not just another sector of the economy. It is the fuel of the economy.

And at this moment in history, one country has placed itself at the centre of that system. First through trade. Then through renewables. Now, potentially, through the most transformative technology of all: nuclear fusion.

1. Trade wars

The China US trade conflict of 2025 will likely be remembered as a decisive moment in the global balance of power.

Donald Trump imposed sweeping tariffs on allies and adversaries alike, threatening to restrict access to the world’s largest consumer market. The UK, Europe, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines and others made concessions in return for slightly lower duties. They did not reverse the policy. They negotiated for marginally better terms.

One country did not give way. China.

Tariffs escalated in stages. Ten percent. Twenty percent. Fifty four percent. One hundred and four percent. Eventually more than one hundred and twenty five percent on some goods. The pressure was intense.

Beijing responded in kind, but more importantly it deployed a weapon decades in the making: control of critical minerals.

In April, China signalled it could restrict exports of rare earth elements such as samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium and yttrium. These are not household names. Yet they are essential to the production of high performance magnets used in electric motors, wind turbines, defence systems and advanced electronics.

China produces up to 90 percent of global supply in several of these materials. Cutting off access would not simply raise prices. It would stall entire industries.

That leverage mattered. Tariffs were eventually wound back after high level talks, without Beijing making equivalent structural concessions. Whatever one thinks of the politics, the economic lesson was stark. Through long term planning, subsidies, environmental trade offs and export controls, China had embedded itself so deeply in strategic supply chains that it could exert systemic pressure.

This was not an isolated case. During the pandemic, China demonstrated overwhelming dominance in the production of personal protective equipment. In consumer electronics, seven of the top nine phone manufacturers are Chinese. Even devices branded in the United States or South Korea are largely assembled in Chinese factories.

Over three decades, China moved from low cost goods to advanced manufacturing and then to strategic inputs. It did not simply compete in markets. It positioned itself at choke points.

The trade war did not create that reality. It revealed it.

2. The green transition

The next stage of the power shift is already visible in the energy transition.

The world is undergoing the most significant transformation in electricity generation since the first mass power plants came online in the nineteenth century. Wind and solar capacity have surged globally. But one country stands apart.

China has multiplied its wind capacity several times over since the early 2010s and expanded its solar capacity at extraordinary speed. It accounts for close to half of global installed solar capacity and is still growing faster than any other major economy.

At the same time, China continues to build coal plants. Critics point to this as evidence of contradiction. In reality, it reflects scale. China is not simply replacing old capacity. It is expanding total energy production on a vast scale, ensuring reliability while renewables ramp up.

Crucially, China does not only install renewables. It manufactures them.

It produces more than 80 percent of the world’s solar panels and around 60 percent of wind turbines. Six of the top ten global manufacturers in these sectors are Chinese. The same pattern is visible in lithium batteries and electric vehicles. In 2010, battery technology was led by firms in Japan and South Korea. Within a decade, China controlled roughly three quarters of global production, supported by a vertically integrated domestic supply chain and strong state backing.

Rare earths tell a similar story. The United States once dominated production. By 2020, China controlled the overwhelming majority of global processing capacity.

For developing countries, cheap Chinese solar panels and batteries have been transformative. They have enabled electrification at lower cost and accelerated economic development. For advanced economies, affordable electric vehicles have made net zero targets more attainable.

Yet from a strategic perspective, the pattern is clear. The first phase of the clean energy transition has been shaped and largely controlled by China. The technologies that will replace fossil fuels are, to a significant extent, designed, manufactured and refined within its borders.

Energy is becoming the central arena of geopolitical competition. And China has already secured commanding positions.

3. Energy upscaling

The next challenge is more speculative, but potentially far more consequential. Nuclear fusion.

Unlike nuclear fission, which splits heavy atoms to release energy, fusion forces light atoms together. It is the process that powers the sun. Fusion promises enormous advantages. It carries no risk of meltdown in the conventional sense. It produces far less long lived radioactive waste. It requires small quantities of fuel, much of it derived from hydrogen that is widely available.

There are currently no commercial fusion reactors. Most experimental designs rely on containing plasma heated to around 100 million degrees Celsius using extremely powerful magnets. Other approaches use high energy lasers to compress fuel to fusion conditions.

Both pathways depend on advanced materials and components.

