According to the figures, South America and parts of Europe are among the best-resourced regions. Countries such as Argentina stand out globally, with more than 200 psychologists per 100,000 people, placing them among the highest in the world.

Chile and Uruguay also show strong coverage, reflecting long-standing investment in mental health services and professional training. In Western Europe, nations like Germany, France, and the Nordic countries report relatively high psychologist density, supported by public healthcare systems that integrate mental health into primary care.

By contrast, the picture is far more concerning across Africa, South Asia , and parts of the Middle East. WHO data show that many countries in these regions have fewer than one psychologist per 100,000 people, and in some cases, no formally registered psychologists at all.

In India and China, despite their large populations, the number of psychologists per capita remains extremely low. Sub-Saharan Africa faces the most severe shortages, where mental health services are often delivered by non-specialists due to a lack of trained professionals.

High-income countries outside Europe also show mixed results. The United States has roughly 30 psychologists per 100,000 people, while Canada sits higher at close to 50. Australia, however, ranks among global leaders with over 100 psychologists per 100,000, reflecting strong government funding, insurance coverage, and public awareness around mental health.

The WHO has repeatedly warned that the global mental health workforce crisis is one of the most urgent public health challenges of the decade. Mental and substance-use disorders account for a significant share of global disability, yet less than 2% of national health budgets are typically allocated to mental health in low- and middle-income countries.

WHO Director-General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, stresses this phenomenon with “Transforming mental health services is one of the most pressing public health challenges. Investing in mental health means investing in people, communities, and economies – an investment no country can afford to neglect. Every government and every leader has a responsibility to act with urgency and to ensure that mental health care is treated not as a privilege, but as a basic right for all.”

Particularly striking was the rate of higher-order multiple births involving three or more babies. South Korea recorded 0.67 such births per 1,000 deliveries, the highest among all countries in the database and roughly three times the global norm, underscoring the scale of the phenomenon.

While multiple births have increased internationally since the 1980s, the report found that South Korea’s rise has been steeper and more persistent. Researchers linked this trend largely to delayed childbearing.

The average age of women giving birth rose from 32.2 in 2015 to 33.7 in 2024, while mothers of multiples were older still, averaging 35.3 years. The growing use of assisted reproductive technologies has also played a role, as more couples seek fertility treatment later in life.

Medical experts have long classified multifetal pregnancies as high-risk. Compared with single pregnancies, they are associated with higher rates of complications such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes for mothers, as well as low birth weight and premature delivery for infants.

South Korea’s government has rolled out a range of policies to counter the country’s record-low fertility rate, which fell to 0.72 in 2023 before edging up to around 0.75. However, the study found that most measures focus on financial and medical support after birth, rather than preventing high-risk pregnancies in the first place.

Current guidelines for medically assisted reproduction still allow for the transfer of multiple embryos, a practice that increases the likelihood of twins or triplets. By contrast, countries including the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan have sharply reduced multiple-birth rates by recommending single embryo transfers and by actively informing patients of the associated risks.

The report also pointed to a distinctive social factor in South Korea, describing a growing tendency towards what it termed “convenience-oriented childbirth,” where couples aim to have two children through a single pregnancy in response to economic pressures and time constraints.

Researchers warned that South Korea’s exceptionally high multiple-birth rate is unlikely to fall without policy change. They urged the government to treat the issue as an extension of childcare and maternal health policy, calling for measures that prioritise health before and during pregnancy, alongside reforms designed to reduce the incidence of multifetal births.

This ranking places Nigeria at the bottom of a group of 25 countries with the shortest life expectancies. Just above it are Chad (55.2 years), and then South Sudan and the Central African Republic at 57.7 years.

22 out of those 25 lowest‑ranking nations are located in sub‑Saharan Africa, among them Lesotho (57.8 years), Somalia (59.0), and Mali (60.7).

Public health experts cite several deep‑rooted causes for Nigeria’s low ranking. High rates of maternal and infant mortality, weak access to quality healthcare, and persistent insecurity in parts of the country all contribute to life being cut short. Diseases, both communicable (malaria, HIV, tuberculosis) and noncommunicable (heart disease, cancer, diabetes), also take a heavy toll.

However, some voices have raised doubts about the precision of the UN’s estimates. Medical expert Dr Raymond Kuti argued that the methods and data used may not fully capture Nigerians’ true life expectancy, suggesting the published figure might understate what people actually experience. He acknowledged that disease burden plays a role, but emphasised the importance of better data collection and transparency.

As global attention turns to rising health inequalities, Nigeria’s government faces mounting pressure to not only invest in healthcare but also address the root causes of early death: poverty, insecurity, and underfunded infrastructure.

The world’s legal drinking ages vary dramatically, reflecting divergent cultural, historical, and public health priorities. The map you see illustrates this vividly: nations are colored to show minimum legal drinking ages ranging from as young as 15 to as high as 25.

At the lowest end, Mali and the Central African Republic allow drinking at 15 years. Several places insist on 16 or 18. In Japan, Iceland, and Paraguay, 20 is the threshold, while the United States mostly holds the line at 21.

In one striking case, Eritrea sets its legal age at 25 . Meanwhile, many nations have no formal minimum drinking age at all. This highly fragmented legal landscape reminds us that alcohol regulation is deeply bound up with a country’s social norms, religion, and public health strategies.

Most countries adopt 18 as a baseline age, as a common compromise between protecting youth and permitting adult autonomy. But exceptions abound. Some nations allow younger consumption of low-alcohol drinks or permit supervised drinking in private settings.

