The data estimates 3,693 missile and drone launches attributed to Iran targeting countries across the Gulf and Israel. The figures highlight the growing reach of Iran’s regional military posture and the uneven distribution of attacks among neighbouring states.

The United Arab Emirates recorded the highest number of launches, with 1,797 missiles and drones, accounting for 48.7% of the total. Analysts say this reflects the UAE’s strategic role in regional security dynamics and its involvement in conflicts where Iranian-backed forces have been active.

“The UAE was the country most affected by Iran's retaliatory attacks,” the data indicates.

Regional breakdown of launches

According to the dataset:

Iran’s growing reliance on drone warfare and missile technology is believed to have reshaped the strategic landscape in the Middle East . The use of relatively low-cost drones alongside ballistic and cruise missiles allows Tehran and allied groups to project power across long distances while maintaining a degree of deniability.

Many of the attacks counted in the data are believed to involve Iran-backed militias or proxy groups operating in conflict zones such as Yemen, Iraq and Syria.

Saudi Arabia and the UAE have previously reported repeated drone and missile interceptions, particularly linked to Houthi forces in Yemen, who Western governments say receive support and technology from Iran.

A new global map by The World in Maps shows that while most of the world prefers one name, there are still divided opinions.

On the map, vast areas of the globe are shaded in blue, indicating that most countries refer to the body of water as the “Persian Gulf.”

This aligns with how the United Nations and most international organisations have used the name for decades. The UN Conference on the Standardisation of Geographical Names and multiple UN cartographic documents consistently use the Persian Gulf, reflecting longstanding international practice and historical records dating back centuries.

Countries across Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania fall into this group on the map, projecting a broad international consensus. For global media outlets, atlases, and diplomatic usage, the Persian Gulf remains the standard reference.

However, the map highlights a belt of nations in yellow that call the body of water the “Arabian Gulf.”

Countries in the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and several others, use the term Arabian Gulf in official documents, schools, and media.

For Arabic-speaking populations, the name reflects cultural and political association with the Arabian Peninsula rather than Persia (Iran). While this usage is strong within the region, internationally, it is less common than the Persian Gulf.

On the map, Turkey, on the other hand, also stands out in red, representing the “Basra Gulf.”

Basra Gulf is a variation centred around the Iraqi port city of Basra, and while it’s not widely used globally, it appears in some Turkish and regional contexts. This alternative name explains how neighbouring countries sometimes apply their own historical or geographic frames to shared bodies of water.

Saudi Arabia has been involved in Yemen’s conflict since 2015. The kingdom views Yemen as essential to its national security due to its shared border and proximity to key shipping routes. Riyadh also aims to block the influence of Iran-backed Houthi rebels.

Saudi Arabia supports Yemen’s internationally recognised government , now based in the south after losing the capital, Sanaa, to the Houthis.

The Southern Transitional Council (STC), on the other hand, is a UAE-backed group that seeks independence for southern Yemen, which existed as a separate state before unification in 1990.

Although Saudi Arabia and the UAE began as allies in the fight against the Houthis, their goals have since diverged. Riyadh supports a unified Yemeni state, while Abu Dhabi prefers to back local actors in the south to safeguard its interests in ports, trade routes, and regional influence.

Yemen is now divided between Iran-backed Houthis, UAE-backed separatists, and the Saudi-backed government. The conflict has evolved into a multi-sided power struggle.

The involvement of the United States and Israel has added to the complexity. The US has supported Saudi operations with weapons and intelligence, while Red Sea shipping disruptions and regional tensions have drawn Israel into the broader conflict.

What follows is a country-by-country breakdown based on verified reporting.

Afghanistan

Bombed by: Bush, Obama, Trump, Biden

Why:

Afghanistan was bombed continuously from 2001 until the US withdrawal in 2021. Even after the formal end of the war, Biden authorised airstrikes, including the August 2021 Kabul drone strike that killed 10 civilians , later acknowledged by the Pentagon.

Iraq

Bombed by: Bush, Obama, Trump, Biden

Why:

Iraq remains one of the longest-running theatres of US air operations , spanning two decades despite the formal declarations of war ending.

Syria

Bombed by: Obama, Trump, Biden

Why:

The US has never declared war on Syria, yet airstrikes have continued under three administrations without congressional authorisation.

Yemen

Bombed by: Obama, Trump, Biden

Why:

Yemen became one of the most drone-bombed countries in the world, with repeated civilian casualty reports.

Somalia

Bombed by: Obama, Trump, Biden

Why:

Somalia has seen some of the least transparent US air operations, with casualty investigations often delayed or disputed.

Libya

Bombed by: Obama, Trump

Why:

Libya illustrates how a humanitarian intervention evolved into long-term instability, with US airstrikes continuing after regime change.

Pakistan

Bombed by: Bush, Obama, Trump

Why:

Pakistan was central to the CIA’s drone programme, particularly under Obama, who authorised more strikes there than any other president.

Nigeria

Bombed by: Trump

Why:

Because of this, it has become a central focus for both the US and China in terms of economic and political influence. Prior to 2023, China gained the upper hand with its focus on non-intervention and economic collaboration, particularly through the Belt and Road programme. Following the war that erupted on October 7, China has engaged in the region much more actively, and its popularity has soared.