High performance magnets require rare earth elements. High temperature superconducting tape is essential for efficient magnetic confinement. China controls the majority of global production in several of these inputs and is expanding capacity rapidly. Laser systems depend on laser diodes, of which around 70 percent are manufactured in China. Tungsten, vanadium, barium titanate and graphene, all relevant to advanced energy systems, are also heavily concentrated in Chinese supply chains.

Private investment in fusion is growing worldwide. In recent years, funding from China has surged from negligible levels to several billion dollars annually, outpacing much of the rest of the world combined.

None of this guarantees technological supremacy. Fusion remains uncertain. Breakthroughs could emerge from the United States, Europe or collaborative international projects. But the early signs echo previous patterns. Identify a strategic technology. Secure the materials. Scale manufacturing. Invest heavily. Build domestic demand. Then dominate global supply.

The stakes are enormous. Electricity demand in developed economies was broadly flat for much of the early twenty first century. That era is ending. Artificial intelligence, electrified transport, heat pumps and industrial decarbonisation are driving a structural increase in demand. Energy systems are not merely being cleaned. They are being expanded.

With sufficient energy, societies can desalinate seawater, irrigate deserts, power vertical farms, heat cold climates and cool hot ones. Energy abundance changes what is economically possible.

Whoever controls the infrastructure of that abundance will shape the terms on which the future is built.

Conclusion

Over the past two decades, China has executed a coherent long term strategy. It entrenched itself in manufacturing. It secured control over critical minerals. It scaled renewable energy production to unprecedented levels. In key areas of the green transition, it has already won the first round.

Now the focus shifts to the next frontier: energy upscaling through technologies such as nuclear fusion. This is not simply about climate policy or industrial policy. It is about the foundations of economic and geopolitical power in the twenty first century.

Trade shaped the past. Renewables define the present. But the ultimate contest is over who will generate, store and control the energy that powers everything else.

In that contest, the outcome may determine not just which country is great, but which country sets the rules for the century ahead.

Most of the data in this article is sourced from a report circulated in the US government. Its authors operate within the industry but wish to remain anonymous. 

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World Reframed is produced in London by Global South World, part of the Impactum Group. Its editors are Duncan Hooper and Ismail Akwei.

ISSN 2978-4891

Data from the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) show that the global nuclear arsenal remains dominated by the United States and Russia, with steady expansion elsewhere.

Russia remains the world’s largest nuclear power, with an estimated 6,200 to 6,300 nuclear warheads, according to FAS . The United States follows closely with roughly 5,500 warheads.

With New START set to expire in 2026, Moscow warns that the absence of a replacement treaty could remove the last formal limits on US and Russian strategic nuclear forces, increasing the risk of renewed arms racing and reduced transparency. This warning comes after Russia called for the agreement to be extended by a year, with no response.

"In just a few days, the world will be in a more dangerous position than it has ever been before," spokesman Dmitry Peskov told journalists on Tuesday, February 3.

China also emerges as the fastest-growing nuclear power. According to SIPRI and FAS, Beijing’s arsenal reached approximately 600 warheads by early 2026, up from just a few hundred a decade earlier. Satellite imagery analysed by independent researchers and cited by Reuters showed the construction of hundreds of new missile silos, signalling a shift away from China’s historically minimal deterrence posture.

Arms control experts cautioned that China’s expansion, combined with the potential collapse of US-Russia limits, could push the global system toward a three-way nuclear competition for the first time.

Beyond the major powers, several countries maintained smaller but strategically significant nuclear forces. France held about 290 warheads, while the United Kingdom possessed roughly 225, according to SIPRI. In South Asia, Pakistan (around 180 warheads) and India (about 170) continued gradual expansion amid ongoing regional tensions.

Israel, which does not officially acknowledge its nuclear arsenal, was estimated by FAS to have around 90 warheads, while North Korea was believed to possess roughly 50, with continued missile and warhead development reported by Reuters.

Though smaller in number, these arsenals carry outsized risk due to regional rivalries, limited communication channels, and shorter missile flight times.

What is the New START agreement?

New START (the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) is a nuclear arms control agreement between the United States and Russia. It was signed in 2010 by then-presidents Barack Obama and Dmitry Medvedev and entered into force in 2011.

Its purpose is to limit and monitor the world’s two largest nuclear arsenals.

Under New START, both countries agreed to caps on:

The treaty also includes on-site inspections, data exchanges, and verification measures, which allow both sides to check that the other is complying. This transparency is widely seen by arms-control experts as one of the treaty’s most important features.