In certain jurisdictions, drinking and purchasing rules diverge: you may legally drink younger under supervision but cannot purchase until later.

Public health research suggests stricter drinking ages help reduce alcohol abuse, traffic accidents, and long-term health harms in young people , although enforcement and cultural acceptance strongly influence real outcomes.

This patchwork isn’t static. In India’s capital region, the Delhi government is considering cutting the legal age for beer from 25 years down to 21 under a revised excise policy. The move is framed partly as a revenue measure and partly to bring Delhi in line with adjacent jurisdictions.

If enacted, it would be one of the more noticeable liberalisations in a jurisdiction with unusually high minimums.

The legislation, approved by Congress in August, sought to bolster financial support for public universities and declare a pediatric emergency to enhance resources for children's hospitals, including the renowned Garrahan Hospital in Buenos Aires. Milei, citing fiscal responsibility, argued that the laws would exacerbate the country's economic challenges.

In response, thousands have taken to the streets in cities nationwide, with significant demonstrations held outside the National Congress in Buenos Aires. Protesters are demanding the reversal of the vetoes and increased investment in education and healthcare. The opposition-controlled Congress is considering actions to override the vetoes, intensifying the political standoff.

These developments come amid Milei’s broader austerity measures aimed at stabilising Argentina’s economy , which has been grappling with inflation exceeding 200%. While these policies have garnered praise from financial markets, they have also led to a decline in the president’s popularity and increased tensions with various sectors of society.

In some regions, a honk is a polite nudge or a normal part of traffic rhythm, while in others it’s rare and often considered rude.

Where honking is common

In much of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Southern Europe, honking is not just accepted, it’s expected. In countries like India, Egypt, and Brazil, the car horn functions almost like a second language. It signals everything from “I’m passing” to “Watch out!” and even “Thank you.”

In India, for instance, horn usage is so embedded in road culture that many trucks and buses bear signs like “Horn Please” or “Use Dip at Night” painted on their backs. This tradition dates back to when drivers needed audible signals to overtake safely on narrow, crowded roads.

Similarly, in New York City, long notorious for its honking culture, drivers often use horns to express frustration as much as to prevent accidents. Despite regulations, honking remains part of the city’s soundtrack.

Where honking is rare

In contrast, Northern Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand have honking cultures where drivers reserve their horns almost exclusively for emergencies. In Japan, for example, honking is often considered impolite, reflecting the cultural emphasis on harmony and non-disruption.

In Scandinavian countries, strict noise regulations and disciplined driving cultures mean that horns are rarely heard. A honk there might even draw disapproving looks from other drivers.

Interestingly, the culture of honking also impacts public health. Studies have shown that constant exposure to traffic noise, including honking, can contribute to higher stress levels, sleep disturbances, and even cardiovascular issues .

Cities like Mumbai and Cairo, where honking is constant, often rank among the noisiest in the world .

Israel is in talks with South Sudan about resettling Palestinians from Gaza, part of its push for mass emigration after a 22-month offensive against Hamas. Six sources confirmed the discussions to the Associated Press, though it’s unclear how advanced they are. If enacted, the plan would move people from one war-torn, famine-threatened region to another, raising human rights concerns. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has framed the idea as “voluntary migration,” in line with former U.S. President Donald Trump’s vision, and has floated similar proposals with other African nations. Netanyahu told i24 TV that allowing civilians to leave would let Israel strike Hamas harder, though he did not mention South Sudan specifically.

AU calls for a permanent ceasefire

The African Union (AU) has urged South Sudan to uphold a permanent ceasefire and fully implement the revitalised peace agreement. Following a three-day mission to Juba, AU Peace and Security Council members met with President Salva Kiir and other leaders to discuss the accord’s progress and preparations for the December 2026 elections, which will end the transition period. The AU commended political leaders’ commitment to peace, called for inclusive dialogue, and pledged continued support to ensure stability and successful elections. The visit coincided with renewed regional efforts to reinforce South Sudan’s fragile peace deal, which has faced setbacks since independence in 2011.

3,000 Ugandans receive cholera vaccine from South Sudan

At least 3,500 Ugandans from Elegu Town Council in Amuru district have received cholera vaccines in South Sudan’s Nimule Town amid efforts to contain an outbreak that has killed five since July 2. The cross-border campaign, coordinated by Amuru health authorities and Nimule Hospital, aimed to curb transmission across the border. Officials said the initiative followed limited government support and resources in Amuru. Patrick Louis Lamot, Elegu’s Port Health focal person, said both sides agreed on joint strategies to combat public health threats, with vaccination as a key measure. He noted a recent drop in cholera cases but said it is unclear if it was directly linked to the vaccines.

Central Banks of the UAE and South Sudan sign MoU on payment

The Central Bank of the UAE and the Bank of South Sudan have signed an MoU to boost cooperation in security printing, payment systems, and capacity building. The agreement, witnessed by UAE Minister Sheikh Shakhbout bin Nahyan Al Nahyan and South Sudan’s Vice President Benjamin Bol Mel, was signed by officials from both banks. Under the deal, the UAE will support South Sudan in banknote security printing through its subsidiary Omlat, and develop a two-phase payment card system via Al Etihad Payments. The MoU also covers knowledge exchange, technical support, and staff training through the Emirates Institute of Finance.