Since its founding, the People’s Republic of China has built its foreign policy on the “five principles of peaceful coexistence”. These principles, known as “mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence”, have been China’s “red lines” both during the Cold War and in subsequent years. China remained outside the bipolar system of the Cold War and opted for a “third way” by supporting the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement at the Bandung Conference in 1955. Despite the entry into a period of détente in international politics in the 1970s, China’s approach to non-alignment with any polarisation persisted, leading the country to make “non-alliance” a state policy in 1982. 

A clean record

MENA countries were among the regions where China’s fundamental foreign policy principles were practically implemented. At the aforementioned Bandung Conference, China established contact with nationalist parties in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, which were under French rule at the time, as well as in independent Libya. These initial contacts exemplified the parties’ revolutionary and anti-colonial solidarity. In the Middle East, diplomatic relations between China and the Gulf countries, in particular, began with Iraq in 1958, followed by Iran and Kuwait (1971), Oman (1978), the United Arab Emirates (1984), Qatar (1988), Bahrain (1989) and Saudi Arabia (1990). As can be seen, these countries, having gained their independence from Western colonial rule, quickly established a rapprochement with China. 

Following the end of the Cold War, relations between China and the MENA region entered a period of further development. MENA countries viewed China as a power with which to cooperate because it lacked a history of colonialism, military intervention, or regime change in the region. China, on the other hand, aimed to establish multi-layered interaction with the region to realise its interests within the emerging international system. To this end, China proactively established the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2000, followed by the China–Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF) four years later. 

The Arab Spring, which began in Tunisia at the end of 2010 and then spread throughout MENA, initiated a transformational process whose effects would last for years. People living in MENA began protesting against the authoritarian regimes in their countries that had long deprived them of economic prosperity and fundamental rights and freedoms. This wave of uprisings created the potential to fundamentally reshape the region’s “political ecology”. While historically significant developments were taking place in MENA, China’s regional strategy was embodied in the Belt and Road Initiative, which funds infrastructure aimed at bolstering international economic links. For China, the region provided an opportunity to prioritise its economic and geostrategic interests and place less emphasis on political engagement. Despite the liberal ideals of the Arab Spring, the persistence of autocratic and nationalist regimes in the region has also presented a positive picture for China. Regimes in the region have prioritised economic growth and development over democratisation. This has opened the door for China to promote an alternative to the liberal order created by the West after 1945. 

Through the Belt and Road Initiative, China has established a successful method for achieving its desired goals. In exchange for energy agreements signed with MENA countries, which represent a strong option for meeting China’s need for energy resources such as oil and natural gas, China has built infrastructure and transportation projects in the region. These partnerships, which foster a win–win relationship between the parties, have significantly contributed to China’s interaction with the non-Western world. Unlike Western powers, which lost prestige in the region, particularly for their open support of opposition movements during the Arab Spring, China is perceived as a reliable actor by governments in MENA. Driven by this momentum, China signed strategic partnership agreements with Qatar, Iraq, Kuwait and Oman, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates between 2014 and 2018. Furthermore, in addition to striving to establish partnerships with MENA countries through bilateral relations and regional forums, China has also worked to mediate conflict resolution in the region. On 10 March 2023, Iran and Saudi Arabia, mediated by China, agreed to re-establish diplomatic relations. Bringing two strategic MENA actors, who had not had diplomatic contact since 2016, to the same table strengthened China’s prestige significantly. 

During this period, China presented a position in MENA radically different from the colonialism, use of military force, and conditional aid to achieve economic interests pursued by Western powers, particularly the US. China’s MENA strategy, particularly in the post-Arab Spring period, was based on a theoretical foundation of soft power and anti-colonialism. 

Change of approach

The events of 7 October, 2023 changed everything in the region and inevitably led to a shift in China’s approach connected to its long-standing support for Palestinian statehood. Since establishing the Special Representative for the Middle East in 2002, China has sought to host peace talks between Palestine and Israel and current Chinese President Xi Jinping has presented draft peace plans to the parties at various times. In these draft peace plans, China emphasised the importance of global recognition of the State of Palestine, the continuation of negotiations between Palestine and Israel, and the role of the international community in guaranteeing Palestinian sovereignty. These proposals were also included in the Arab Policy Paper published by China in 2016. 

Chinese officials have visited MENA to meet with all stakeholders in the region, particularly Hamas and Israel. As a result of these visits, an important mediation activity was carried out by bringing together the two major Palestinian groups, Fatah and Hamas, in Beijing in April 2024. Thus, in the face of the unconditional military support for Israel from the US and European powers, China has maintained its diplomatic stance. Even during the crisis, China has maintained its foreign policy of avoiding direct involvement in conflicts, maintaining political neutrality, and acting with caution. With these steps, which differentiate it from Western powers, China has assumed the role of a mediator seeking regional security and stability. China aims to end the regional crisis through an approach that emphasises a “two-state solution” and the role of regional organisations. 