However, New START expires on February 5, 2026. It was originally set to last 10 years, with the option of a single five-year extension. That extension was agreed in 2021, making 2026 the final expiration date. The treaty cannot be extended again under its current terms.

If New START expires without a replacement:

Panama’s Supreme Court ruled that the long-standing concession allowing Hong Kong-based CK Hutchison subsidiary Panama Ports Company (PPC) to operate major terminals at the Balboa and Cristóbal ports near the Panama Canal was unconstitutional, citing irregularities in the contract and legal framework. President José Raúl Mulino said port operations will continue during a transition, with temporary management by another firm and plans for a new concession process. The decision is seen within the broader geopolitical context of US-China competition over control and influence in strategic infrastructure . China criticised the ruling and vowed to protect its companies’ rights, while Panama affirmed uninterrupted service at the canal’s logistics hubs.

Copa Airlines restores ticket sales between the United States and Venezuela

Copa Airlines announced it has resumed ticket sales for flights linking the United States and Venezuela via Panama, following a US government decision to reopen commercial airspace over Venezuela. The move allows passengers to purchase single itineraries such as Caracas–Panama–Miami with through check-in and simplified travel procedures. This restart follows previous suspensions of services to Venezuelan destinations, part of broader shifts in aviation ties in the region. Copa’s restored sales are expected to ease travel for travellers between the Americas and strengthen Panama’s role as a regional hub.

Panama hosts record-breaking International Economic Forum with 70 countries

The Foro Económico Internacional América Latina y el Caribe 2026, organised by CAF and the Government of Panama in Panama City, concluded with historic participation from more than 6,500 leaders, officials and decision-makers from 70 countries, including presidents, prime ministers, investors and Nobel economists. The event featured over 50 high-level panels and more than 400 bilateral meetings that addressed key regional challenges such as economic integration, sustainable development, energy transition and technological innovation. Attendees included the presidents of Panama, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala and Bolivia, as well as the prime minister of Jamaica and Chile’s president-elect. The forum consolidated Panama’s role as a regional hub for economic and policy dialogue, while fostering opportunities for cooperation and investment across Latin America and the Caribbean. Experts highlighted the strategic importance of collective action on globalisation pressures, infrastructure and climate priorities. The high turnout marks one of the largest gatherings of political and business leadership in the region in recent years.

Nuclear energy interest rises amid growing power demand

Officials and experts at a recent international forum highlighted growing regional interest in nuclear energy, including in Panama, as a complement to renewable sources to meet rising electricity demand and ensure energy security. The Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) said that Panama, along with other Latin American countries, is exploring nuclear as a reliable energy option alongside solar and wind. Delegates noted that nuclear could support stable baseload power and help transition to low-emission energy systems as part of long-term planning. Multilateral financial institutions expressed willingness to back nuclear projects to enhance regional energy portfolios.

Rubén Blades to represent Panama at Pirineos Sur 2026 festival

Panamanian cultural icon Rubén Blades has been selected to represent Panama at the Pirineos Sur Festival 2026 in Spain, showcasing the nation’s music and artistic heritage on an international stage. The internationally renowned singer, songwriter and actor will perform as part of the festival’s diverse global lineup, bringing Latin American rhythms and storytelling to European audiences. This honour highlights Panama’s cultural exports and strengthens its visibility in global arts circuits, building cultural diplomacy alongside tourism and creative industry promotion. Event organisers and national arts officials celebrated the selection as a point of pride.

President Javier Milei’s administration is preparing to submit Argentina’s proposed participation in former U.S. President Donald Trump’s so-called “Board of Peace” initiative to Congress, a move that could open intense political debate. The decision reflects Milei’s broader effort to realign Argentina’s foreign policy and deepen ties with conservative international partners, particularly in Washington. Lawmakers are expected to scrutinise both the legal basis and diplomatic implications of joining such a body, especially as Argentina continues negotiations with international creditors and multilateral institutions. Opposition figures are already signalling concerns about sovereignty and the country’s traditional multilateral posture, while government allies frame the proposal as part of a new global engagement strategy.