South Sudan denies Israel talks over forced transfer of Palestinians

South Sudan has denied reports it is in talks with Israel to resettle Palestinians from Gaza, calling the claims “baseless” and not reflective of its policy. The Associated Press had reported discussions on an Israeli proposal to transfer Palestinians to South Sudan. The foreign ministry’s statement follows international criticism that such transfers would amount to forcible expulsion and violate international law. Critics fear the plan could block Palestinians’ return to Gaza and enable Israeli annexation. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has promoted “voluntary migration” for Gaza’s population, and similar proposals have reportedly been floated with other African nations. Egypt has rejected any forced transfers, while South Sudan—still recovering from civil war—already hosts large refugee populations.

Chad tops the list at 91.8 µg/m³, meaning residents breathe air more than 18 times dirtier than the World Health Organisation’s guideline of 5 µg/m³. Bangladesh follows at 78 µg/m³, with Pakistan (73.7 µg/m³) and the Democratic Republic of Congo (58.2 µg/m³) close behind.

India, where crop‑residue burning, coal plants and vehicle exhaust are routine, recorded 50.6 µg/m³, while Tajikistan, Nepal, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi also made the top 10, all above 40 µg/m³.

The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) translates pollution levels into expected years of life lost. Its 2024 report warns that if PM₂.₅ levels were reduced to meet WHO guidelines, the average person could live almost two years longer, saving 14.9 billion life‑years globally.

Air pollution is now the leading external threat to human health, surpassing smoking, alcohol and traffic accidents. People in the most polluted regions, such as the Sahel, South Asia and parts of central Africa, lose an average of 2.7 years of life compared with those in the least polluted regions.

Why are Chad and Bangladesh so polluted? In the Sahel, dust storms sweep across deserts and mix with smoke from wood‑ and charcoal‑burning stoves. Chad has little industrial infrastructure to monitor emissions, so informal brick kilns and diesel generators operate unchecked.

In Bangladesh and Pakistan, rapid urbanisation, brick‑making, and garment manufacturing rely on coal and heavy oil. Seasonal crop‑burning in India and Nepal adds huge plumes of smoke each winter. Across central Africa, slash‑and‑burn agriculture and charcoal production are widespread. All of these sources produce PM₂.₅, tiny particles less than 2.5 microns across that lodge deep in the lungs.

The 2024 IQAir World Air Quality Report underscores just how exceptional clean air is. It found that only 12 countries and territories met the WHO PM₂.₅ guideline, while 99% of the global population lives in areas that exceed it.

The report gathered data from more than 40,000 monitoring stations in 138 countries and noted that 17% of cities met the standard, up from 9% the year before. By contrast, the countries with the dirtiest air have concentrations more than eight times the global average (around 9.6 µg/m³), highlighting the enormous inequality in air quality.

When both sexes are combined, global life expectancy stands at about 73.5 years.

Today’s long lives would have been unimaginable to our ancestors. Around 1900, the global average life expectancy was just 32 years, largely because of high child mortality.

By 2021, it had more than doubled to 71 years, thanks to advancements in medicine, sanitation, vaccines and economic growth. The gains have occurred across all age groups: not only are children less likely to die young, but adults and the elderly are also surviving diseases that were once death sentences.

The rise has been remarkably consistent across continents. In 1800, no region had a life expectancy above 40 years. Today, even Africa, still the area with the shortest lifespans, has an average lifespan of over 60 years.

However, wide disparities remain. Nigeria’s life expectancy in 2021 was 30 years lower than Japan’s. Countries with lower averages also tend to have greater variation between rich and poor.

What drives longer lives?

The dramatic increase in life expectancy reflects public-health victories. Clean water, sanitation, vaccines and antibiotics have slashed deaths from infectious diseases. Improvements in maternal and newborn care mean more babies survive their first years.

Over the past half‑century, rising incomes and better nutrition have further extended life spans. Our World In Data emphasises that declines in mortality have been seen at all ages, not just among childrenourworldindata.org.

However, life expectancy stalled or even fell in some countries during the COVID‑19 pandemic. The World Health Organisation estimates that global life expectancy dropped by almost two years in 2020–2021 due to COVID‑19, reversing years of progress. Recovery has been uneven, with wealthier regions bouncing back faster than poorer ones.

The IQAir 2024 World Air Quality Report reveals that the Bahamas, Bermuda and French Polynesia recorded average fine‑particulate (PM₂.₅) concentrations of 2.3–2.6 µg/m³, well below the World Health Organisation’s guideline of 5.0 µg/m³.

Other island or coastal territories such as the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Montserrat, Barbados, Grenada, Iceland and New Zealand also posted annual PM₂.₅ levels under 4.5 µg/m³. These values underline how geography, low industrial activity and persistent ocean winds help dilute air pollution.

IQAir cautions that these islands are rare exceptions in a world choked by pollution. The 2024 report compiled measurements from more than 40,000 ground‑level monitoring stations across 138 countries and territories and found that only 12 countries, regions and territories complied with the WHO’s annual PM₂.₅ guideline.

In 2024, just 17 % of cities met or were below the 5 µg/m³ limit, up from 9% the previous year. Meanwhile, 99 % of the global population lives in areas that exceed those limits, underscoring how exceptional the clean‑air champions in the ranking are.

The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI), produced by the University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Institute, translates pollution levels into public‑health impacts. Its 2024 report warns that if PM₂.₅ pollution were reduced to meet WHO guidelines, the average person could gain nearly two additional years of life, saving roughly 14.9 billion life‑years globally.

Air pollution remains the leading external threat to human health, ahead of smoking, alcohol, car accidents and HIV/AIDS.