That approach is bearing fruit, as results from the Arab Barometer reveal, although the challenge for China will be adapting to its new position in the world order on issues less binary than the conflict in Gaza.

The opinions and thoughts expressed in this article reflect only the author's views. This essay is based on research featured in the paper Perceptions of China in the Middle East and North Africa: an analysis in the context of Israel’s war on Gaza published in Third World Quarterly.

At the highest end of the scale is Ankara, where snowfall probability reaches 99%, consistent with long-term observations from the Turkish State Meteorological Service, which documents regular annual snowfall in the Turkish capital.

Similarly, Tehran records a 97% likelihood of snow. Its position at the base of the Alborz Mountains has long made winter snowfall a normal occurrence in the Iranian capital.

By contrast, several Gulf capitals, including Riyadh, Abu Dhabi, Doha, and Muscat, are shown with no measurable chance of snow. Data from the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal supports this assessment, with average winter temperatures in these cities staying far above freezing levels.

Between these climatic extremes lie countries such as Jordan and Iraq. Amman shows a 40% probability of receiving snow, reflecting both its elevation and its periodic winter storms.

Baghdad, listed at 7%, rarely records snowfall, though it did experience a notable event in early 2020, a weather anomaly widely covered at the time.

The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has reported that although global temperatures continue to rise, cold-air outbreaks and winter extremes remain possible due to climate variability and atmospheric disturbances.

"There is an 80% chance that at least one year between 2025 and 2029 will be warmer than the warmest year on record (currently 2024). And there is an 86% chance that at least one year will be more than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial level. The report does not give global predictions for individual years," WMO reports.

According to the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), world proven crude oil reserves stood at 1,567 billion barrels at the end of 2024, up around 2 billion barrels (or 0.1 %) from 2023. In practical terms, global reserves are barely moving up, even though crude remains in demand.

The map highlights a striking concentration of vast oil wealth clustered in just a few regions, particularly the Middle East and parts of South America .

Venezuela leads the world with an estimated 303 billion barrels, followed closely by Saudi Arabia at 267 billion and Iran with about 208 billion. Other major holders include Iraq with around 145 billion and Russia with 80 billion barrels, according to WorldAtlas

What the visual also shows is how the Middle East remains a “reservoir of reserves”. The region holds well over half of the world’s proven stock . For example, OPEC’s time-series chart indicates the Middle East’s share was roughly 871 billion barrels out of about 1,567 billion in 2024.

These reserve figures influence geopolitics, energy security, investment decisions and even how governments shape future policy. But it is surprising that despite decades of consumption, the global total of proven oil reserves isn’t collapsing but stable. That’s because discoveries and extraction in previously uneconomic fields are helping offset withdrawal.

For example, the OPEC press release notes that although global production from some OPEC-member countries dipped in 2024, reserves remained flat.

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman welcomed a diverse group of princes, scholars, ministers, and citizens at Al-Yamamah Palace in Riyadh, where the gathering began with a recitation from the Holy Quran. Discussions centred on national and regional developments, reflecting the Crown Prince’s ongoing engagement with Saudi society. These regular interactions highlight the government’s commitment to open dialogue and to reinforcing unity within the Kingdom’s leadership and people.

Saudi Arabia and the United Nations discuss ways to revive Libya’s political roadmap

In a show of active diplomacy, Saudi Arabia met with United Nations representatives to explore ways to reinvigorate Libya’s political roadmap. Talks focused on unifying national institutions and organising elections to ensure long-term stability. The UN commended Riyadh’s support for peace and development, underscoring the Kingdom’s growing role as a mediator in regional affairs. This engagement aligns with Saudi Arabia’s broader foreign policy objective of promoting security and development across the Middle East and North Africa.

Crown Prince congratulates Japan’s new premier

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman extended congratulations to Sanae Takaichi, who recently became Japan’s first female prime minister. The Crown Prince’s message acknowledged the significance of the milestone in Japan’s political landscape and expressed Saudi Arabia’s readiness to strengthen bilateral relations. The congratulatory note reflects the Kingdom’s increasing focus on building ties with global partners beyond its traditional regional alliances.

Saudi Arabia reaffirms support for global security and peace

During a recent cabinet meeting chaired by the Crown Prince, the Saudi government reiterated its commitment to regional and international cooperation for global peace and stability. The meeting included discussions on Vision 2030 projects , which aim to diversify the Saudi economy and boost innovation, as well as the Kingdom’s humanitarian efforts in Gaza. This emphasis on diplomacy and aid highlights Riyadh’s strategic balancing of internal development and external engagement.

Crown Prince briefs cabinet on Gaza following call with Macron

Following a conversation with French President Emmanuel Macron, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman briefed the Saudi cabinet on the latest developments in Gaza. The cabinet reiterated its call for a two-state solution to achieve lasting peace in the region, while also reviewing ongoing Vision 2030 initiatives. This discussion illustrates Saudi Arabia’s dual approach—advocating for peace in global conflicts while maintaining a steady focus on domestic modernisation and reform.