Alleged nuclear plant overpricing

A senior figure close to President Milei is under mounting political pressure following allegations that contracts linked to Argentina’s nuclear facilities were overpriced. The claims have triggered calls for transparency from opposition parties and civil society groups, who argue that the controversy undermines the administration’s anti-corruption rhetoric and fiscal discipline agenda. Government officials have responded cautiously, stressing that investigations are ongoing and that no conclusions have yet been reached. Nonetheless, the affair has complicated Milei’s efforts to portray his government as sharply different from previous administrations, especially as energy policy and public spending remain politically sensitive issues in a country battling inflation and budget constraints.

Governor protests Federal takeover of Ushuaia port

Political tensions between Argentina’s federal government and provincial leaders escalated after Milei placed the strategically located Ushuaia port under trusteeship. The governor of the southern province has publicly condemned the decision, accusing Buenos Aires of overreach and arguing that the move threatens local autonomy and economic interests tied to maritime trade and tourism. Federal authorities, however, maintain that the intervention is necessary to restore order and proper administration at the port, which is a critical gateway for Antarctic logistics and shipping routes. The dispute is likely to intensify in Congress and the courts, adding another layer to Milei’s already contentious reform agenda.

Bill to lower criminal responsibility age

President Milei has introduced legislation aimed at lowering the age of criminal responsibility, part of a broader push to tighten security policies amid public concern about crime. Supporters say the bill would modernise Argentina’s justice system and deter youth involvement in violent offences, positioning it as a necessary response to social insecurity. Critics, however, warn that the proposal risks criminalising vulnerable minors and failing to address root causes such as poverty and lack of access to education.

Overpricing claims

The nuclear-sector controversy deepened after reports that officials were removed in connection with the alleged overpricing, further intensifying scrutiny of Milei ally Reidel. The dismissals have raised questions about whether the government is attempting to contain political fallout or signalling a tougher stance on accountability within state-linked energy operations. Analysts note that the episode could have lasting implications for Milei’s governing coalition, particularly as it seeks to maintain public support for economic reforms and privatisation plans.

The United States

The United States Navy is the dominant force in this specialised arena. It operates 11 nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, including both the classic Nimitz class and the newest Gerald R. Ford class. These vessels form the backbone of US power projection at sea, able to launch fighter jets, early-warning aircraft and support missions wherever needed in the world.

Ship names like USS Ronald Reagan, USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS George Washington are part of this group. They routinely deploy across oceans as part of carrier strike groups, acting as floating bases with global reach and endurance.

This fleet isn’t just powerful but also huge. Nuclear propulsion lets these carriers remain at sea for extended periods, limited only by food and crew endurance rather than fuel. That’s a strategic advantage no other navy currently matches.

France

France stands alone in Europe with a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier in active service: Charles de Gaulle . Commissioned in 2001, it’s Europe’s only carrier of this kind, helping Paris maintain an expeditionary naval presence from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean.

French defence officials have recently approved plans for a next-generation nuclear carrier to succeed Charles de Gaulle by the late 2030s. This new ship will be bigger and more capable, showing France’s continued commitment to carrier-based power projection.

A nuclear-powered aircraft carrier can operate for 20 to 25 years without refuelling its reactors. Conventional carriers, by contrast, need to refuel every few days or weeks. That difference is enormous.

It allows nuclear carriers to cross oceans, loiter in crisis zones, and respond instantly without depending on fuel tankers. What this really means is freedom of movement. No fuel lines to protect. No ports required.

Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), which operates the plant, said an alarm from the monitoring system was triggered during the restart process, prompting officials to halt operations and investigate the cause.

“We don’t expect this to be solved within a day or two,” plant superintendent Takeyuki Inagaki told a news conference. “There is no telling at the moment how long it will take.”

TEPCO said the alarm was linked to malfunctioning electrical equipment. As a precaution, operators reinserted the control rods, devices used to slow or stop the nuclear reaction, in a planned and safe manner. The company said the reactor remains stable and there has been no release of radioactive material.

The restart had already been delayed earlier in the week after a separate issue involving the control rods was detected, though that problem was resolved on Sunday.

Kashiwazaki-Kariwa is the largest nuclear power plant in the world by capacity and has seven reactors, though only one was being prepared for restart. It is the first plant operated by TEPCO to attempt a restart since the Fukushima disaster, which led Japan to shut down most of its nuclear facilities.

Japan is now seeking to revive nuclear power as it aims to cut fossil fuel use, meet growing energy demand, including from artificial intelligence and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.

However, public opposition remains strong in Niigata. A recent survey found that about 60 per cent of local residents oppose restarting the plant, citing safety concerns and the site’s location near active seismic faults.