The data highlights the persistent and deadly burden of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever, which continue to claim hundreds of thousands of lives annually.

The map, colour-coded to highlight this deadly disparity, shows countries in red where mosquito-borne diseases, especially malaria, are the leading cause of death and surpass both homicides and traffic accidents.

These red zones stretch across much of Central and Western Africa, including Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda , and Cameroon. In contrast, countries in yellow indicate that human-related causes remain the top killers.

According to the WHO, malaria alone killed an estimated 619,000 people in 2021, with the vast majority of deaths occurring in Africa. Children under five account for around 80% of malaria deaths in the region, making it not only a public health emergency but also a humanitarian crisis.

Mosquitoes, primarily the female Anopheles species, transmit the Plasmodium parasite, which causes malaria. Other diseases like dengue fever, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever also contribute to the mosquito death toll, though malaria remains the most deadly by far.

The WHO, however, has prioritised malaria in its global health agenda, including the rollout of the RTS,S malaria vaccine , which began pilot programmes in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi. While promising, vaccine supply and logistical challenges mean full implementation remains years away.

Efforts are also being made to innovate mosquito control, from genetically modified mosquitoes to drone-assisted larvicide spraying. However, experts warn that climate change may expand mosquito habitats, increasing the risk in new regions.

Despite these strong national showings, WHO data reveals a concerning global shortfall in dental professionals. The world currently has just over 2.5 million dentists, while the estimated global need is more than 4.1 million, indicating a deficit of over 1.5 million.

This disparity highlights critical challenges:

The WHO emphasises that oral health is more than a matter of smiles. It's directly linked to overall health. Poor oral hygiene can lead to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes complications, respiratory infections and low self-esteem and absenteeism in children.

Despite its importance, oral healthcare remains one of the most neglected areas of global health. The WHO’s Global Oral Health Status Report (2022) found that nearly 3.5 billion people worldwide suffer from oral diseases, with untreated dental caries (tooth decay) being the most prevalent condition globally.

To close this gap, the WHO recommends the expansion of dental education programmes, especially in low-resource settings. A need to incentivise rural service through scholarships and loan forgiveness.

Additionally, integrating oral health into universal health coverage (UHC) systems and emphasising prevention through public awareness campaigns and fluoride programmes would be game-changers.

The map from The World in Maps visually underscores the extent of the problem: counties shaded in red across vast swathes of the South, Midwest, and even parts of the West all fall below the 72.6-year mark . These findings stand in stark contrast to the popular perception of the U.S. as a global leader in health and longevity.

Health experts point to a range of factors contributing to this disturbing trend:

While North Korea’s regime has faced intense criticism for human rights violations and economic mismanagement, its life expectancy of 72.6 years outpaces that of many U.S. communities.

WHO reports that North Korea’s relatively consistent access to basic healthcare and nutrition, though limited in quality, still produces a baseline that some rural and underserved U.S. counties fail to achieve.

Experts emphasise the urgent need for comprehensive public health interventions, targeted social support, and expanded healthcare access in these vulnerable communities.

“These disparities are a wake-up call,” said Dr. Tom Frieden, former CDC director, in a related statement. “Addressing poverty, education, and healthcare access is critical to closing the gap.”

According to the latest data from World Population Review , Mexico recorded the highest number of gun homicides, with 22,355 deaths, while the United States reported the highest total number of gun-related fatalities, encompassing homicides, suicides, and accidental shootings, totalling 15,186 deaths.

Top Countries by Gun Homicide Numbers

Latin America struggles with high rates of gun violence. Ecuador's gun homicide rate stands at 39.5 per 100,000 people. This and that of Mexico's figures underscore the persistent challenges in the region related to organised crime, drug trafficking, and socio-economic disparities.

On the contrary, many European and Asian countries maintain low gun homicide rates. For instance, countries like Spain, Germany, and Japan report rates well below 1 per 100,000 people , reflecting stringent gun control laws and effective law enforcement mechanisms.

The United States, while not leading in gun homicide rates, has the highest total number of gun-related deaths, including suicides and accidental shootings.

This issue highlights the complexities of firearm ownership, mental health challenges, and legislative debates surrounding gun control in the country.

You are shocked! I know.

As high as half of the population of countries ignores this proper hygiene routine that is pretty 'normal' across the globe.

According to a report by Gallup International on Europe's handwashing habits, just a handful of countries have close to 95% of their population washing their hands with soap and water after visiting the loo.

At the bottom of the list is the Netherlands, with only 50% of people reporting they wash their hands after using the toilet — the lowest rate in Europe. This is particularly surprising considering the country’s otherwise high standards of public health and hygiene.

In a sharp contrast, Bosnia & Herzegovina tops the list, with an impressive 96% of individuals practising proper hand hygiene. Closely following are Turkey at 94%, Portugal at 85%, and Romania at 84%.

Western European countries generally showed lower rates than their Eastern counterparts. For instance, Italy stands at 57%, Spain at 61%, and France at 62%. The UK reports a relatively modest 75%, while Germany, Sweden, and Iceland all hover around 78%.

The importance of hand hygiene can never be overemphasised and has been especially important in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Handwashing with soap and water remains one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of infectious diseases .

This revelation serves as a continuous reminder that despite awareness campaigns and public health efforts, there is still a significant need for education and behaviour change in certain regions of Europe.

According to the latest figures from IHME Global Burden of Disease and Global Terrorism Database, 74% of global deaths are caused by noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)—long-term, often lifestyle-related illnesses that receive relatively little attention in public discourse compared to infectious diseases or violent conflict.