The initiative was launched alongside the Global Alliance to Implement the Two-State Solution, co-chaired by Saudi Arabia, the EU, and Norway. According to the Saudi minister, the coalition’s purpose is to translate the New York Declaration, endorsed by more than 140 UN member states earlier this week, into concrete measures to support Palestinian governance and secure a ceasefire in Gaza.

The move comes as the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) warns of worsening humanitarian conditions in Gaza, where over 2.2 million people face famine-like conditions, according to the World Health Organisation. UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini said that the agency, with its 12,000 staff in Gaza, is the “key asset” for rebuilding and stabilising the territory once the war ends.

The Saudi-backed coalition aims to empower the PA to eventually govern both the West Bank and Gaza . Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi, also present at the New York meeting, said international consensus on the two-state solution is now stronger than ever, but remains blocked by “the extremist stance of the Israeli government.”

So far, 159 countries officially recognise Palestine, a number Riyadh says shows that statehood is becoming “an irreversible reality backed by international will.”

A visual breakdown charts the top ten nations: Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Canada (163 bn), Iraq (145 bn), UAE (113 bn), Kuwait (102 bn), Russia (80 bn), the United States (74 bn), and Libya (48 bn).

These top ten nations “hold strategic leverage in shaping global energy markets and international policy frameworks” and underscore how membership in OPEC or OPEC+ amplifies their global influence.

Political stability, technological access, and strategic alliances significantly influence actual production capacity and how these reserves translate into power.

More than just numbers

Seven countries do not identify as democracies: Afghanistan, Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Vatican City.

The non-democratic nations explained

According to Freedom House , 2024 marked the 19th consecutive year of decline in global freedom, with more countries sliding toward authoritarianism than toward democracy. Similarly, the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Democracy Index now classifies 60 regimes as authoritarian, underscoring the rise of authoritarian regimes in 2024.

Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund (PIF) is set to acquire a two-thirds stake in a New York property near Central Park for approximately US$200 million . The investment pertains to a site where Related plans to build a 366-metre tower on 625 Madison Ave. with strong ties between PIF and Related dating back to prior investments. This move highlights the significant interest of Saudi investors in global real estate, particularly in prime locations.

Saudi Arabia Tops Global Cybersecurity Rankings in 2025

Saudi Arabia has retained its top spot in global cybersecurity rankings, according to the 2025 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook. Officials credit strong leadership from King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, as well as the Kingdom’s national digital transformation strategy. Saudi Arabia’s long-term approach balances security with economic and tech growth. It was also named a Tier 1 “role-modeling” nation in the UN’s 2024 Global Cybersecurity Index.

Saudi project removes mines in Yemen

The Saudi project has successfully cleared 1,559 mines in Yemen , contributing to safety improvements and clearance initiatives in war-affected areas. The consistent efforts to mitigate risks associated with unexploded ordnance are essential for restoring normalcy and safety for civilians, enabling better living conditions and facilitating potential redevelopment efforts in the region.

Elite gamers compete for $70M at Saudi Esports World Cup

As Riyadh hosts the Esports World Cup with a prize pool of $70 million, elite gamers from around the globe are set to compete, reflecting Saudi Arabia's ambition to become a leading hub in the esports industry. This initiative is part of a broader strategy to enhance the Kingdom's presence in the digital economy and attract international attention to Saudi Arabia as a destination for gaming and digital entertainment.

He said aircraft manufacturing will be the next step following recent progress in the automotive industry, and that the National Industrial Strategy is built on linking sectors such as petrochemicals, car production, and now aviation.

The government has invested around $8.3 billion in industrial infrastructure, which officials say could generate returns up to eight times that amount.

In total, over 1,900 industrial projects are currently underway in the kingdom, with combined investments valued at $101 billion.

A new industrial city focused on aircraft maintenance has already been launched, covering more than one million square metres.

Several companies have also received their first-ever licences to operate in the aviation manufacturing sector, according to the Ministry of Industry and Mineral Resources.

Officials say manufacturing will play a major role in achieving up to 40 percent of the goals set out in Saudi Arabia’s National Industrial Strategy.

The plan is part of the country’s wider efforts to diversify its economy away from oil and build a strong, self-sustaining industrial base.

The record-breaking plant, located in Al-Khobar, is part of the second phase of the city’s production system and can produce over 670,000 cubic metres of desalinated water daily.

It was built on a small plot of land, made possible through new engineering techniques.

The record was officially recognised in February this year.

The second record was for energy efficiency at the Shuaibah plant, where engineers managed to lower energy use during the salt separation stage to 1.7 kilowatt-hours per cubic metre.

Total energy use came to 2.34 kilowatt-hours per cubic metre, lower than any similar plant in the world .

This achievement was officially recorded in April and has been praised by the World Bank .

Saudi Arabia now holds 11 Guinness World Records in the water sector.

The city is designed to be powered entirely by renewable energy, with no cars and no emissions.

Its planners describe it as a model for future living, with ultra-modern, fully digital facilities run by artificial intelligence.

One of NEOM’s main features is “The Line,” a planned linear city stretching 170 kilometres.

Under this project, homes, workplaces, and services will all be within walking distance, connected by high-speed transport and advanced digital systems.