TEPCO said it will focus on identifying the cause of the alarm before deciding when restart efforts can resume.

An analysis of 119 seawater samples showed iodine-129 concentrations in the West Philippine Sea — part of the South China Sea that sits within the Philippines’ exclusive economic zone — were around 1.5 to 1.7 times higher than in other Philippine waters.

Researchers said the isotope did not originate locally but likely travelled from further north, pointing to the Yellow Sea as the most probable source.

Previous Chinese studies have linked elevated iodine-129 levels in the Yellow Sea to decades-old nuclear weapons tests and nuclear fuel reprocessing in Europe, with radioactive residues accumulating in northeastern China’s soil and river systems.

From there, scientists believe the isotope was carried into the Yellow Sea and transported southwards through ocean currents, including the Yellow Sea Coastal Current and the Chinese Coastal Current.

While further oceanographic modelling is needed to confirm the exact pathway, the findings suggest radioactive materials can travel thousands of kilometres across national boundaries through marine circulation.

The researchers stressed that the current iodine-129 levels pose no known risk to human health or the marine environment , noting the isotope’s extremely low radioactivity at the concentrations detected.

Instead, they said the discovery highlights iodine-129’s value as a scientific tracer. 

This study highlights the need for stronger international monitoring of radioactive substances in shared waters, particularly in politically sensitive regions where environmental data can carry wider strategic implications.

The research was conducted by experts from the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute and the University of Tokyo, with funding from Philippine government science agencies.

According to the International Coffee Organisation (ICO), the world now consumes more than 170 million bags of coffee per year , with European nations leading per-capita coffee intake. Nordic countries remain the strongest consumers, with Finland topping the global list at nearly four cups a day on average.

Tea, however, remains the world’s most consumed hot beverage overall. Research from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) shows that global tea consumption continues to rise, driven largely by China, India, and other Asian markets where tea holds deep cultural roots.

This global divide is clear on the map: North America, much of South America, and Western Europe lean heavily toward coffee, while Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East remain firmly in favour of tea.

The United Kingdom and Ireland maintain their traditional place among Europe’s tea-dominant nations, while countries like Brazil and the United States reinforce their status as coffee-centric economies.

Recent climate impacts in major coffee-producing countries, such as Brazil ’s frost events and Ethiopia’s variable rainfall, have drawn attention to the fragility of beverage supply chains.

At the same time, consumer behaviour is shifting. The International Trade Centre reports that younger buyers increasingly prioritise sustainability, ethical sourcing, and speciality varieties, whether choosing single-origin coffee or artisanal teas. These preferences are changing how brands market their products and how consumers engage with them.

The reasons vary and range from U.S. sanctions to conflicts, limited ad-support infrastructure, and low monetisation status.

Google’s advertising products account for nearly 31% of all digital advertising spending worldwide. Meanwhile, Google’s documentation confirms that certain geopolitical, economic, and regulatory factors directly influence whether ads can run in specific markets.

Together, these insights raise an important question: Where exactly does YouTube advertising stop, and why?

Regions blocked due to sanctions or political restrictions

The infographic shows that YouTube ads cannot run in Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, or Russia . Google cites U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions as the primary reason for these prohibitions.

These sanctions limit U.S. companies, including Google, from offering commercial advertising services in those regions. Russia, although not under OFAC sanctions for ad-delivery, remains blocked due to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and corresponding restrictions implemented in 2022.

This aligns with broader global trends: major digital platforms like Meta and TikTok have similarly scaled back or restricted advertising access in these territories due to compliance and safety concerns.

Ads-free countries: Low monetisation and limited infrastructure

There are also countries where YouTube may be available, but monetisation levels are too low to justify ad distribution, or where the platform does not support advertising services at all. These include Albania, Cambodia, the Ivory Coast, Laos, Myanmar, Macau, Madagascar, the Maldives, and Mongolia.

Reasons range from:

Putin noted that defence cooperation between the two countries remains strong, with Indonesian military personnel currently undergoing training at Russian institutions. “Our military departments have direct bilateral ties… at the level of good professional interaction, and we are ready to expand this cooperation,” he said.

The Russian leader also congratulated Indonesia on joining the BRICS group in January and reaffirmed support for negotiations between Jakarta and the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) on a potential free trade zone.

Subianto’s official visit to Moscow focused on strengthening the Russian-Indonesian strategic partnership and discussing key international and regional developments, according to the Kremlin.