A breakdown of global mortality

The data segments the primary causes of death into three categories:

1. Noncommunicable Diseases (74%)

Leading this category:

This overwhelming majority underscores the need for urgent investment in public health systems, prevention campaigns, and healthier living initiatives to address the rising burden of chronic diseases—particularly in aging populations and increasingly urbanized societies.

2. Infectious diseases (14%)

Despite considerable progress in combating infectious diseases globally, they still represent a significant portion of deaths:

These diseases predominantly affect low- and middle-income countries and remain a top concern for global health organizations working to reduce mortality through vaccination, sanitation, and access to medical care.

3. Injuries, accidents , and other causes (12%)

This category includes both preventable and external factors:

Despite media focus, deaths from war, terrorism, and violence account for only a tiny fraction of global mortality.

Despite significant advances in medical research and healthcare, heart-related illnesses continue to pose the greatest health threat across member states, accounting for over 1.7 million deaths annually.

Eurostat ’s 2024 report reveals that approximately 32% of all deaths in the EU are attributed to cardiovascular diseases, which include conditions such as heart attacks, strokes, and hypertension-related complications.

WHO data further underscores this trend, indicating that ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease (primarily strokes) are the two main culprits behind premature mortality in the region.

While cancer and other chronic diseases have become more prominent in public discourse, cardiovascular diseases still eclipse them in terms of total fatalities. The burden is especially pronounced in Central and Eastern European countries, where lifestyle factors, limited access to preventive care, and economic disparities contribute to higher mortality rates.

CVDs affect both men and women, though the patterns differ. Eurostat data shows that men are more likely to suffer fatal heart attacks at a younger age, while women tend to have higher rates of fatal strokes later in life.

Countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary report the highest age-standardised mortality rates from cardiovascular causes, in contrast to France, Spain, and Italy, where rates are considerably lower due to better diet, healthcare access, and public health initiatives.

With unprecedented concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), several urban centres are now facing alarming public health risks, environmental degradation, and economic strain.

The 2025 IQAir World Air Quality Report shows that air pollution has surged to critical levels in key metropolitan areas, driven by a combination of industrial emissions, vehicular traffic, fossil fuel combustion, construction activities, and climate-related factors such as stagnant weather conditions and dust storms.

N’Djamena, the capital city of Chad, has emerged as the most polluted city in the world, drawing global attention to the often-overlooked air quality crisis in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Located in the heart of the Sahel region, N’Djamena’s worsening air pollution stems from a combination of natural and human-made factors including open burning of waste, unregulated vehicle emissions and widespread use of biomass and charcoal for cooking.

Long known as a pollution hotspot, India's Delhi continues to experience hazardous air quality, especially during winter. The combined effects of stubble burning, vehicular pollution, and construction dust have led to toxic smog enveloping the city, forcing residents to stay indoors and schools to close.

With high population density and unregulated urban expansion, Dhaka, Bangladesh is again among the worst-hit cities. Brick kilns, traffic congestion, and industrial waste contribute heavily to its worsening air quality.

Air pollution is a major cause of disease and death worldwide, with the WHO estimating that it will take seven million lives globally in the next year.² The economic costs are also staggering, with an estimated loss of $225 billion in lost labour and trillions in medical costs.

This move, spearheaded by the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) under Elon Musk, aims to reduce federal spending but has raised concerns about the potential humanitarian and geopolitical repercussions.

Africa stands out as a region heavily reliant on USAID funding , especially in the health sector. In 2024, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo each received approximately $1.20 billion in aid, primarily directed towards health programmes, including HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment.

South Sudan, Somalia, and Nigeria also ranked among the top recipients, with significant portions of their aid allocated to healthcare initiatives. The abrupt cessation of funds threatens to disrupt essential services, such as HIV treatment programmes, potentially leading to a resurgence of the epidemic in these regions.

The suspension has already led to the closure of numerous health clinics and the halting of critical services. For instance, in South Africa, USAID-funded organisations were ordered to halt work for 90 days, forcing clinics to close and leaving patients without access to necessary treatments. This sudden withdrawal not only endangers public health but also undermines years of progress made in combating diseases across the continent.

Beyond Africa, the discontinuation of USAID affects numerous countries worldwide. In 2024, USAID distributed nearly $32.5 billion in aid, with significant allocations to nations like Ukraine, Jordan, and Ethiopia. The suspension of this support destroys various development projects, from infrastructure enhancements to educational programmes, potentially destabilising regions that have been strengthened by U.S. assistance.

Côte d'Ivoire has reported 136 confirmed cases of dengue fever as of June 2024, with the epicentre in the Abidjan district of Cocody-Bingerville. The announcement was made by Dr. Alexandre Koffi Franklin during a capacity-building workshop at the National Institute of Public Hygiene (INHP) in Treichville. Dr. Koffi emphasised the importance of eliminating mosquito breeding sites and using insecticide-treated bed nets to curb the spread of the disease, the Ivorian Press Agency reports. Dengue fever, a viral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, presents symptoms such as high fever, severe headaches, joint and muscle pain, and, in severe cases, can lead to hypotension, skin rashes, or even death. The government declared an epidemic in 2023 and has since intensified awareness campaigns to encourage preventive measures.