The goal is to create a city where everything is efficient, seamless, and sustainable.

The Saudi government has identified nine sectors to drive development, including energy, biotechnology, water , digital services, and food.

Robots will help run many of these systems.

The city is also being designed to welcome machines as residents, continuing a path that began when Saudi Arabia granted citizenship to the robot Sophia in 2017.

But while engineers and designers promote NEOM as a world-changing idea, experts in mental health are raising concerns.

Psychologists are warning that highly controlled environments can limit human well-being and stop elements like variety, surprise, and opportunities that exist among human beings.

According to them, the non-existence of a natural transition between places, people might make people lose their sense of time or feel confined.

There are also concerns about climate change that may be triggered by the project. Experts believe the projects might end up rewriting weather patterns in one of the world’s most delicate regions.

Saudi officials say NEOM will be a more open and global space than the rest of the country but the kingdom’s conservative laws, especially on personal freedoms, continue to raise questions.

Experts argue that a city built for the future must also respect human rights and individuality, not just offer high-tech convenience.

NEOM remains under construction, with full completion expected in the coming decades.

The directive announced by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development will stay in place until September 15 and applies to all companies in the private sector.

The decision is meant to stop workers from being exposed to the sun during the hottest part of the day.

 The ministry said this will help prevent health problems and reduce the risk of injuries caused by working in very high temperatures. Employers are being asked to change their schedules so that workers are not outdoors during the banned hours.

This step is part of a wider plan to improve safety at work and protect the well-being of employees. The rule was made in partnership with the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health, which focuses on improving workplace conditions across the country.

To help companies follow the new rules, the ministry has released two online guides. One offers advice on how to reduce exposure to the sun, while the other focuses on how to stay safe when working in hot weather . Both guides are available on the ministry’s official website.

People can report violations of the new rule by calling a special hotline or using a mobile app provided by the ministry. The government says it is committed to making workplaces safer, especially during the summer months when high temperatures can be dangerous for outdoor workers.

The crossing will link Ras Hamid in Saudi Arabia with Egypt’s Sharm El-Sheikh, spanning the Strait of Tiran.

The announcement comes years after Saudi Arabia’s King Salman first proposed the idea in 2016.

The bridge, often referred to by locals as the “Moses Bridge,” has gained renewed attention following Egypt’s confirmation that it is ready to begin construction.

“We have now completed the planning for the bridge between Egypt and Saudi Arabia and are ready to implement it at any time, whether as a bridge or a tunnel,” Egypt’s Minister of Transport, Kamel al-Wazir, was quoted by the Business Insider as saying.

The route is expected to support more than a million travellers each year, offering an alternative path for pilgrims heading to Mecca.

It is also expected to enhance trade and tourism between the two countries.

The bridge will run near NEOM, Saudi Arabia’s $500 billion megacity project. NEOM has faced international criticism over delays, alleged rights violations, and the treatment of communities in its path.

Despite this, the bridge is seen as a separate and unifying project that could drive development and cooperation across the region.

Proposals to build a Red Sea crossing between the two countries date back to 1988 but have been delayed by political concerns.

With the planning now complete, both governments say they are ready to proceed.

Disclaimer: The image for the article was AI-generated.

The change will apply to about 600 locations, including five-star hotels, luxury resorts, and international tourist villages.

Wine and beer will be available under strict conditions , but spirits will remain banned.

Alcohol will only be served and consumed at approved venues, with no takeaway or retail sales allowed.

This move is part of the Kingdom’s broader Vision 2030 plan, which aims to cut its reliance on oil by expanding other sectors like tourism and entertainment.

By relaxing alcohol laws in controlled settings, Saudi Arabia hopes to attract more global travellers, especially those used to destinations like the United Arab Emirates or Bahrain, where alcohol is part of the hospitality scene.

Officials say the decision is carefully designed to support economic growth while respecting Islamic values.

Public areas, private homes, and local shops will continue to follow existing rules that ban alcohol completely .

The timing of the plan is seen by many as connected to the upcoming 2034 FIFA World Cup, which Saudi Arabia will host.

Tourism authorities expect millions of international visitors and want to offer experiences similar to those found in other global destinations.

The Kingdom has been gradually easing some social rules to support tourism.

It has already introduced new visa policies, opened up ancient heritage sites, and hosted music and cultural festivals.

In 2023, a swimsuit fashion show held at a hotel caused a stir and showed how far the country is moving to attract a wider audience.

Talks are already underway with international hotel groups and tour operators to prepare for the 2026 rollout.

Saudi Arabia is already the biggest destination for Pakistani workers and the top source of remittances, sending more than $700 million each month to Pakistan.

Officials say the selected beauticians will take up roles such as hairdressers, makeup artists, nail technicians, eyelash specialists, waxing and bleaching experts, and wig technicians.

Applicants must be under 40 years old and have at least three years of experience in the beauty industry, Arab News reports .

Those chosen will be paid up to 3,000 Saudi Riyals a month, which is about $800.

They will also receive free shared accommodation, meals or a food allowance, and round-trip airfare. Transport within Saudi Arabia will also be provided if needed.