Abnormal fish mortality

The Ministry of Animal and Fisheries Resources has announced precautionary measures following the discovery of abnormal fish mortality in Lake "La Piscine" in Sikensi, located 83.6 km from Abidjan. Authorities have temporarily banned fishing, consumption, and sale of fish from the affected area while awaiting laboratory test results. A report by the Ivorian Press Agency indicated that a team of experts has been deployed to investigate the cause, with preliminary findings pointing to potential contamination from pesticides, the release of toxins from lake sediments, or a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels.

Dual nationality debate

Former Ivorian President, now leader of the African Peoples Party-Côte d'Ivoire (PPA-CI), Laurent Gbagbo, has addressed the issue of dual nationality during a party event in Marcory. He stated, "We can't play at being a little Ivorian, a little French, a little Danish. We are or we are not," Fratmat.Info reports. Gbagbo revealed that although he was eligible for French nationality due to his father's veteran status, he never pursued it. His comments come amid growing debate over dual nationality, sparked by PDCI leader Tidjane Thiam’s announcement of his intent to renounce French nationality to qualify as a candidate for the October 2025 presidential election.

Presidential election campaign begins

The rally ahead of the October 2025 presidential election in Ivory Coast has officially begun, with Jean-Louis Billon, candidate for the African Democratic Rally (RDA), launching his campaign on February 8, 2025, in Yopougon. While leading a procession of supporters, he addressed a cheering crowd at Place CP1. The rally, infused with a concert, featured performances by Zouglou artist Sami Succès, Fratmat.Info reports. Meanwhile, PDCI President Tidjane Thiam announced on February 7, 2025, his decision to renounce his French nationality to meet the constitutional requirement for candidacy in the upcoming election. This move aligns with growing nationalist sentiments and ensures his eligibility in the race against ruling party contenders.

French military base retrocession

Ivory Coast will officially regain control of the French military base in Port-Bouët on February 20, 2025, marking another step in France's military disengagement from Africa. The retrocession follows months of negotiations between the two nations. Defence ministers Téné Birahima Ouattara (Ivory Coast) and Sébastien Lecornu (France) are expected to attend the transfer ceremony. President Alassane Ouattara initially announced the handover during his New Year's address, signalling a shift in Ivorian-French military cooperation and a reconfiguration of France's defence presence in West Africa, Jeune Afrique reports.

In 2023, the world saw nearly 62 million deaths, averaging about 7,000 per hour. China led with 1,334 deaths per hour, followed by India with 1,085. Combined, these two countries accounted for almost one-third of all global deaths.

The United States sees about 340 deaths per hour. Factors such as chronic diseases, lifestyle-related health issues, and an ageing population play a significant role in this figure, while Nigeria experiences approximately 305 deaths per hour.

High mortality rates in Nigeria are often linked to infectious diseases, maternal and child health issues, and limited access to quality healthcare. Efforts to improve healthcare infrastructure are critical to reducing these numbers.

Indonesia on the other hand, records around 242 deaths per hour. The country's mortality rate is influenced by factors such as infectious diseases, natural disasters, and healthcare accessibility. Ongoing public health initiatives aim to address these issues.

The declining birth rate and an ageing population contribute to Russia's high mortality rate. The country has about 205 deaths per hour. Additionally, the impact of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has escalated these issues.

According to data from World Population Review , here are the top 7 countries with the lowest cancer rates per 100,000 people:

Sierra Leone: With an age-standardized rate (ASR) of just 35.9 cases per 100,000 people, Niger has the lowest cancer rate globally.

Angola: Following closely, Angola reports an ASR of 76.8 cases per 100,000.

Gambia: Gambia reports an ASR of 79.2 cases per 100,000.

Republic of the Congo: DR Congo has an ASR of 80.7 cases per 100,000.

Nepal: This South Asian country has an ASR of 81.6 cases per 100,000.

Qatar: With an ASR of 82.4 cases per 100,000, Qatar ranks sixth.

Yemen: This Middle East nation reports an ASR of 83.1 cases per 100,000.

Belgium's Health Minister, Frank Vandenbroucke, emphasised that disposable e-cigarettes pose significant health risks, particularly to young people. These products, often marketed with enticing flavours like apple and cola, have been criticised for attracting teenagers and potentially leading them to nicotine addiction.

"Disposable e-cigarettes are a new product simply designed to attract new consumers. E-cigarettes often contain nicotine. Nicotine makes you addicted to nicotine. Nicotine is bad for your health. These are facts," Vandenbroucke stated in an interview as reported by the Economic Times.

Beyond health concerns, the environmental impact of disposable e-cigarettes has also been a driving factor behind the ban. These single-use devices contribute to plastic waste and contain hazardous chemicals that can harm the environment.

In Zimbabwe, a recent devastating fire at the Mbare Musika market has resulted in an estimated loss of around US$5 million in goods and savings for traders, further highlighting the ongoing economic crisis in the country. Presently, approximately 40% of Zimbabweans are living in extreme poverty, and a significant number are engaged in informal work as the economy's instability deepens. The government has introduced a new currency, the Zimbabwe Gold (ZiG), aiming to stabilise the economy; however, this initiative has only generated more uncertainty. According to Daily News , the historical backdrop of financial mismanagement and hyperinflation has severely undermined public trust in banking institutions, leading to an extensive informal economy where many transactions occur off the books. Traders like Irene Mutanga have had to adapt to a dual-currency system, accepting both US dollars and ZiG, all while trying to rebuild their businesses in the aftermath of the fire and manage immediate financial responsibilities.

Zimbabwe's FDI expected to surpass $3 billion in 5 years

A memorandum of understanding (MOU) has been established between the Zimbabwe Building Contractors Association (ZBCA) and the Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency (ZIDA), with expectations to generate over US$3 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI) over the next five years. ZBCA president Dr. Tinashe Manzungu noted that FDI inflows currently range between US$400-500 million annually, but the new collaboration is aimed at achieving an annual growth rate of 10-15%. Financial Fortune Media reports that this partnership is designed to streamline investment processes, increase investor confidence, and enhance local contractors' skills through targeted training. Additionally, it seeks to advocate for investment-friendly policies and promote regional cooperation in infrastructure development.

Cement industry hit

Khayah Cement, formerly Lafarge Cement, acquired by Fossil for $29.7 million in 2022, is currently confronting significant operational challenges despite the robust demand for cement in Zimbabwe. The company has entered voluntary business rescue owing to inherited debts totalling $11 million, coupled with operational inefficiencies and recurrent plant breakdowns. The Zimbabwe Mail reports that the adverse effects of US sanctions have restricted access to vital financing and suppliers. Production-related difficulties have been exacerbated by a three-year overdue kiln maintenance, in addition to a roof collapse at the mill facility. Moreover, government-sanctioned cheaper imports of cement have adversely impacted Khayah's sales and growth prospects; the company acknowledges its inability to compete with lower prices attributed to high production costs. Challenges in management and a shortage of engineering expertise are compounding the operational issues. Bulisa Phillimon Mbano has been appointed as the Corporate Rescue Practitioner to navigate the company through these difficulties, all while acknowledging the persistently strong demand for cement in the market.

East African Sleeping Sickness in Zambia and Zimbabwe

East African sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease transmitted through bites from infected tsetse flies, primarily affecting rural populations. Symptoms of sleeping sickness can manifest rapidly, highlighting the necessity for immediate medical intervention upon experiencing signs such as headache, fever, fatigue, or skin rashes following potential exposure to tsetse flies. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for a successful recovery. For further information, it is recommended to consult the CDC's resources on sleeping sickness reports Zawya .

Poachers killed

Two suspected poachers were killed in a shootout with Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (ZimParks) rangers in Makuti’s Musingwizi area on December 21, 2024, the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) confirmed. In a statement on Monday, ZRP said investigations are ongoing and further details will be shared later. “The ZRP confirms the death of two poachers during a shootout with Zimparks rangers in Musingwizi Area, Makuti on 21 December 2024. More details to be released in due course,” Nyathi said according to New Zimbabwe .

Nowhere is this more evident than in American Samoa, where a staggering 80.2% of adults are classified as obese, making it a stark symbol of a global epidemic.

Pacific island nations, including American Samoa, have seen rapid lifestyle changes over the past few decades.

The growing reliance on imported, highly processed foods has significantly altered traditional diets. Coupled with increasingly sedentary lifestyles and limited access to fresh, nutritious produce, these shifts have created a perfect storm for obesity and related health issues.

The consequences are severe. According to the World Health Organisation , obesity dramatically increases the risk of chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension, posing significant challenges for healthcare systems and economies.

Addressing these health risks requires not only promoting healthy eating and active living but also improving access to affordable, nutritious food options in vulnerable regions.

This crisis serves as a reminder of the complex interplay between globalisation, dietary habits, and public health. Urgent action is needed to curb the tide of obesity and its associated health risks, both in Pacific island nations and around the world.

India has implemented a strict food safety protocol, rejecting imports from various countries due to concerns over quality and safety. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has exposed instances of substandard products, notably mouldy areca nuts from Sri Lanka and heavy metal contamination in Chinese sushi. The FSSAI utilises its Food Import Rejection Alert (FIRA) portal to affirm its dedication to public health by rapidly communicating details of rejected food items, derived from a robust three-tier verification process ensuring compliance with safety standards, reports Ada Derana .

Debt swap terms

The Steering Committee of the Ad Hoc Group representing Sri Lanka's bondholders has shown a favourable disposition towards the country’s debt restructuring terms concerning approximately $12.55 billion in sovereign bonds. The committee incorporates major asset management entities like BlackRock and Morgan Stanley, advocating for a collaborative approach with the Local Consortium of Sri Lanka. According to Ada Derana , since the 2022 default, the Ad Hoc has worked with Sri Lankan authorities to establish restructuring agreements aligned with an IMF-supported programme, which introduces innovative financial instruments like Macro-Linked Bonds and Governance-Linked Bonds.

Adani Group scandal probe

An investigation has been launched by Sri Lanka's government regarding the Adani Group's wind power project worth $442 million amidst bribery allegations against its founder. Under the auspices of President Anura Kumara Dissanayake's administration, the review of this infrastructure project is indicative of a broader initiative to combat corruption and recover misappropriated assets. The Adani Group has refuted the allegations, branding them as unfounded, as reported by My News .

$14.2 billion debt restructuring agreement

In a move to solidify its financial standing, Sri Lanka has ratified a $14.2 billion debt restructuring agreement that was initiated by the previous government, aimed at achieving the debt sustainability necessary for compliance with the IMF. Following a provisional agreement with the IMF for a further tranche of its ongoing bailout, this restructuring will see the exchange of new bonds for existing liabilities. The current administration is keen on continuing these frameworks, anticipating further negotiations with other nations to ensure sustainable debt by year-end, according to Business Standard . Presently, Sri Lanka's external debt totals $37 billion, with substantial portions owed to international creditors.