Applications must be submitted on the Overseas Employment Corporation (OEC) website by June 8. The OEC is a part of Pakistan’s Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development.

Pakistan has long-standing ties with Saudi Arabia in areas like labour, defence, and culture .

Around 2.7 million Pakistanis live and work in the Kingdom.

The country’s overseas workforce is a vital part of its economy, especially as it deals with financial challenges.

According to local reports , the drone shared the vehicle’s location with ground patrols, who quickly moved in and made arrests.

This is part of a strict campaign known as “No Hajj Without a Permit,” aimed at stopping people who try to perform the pilgrimage without the right documents.

Saudi Arabia requires all pilgrims to hold a special Hajj visa issued through official channels.

The Ministry of Interior said that people caught breaking the rules are facing serious penalties.

These include jail time, fines of up to 100,000 Saudi riyals, and deportation for foreign nationals. In some cases, those deported will also be banned from returning to Saudi Arabia for up to 10 years.

The government is also asking courts to take away vehicles used to transport illegal pilgrims.

Officials are especially concerned about people who enter Saudi Arabia on visit visas and try to stay behind to join the Hajj.

They are warning that anyone caught performing or trying to perform Hajj without the proper permit could face a fine of up to 20,000 riyals.

The Kingdom says the rules are in place to keep the pilgrimage safe and organised.

Yet, as the map above shows, a small group of countries remains outside this global circle. From communist giants to war-torn regions and ideologically rigid states, here’s a breakdown of why some nations still have no diplomatic ties with the Holy See.

Countries without diplomatic relations with the Holy See

Highlighted in red on the map, these countries currently have no formal diplomatic engagement with the Vatican:

Why do these countries stand apart?

1. China

China’s relationship with the Vatican is one of the most complex. Although there has been a provisional agreement since 2018 on the appointment of bishops, full diplomatic relations have not been restored since the Holy See recognised the government in Taiwan. The Chinese Communist Party maintains tight control over religion, making diplomacy difficult.

2. North Korea

With strict isolationist policies and no freedom of religion, North Korea has never established ties with the Holy See. There are no official Catholic churches, and any underground religious activity is met with severe punishment.

3. Vietnam

Vietnam and the Vatican have improved ties in recent years, with a resident papal representative now allowed, but no formal diplomatic status exists yet. Talks are ongoing, and observers expect a breakthrough shortly.

4. Saudi Arabia and Oman

Both nations are Islamic monarchies with no formal churches and strict bans on public Christian worship. Religious freedom is limited, making official ties with the Holy See nearly impossible under current laws.

5. Afghanistan

Ongoing conflict, the resurgence of the Taliban, and a strict interpretation of Islamic law leave no room for a formal Catholic presence or diplomatic recognition of the Holy See.

6. Somalia and Comoros

Both nations have weak governance and fragile internal conditions , especially Somalia, which faces instability and terrorism. Religious minorities, including Christians, are often persecuted.

The Holy See's global role

The Holy See isn’t just a religious authority—it’s a sovereign entity under international law , actively participating in:

Its diplomatic influence is seen as a moral and ethical counterbalance in global affairs, particularly on issues like migration, conflict resolution, poverty, and climate change.

In 2024, the top 10 sovereign wealth funds collectively manage trillions of dollars in global assets, influencing global markets, infrastructure, and even innovation sectors.

Below is the top 10 Sovereign Wealth Funds by AUM according to Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute :

  Norway Government Pension Fund Global  –  $1.78 trillion

World's largest SWF, built from Norway’s oil revenues and known for its ethical investing principles.

China Investment Corporation (CIC)  –  $1.3 trillion

A key player in global markets, CIC invests in infrastructure, energy, and high-growth sectors.

State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), China  –  $1.2 trillion

Another Chinese heavyweight managing part of the country’s vast foreign exchange reserves.

Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA)  –  $1.05 trillion

One of the oldest and most secretive funds, investing oil revenues globally.

Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA)  –  $1 trillion

The world’s oldest sovereign fund, playing a crucial role in diversifying Kuwait’s oil-based economy.

Public Investment Fund (PIF), Saudi Arabia  –  $925 billion

Driving Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, this fund has ramped up global investments in tech and sports.

Danantara Indonesia  –  $900 billion

A rapidly rising SWF focusing on domestic infrastructure and development.

GIC Private Limited, Singapore  –  $850 billion

Known for its long-term investments in real estate, tech, and emerging markets.

Qatar Investment Authority (QIA)  –  $530 billion

A globally active fund investing in prime assets including banks, real estate, and luxury brands.

Hong Kong Monetary Authority Investment Portfolio  –  $514 billion

Manages part of Hong Kong’s foreign reserves with a focus on stable returns.

It is considered the most wide-reaching programme since the new Hajj rules were introduced.

The new services include multilingual screens placed at important locations, digital tools to help people learn the Qur’an, and mobile apps to explain key parts of the holy book.

Special robots will also be used to guide and support pilgrims in different languages.

Officials say the goal is to improve the spiritual and personal experience for people from all over the world.

The plan also includes new educational and religious support for pilgrims with different cultural and language backgrounds.