Entrepreneurship rate low

The National Enterprise Development Authority (NEDA) revealed that only 3 percent of Sri Lanka’s working population is involved in entrepreneurship. NEDA Director Dhanuka Liyanagamage described this figure as “pathetic” compared to regional peers and emphasised the need to promote entrepreneurship more widely. He noted that parents and universities in Sri Lanka rarely encourage entrepreneurship, focusing instead on job opportunities. Despite this, Liyanagamage acknowledged progress since the 2022 crisis in recognising the importance of entrepreneurs for national development. He stressed the need to increase the entrepreneurship rate to at least 10 percent within the next 3-5 years and highlighted bureaucratic red tape as a major obstacle that the new administration must address, as reported by Killer Startups .

Rwandan scientists have identified two tree species, Senna siamea and Gliricidia sepium, as viable options for generating clean electricity to help meet the country's goal of 100% electricity access by 2030. These fast-growing trees have high wood density and calorific values, making them efficient alternatives to fossil fuels. The initiative, led by Bonaventure Ntirugulirwa from the Rwanda Forestry Authority, aims to sustainably address energy needs in rural areas, while also improving soil quality, mitigating climate change, and alleviating poverty. The project emphasizes farmer participation in cultivating biomass for energy production. Meanwhile, testing for biomass heating value has commenced, with additional analyses required abroad for other key elements. The approach has garnered praise for its potential to resolve food shortages and electricity gaps in rural communities, Tech Xplore reports.

Leader in ADR

Rwanda has emerged as a leader in Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Sub-Saharan Africa, according to the World Bank's recent Business Ready report. The nation has established effective mechanisms such as community mediators (Abunzi), court-annexed mediation, and plea bargaining, allowing for swift and amicable resolution of disputes. In the fiscal year 2023/2024 alone, over 12,000 cases were resolved through ADR, saving an estimated Rwf7.5 billion. Judicial spokesperson Harrison Mutabazi emphasized that a robust ADR framework enhances the business environment, making Rwanda more attractive to investors by preventing protracted legal battles. Since its implementation in 2012, the judiciary has focused on training, with a recent opening of an ADR centre in Nyamirambo underscoring this commitment, reports The NewTimes .

Marburg disease contained

The Marburg virus disease outbreak in Rwanda has been contained, with no deaths reported in the last three weeks and two stable patients remaining under care, according to Minister of Health Dr. Sabin Nsanzimana on November 1. Key updates include a 22.7% case fatality rate, over 6,000 tests conducted, and more than 1,600 vaccine doses administered. The virus's source was identified as fruit bats in a cave, which has now been sealed off from human contact. As of October 31, Rwanda recorded 66 cases, including 49 recoveries and 15 deaths. Weekly updates on the outbreak will begin on November 1, as reported by The NewTimes .

Tourism in Rwanda

In the first half of 2024, visitors to Rwanda spent $267.71 million on goods and services, a nearly 12% increase from $236.2 million in the same period of 2023, according to the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). The Travel Expenditure Survey revealed that in Q1 and Q2 of 2024, travel credit (expenditures by visitors) totalled $267.71 million, while travel debit (expenditures by Rwandan residents abroad) amounted to $168.8 million. A significant portion of travel credit (84.4%) came from air transport. According to The NewTimes , holiday spending was the largest category, accounting for 48% of total travel credit, with average daily expenditures of $173 for air travellers and $66 for land travellers. The survey's findings are intended to inform policymakers and businesses for better decision-making and enhance travel experiences.

Mpox vaccination progress

Over 50,000 people have been vaccinated against mpox in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, according to the WHO. Despite this, the outbreak remains uncontrolled, with the African Union warning of a potential pandemic worse than Covid-19. Over 1,100 deaths and 48,000 cases have been reported in Africa since January, with the majority of deaths occurring in the DRC, the epicentre of the outbreak, Barron's reports.

This practice is common in countries like Colombia and Ecuador, where schools begin as early as 6:00 am, and others like Brazil and Guatemala, which have start times around 7:00 am. 

While early school schedules are meant to optimise the day, they come at a cost to children's sleep and overall well-being.  Experts warn  that such early start times can disrupt natural sleep patterns, especially for adolescents who need more rest during their development. 

Sleep deprivation can lead to problems with concentration, mood, and physical health, making it harder for students to thrive in the classroom.

In contrast, some countries like Uruguay start school as late as 10:00 am, offering a model that allows children to sleep more and arrive at school well-rested. The varying start times across Latin America reflect different educational policies, but there's growing debate over whether such early mornings are truly in the best interest of students' health and learning outcomes.

Balancing educational needs with the well-being of students is a critical issue, and some regions are exploring later school start times to better align with the natural sleep cycles of children and teens, allowing them to grow, learn, and thrive.

Protesters called for broader access to abortion services, in line with President Gabriel Boric's recent promise.

In June, Boric announced plans to introduce a bill by the end of 2024 that would expand the legal grounds for abortion in the country.

The demonstrators, made up of students, activists, and supporters, called for the implementation of free, public, and safe abortion services, arguing it is essential for public health and women's rights.

Mariana Perez, a 20-year-old student, said, "Free, public, and safe abortion has yet to be implemented in Chile, and I believe it is necessary as a matter of public health, beyond the ideals one may have."

Women's rights activist Angelica Salas, 34, echoed the sentiment, advocating for the decriminalisation of abortion. "I think it is very important that we women have the right to decide. And that the only important thing is that it is our decision," she said.

The protest featured dancing, drum performances, and chants demanding change.