Dr. Abdulrahman Al Sudais, head of religious affairs at the two mosques, said the initiative aims to provide care while staying true to the values of the pilgrimage.

“Our aim is to ensure that pilgrims experience Hajj in accordance with prophetic teachings and with the highest standards of care,” he said .

The plan is part of Saudi Arabia’s continued effort to improve the organisation of Hajj, one of the largest annual gatherings in the world.

He has been unconscious for nearly 20 years after the incident and has been in a coma.

He has been kept alive ever since with the help of machines at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. His family has cared for him and refused to give up hope.

Doctors had suggested removing him from life support, but his father, Prince Khaled bin Talal Al Saud, chose to keep fighting for his son’s life.

"If God had wanted him to die in the accident, he would have been in his grave now," his father was quoted by local reports .

Prince Al-Waleed is a member of Saudi Arabia’s royal family and the great-grandson of King Abdulaziz, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia.

In 2019, small movements like raising a finger or turning his head gave the family some hope, but he remains in a coma today, connected to a ventilator and feeding tube.

Bangladesh has escalated its diplomatic discourse by demanding a formal apology from Pakistan for the atrocities committed during the 1971 Liberation War, amidst a backdrop of resumed talks after 15 years, Independent reports. Foreign Secretary Jashim Uddin highlighted these historical grievances while discussing a $4.52 billion compensation claim regarding pre-1971 assets during negotiations held in Dhaka. 

Model allegedly blackmails Saudi envoy

Former beauty queen Meghna Alam was arrested in Bangladesh for allegedly attempting to extort $5 million from the former Saudi ambassador through a honey-trap scheme. According to The Star , the actions were characterised by police officials as jeopardising diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia, a key ally due to its significant economic assistance and employment of Bangladeshi workers. 

390 arrested by Bangladesh army

In a concerted operation conducted by various divisions of the Bangladesh Army between April 10 and 17, 390 individuals were arrested in connection with serious crimes, alongside the seizure of illegal arms and narcotics. This extensive operation aimed to uphold public safety during the celebrations of Pahela Baishakh, demonstrating an active stance against criminal activities, Daily Observer reports. 

India rejects Bangladesh's claims on West Bengal violence

India's Ministry of External Affairs has firmly dismissed Bangladesh's comments regarding recent communal violence in West Bengal, labelling them as 'unwarranted'. Observer reports that this diplomatic clash arose following allegations from Bangladeshi officials concerning their supposed involvement in the violence, which have been categorically refuted by Dhaka. Both governments continue to stress the importance of bilateral relations.

Bangladesh to establish body for trade negotiations Post-LDC graduation

In preparation for its upcoming graduation from Least Developed Country (LDC) status in November 2026, Bangladesh plans to form a dedicated body comprising government officials and experts to facilitate trade negotiations. Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus emphasised the need for constant oversight during this transitional phase to ensure stable economic progression and strengthen Bangladesh's position as a regional manufacturing hub, according to Fibre2Fashion .

According to Investopedia , Russia is the world's most resource-rich nation as it boasts an estimated $75 trillion in natural resources.

Russia leads the list due to its abundant reserves of coal, natural gas , oil, gold, timber, and rare earth metals. These resources are pivotal not only to Russia’s economy but also to global markets, especially in energy and industrial production.

The United States comes in second, with $45 trillion in natural resources, including coal, timber, natural gas, gold , and copper. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia rounds out the top three with $34 trillion, largely attributed to its vast oil reserves.

Other notable entries include:

This ranking underscores the strategic importance of natural resources in shaping global economic influence. The world's shift towards renewable energy and technological advancement means that control over critical materials such as rare earth metals may prove even more valuable than traditional fossil fuels.

Authorities apprehended 20,896 violators during the operation.

Among them, 11,930 were found violating residency laws, 5,649 breached border security regulations, and 3,317 were involved in labour-related offences.

1,374 individuals were caught attempting to cross into the Kingdom illegally, many of them being Ethiopian nationals (55%) and Yemenis (43%).​

The Ministry of Interior has warned that anyone found facilitating illegal entry, including providing transportation or shelter, could face up to 15 years in prison, fines up to SR1 million (approximately $266,000), and confiscation of vehicles or property used in the offence.​

"We are committed to enforcing our laws to maintain national security and protect our labour market," said a spokesperson from the Ministry.​

Driven by its protracted war with Russia, Ukraine accounted for 8.8% of total global arms imports between 2020 and 2024—surpassing traditional defence heavyweights such as India and Saudi Arabia.

Following Ukraine are India at 8.3%, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, each with 6.8%.

Ukraine’s unprecedented rise

Ukraine’s position as the top importer is primarily a consequence of its conflict with Russia, which escalated sharply following Russia's full-scale invasion in 2022. The country’s defence sector has been strengthened by a massive influx of weapons from Western allies, especially the United States and European Union nations. These include advanced missile systems, drones, and air defense platforms essential for resisting Russian aggression.

South Asia and the Gulf: Persistent demand

India remains a major arms importer due to its strategic rivalry with China and Pakistan, coupled with a focus on upgrading outdated Soviet-era systems. While the nation has made strides toward domestic defense production, reliance on imports continues, particularly for high-end technology .

Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia and Qatar maintain high import levels to reinforce defense capabilities in a volatile Gulf region. Despite diplomatic tensions between the two nations in past years, both have sought to secure state-of-the-art weaponry, primarily from Western suppliers, to assert regional dominance and deter potential threats from Iran and other actors.

The ban includes business visit visas, e-tourist visas, and family visit visas. People from the listed countries who already have valid visas can still travel to Saudi Arabia before April 13, but they must leave by April 29.

The 14 countries affected are India, Egypt, Pakistan, Yemen, Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan, Nigeria, Algeria, Indonesia, Iraq, Sudan, Bangladesh, and Libya.

Saudi officials say that many people entered the country last year using the wrong type of visa during Hajj, which led to overcrowding and serious problems.

The new rule is meant to avoid similar issues this year, according to local news reports .

This move follows earlier changes made in February 2025, when Saudi Arabia stopped giving one-year multiple-entry visas to people from the same 14 countries.

At the time, they were only allowed to get single-entry visas for up to 30 days.

Saudi Arabia has also released new dates for Umrah visas. These will be given out from the 14th of Dhu Al Hijjah until the 1st of Shawwal every year.

Historic homes in Saudi Arabia are undergoing renovations to serve as cafes and restaurants, thereby offering a dining experience steeped in cultural heritage. Establishments such as Tagmera in Madinah exemplify this trend. Managed by Saleh Shahini and his mother, this venue has repurposed an 80-year-old family residence while preserving its original stone architecture and intimate ambience. Similarly, Into Sushi, managed by Leen Kurdi, presents a fusion of Japanese cuisine and Madini hospitality, respecting the essence of the home. Abdulrahman Al-Hejaili’s Kaboun aims to create a welcoming dining affair with simple yet delightful dishes, where patrons find charm in these transformed establishments that resonate with historical significance.

Daylight saving time in schools

Saudi Arabia is set to introduce daylight saving time for all public and private educational institutions beginning Sunday, April 6, 2025. According to Gulf News , this policy aims to improve operational efficiency and synchronise educational schedules with seasonal variations. In Riyadh, the schedule will see morning assemblies starting at 6:15 am, followed by classes commencing at 6:30 am. In regions such as Asir and Al Baha, the class start times will be slightly later. Educational authorities have underscored the significance of punctuality and advised families to provide the necessary support to students adapting to these changes.

Visa entry limitations

Recent regulations in Saudi Arabia now impose restrictions on multiple-entry visas for nationals from 14 countries, including Pakistan. This adjustment impacts frequent travellers and families, potentially extending visa processing durations and prompting experts to recommend early application submissions. The hospitality and aviation sectors may witness variations in ticket sales and a potential drop in hotel occupancy, Pakistan Today reports. Relevant authorities have called for travellers to inquire about mahram exemptions when applicable and urged pilgrims to remain attuned to updates concerning Hajj bookings, as further changes in visa processing are anticipated.

Real estate investments

The Saudi Ministry of Investment has initiated openings in the real estate market for foreign investors, allowing them to engage in property transactions for investment objectives. There are critical stipulations, including that properties must be situated outside Makkah and Madinah, transactions are prohibited from being for commercial speculation and foreign entities must secure approvals for specific applications such as personal residency and industrial projects. Gulf Business reports that the approval process is streamlined through the ministry's e-services portal and is completed within five business days, pending the submission of requisite documentation including a building permit, property deed, and engineering reports for sizeable development projects, which should have a minimum cost of SR30 million and be further utilitarian within a five-year window, outside of Makkah and Madinah.

Forbes’ rankings for Arab billionaires

According to Forbes' rankings for Arab billionaires in 2025, Saudi Arabia leads the list with a total of 15 billionaires, prominently featuring Prince Alwaleed bin Talal at the helm with a net worth of $16.5 billion. Circuit News reports that other significant figures include Sulaiman Al-Habib, valued at $10.9 billion, and Emad Al-Muhaidib, with $3.8 billion. In contrast, both the UAE and Egypt account for five billionaires each, with the UAE’s collective wealth amounting to $24.3 billion, whereas Egypt’s total reaches $9.6 billion, with top earners being real estate magnate Hussain Sajwani and industrialist Nassef Sawiris, respectively.

The project was started by explorer Mohammad Fohaid Al-Sohaiman Al-Rammali to stop people from dying of thirst in the desert, even when water is nearby.

The beacons are simple to use, do not rely on GPS or electronic devices, and need little maintenance.

Eleven beacons have been installed so far, but with support from the government, the project is expected to expand with more than 100 beacons planned for the Hail and Jouf regions.

Speaking about the project, Al-Rammali said, “This can save lives and bring peace of mind to travellers in the desert.”

The initiative aims to prevent tragedies in the vast desert, where travellers can easily get lost. The beacons provide a clear and reliable guide, making the desert safer for all.

A significant protest is the institution of the European and World Day against the Death Penalty by the European Union on October 9.

The top five countries with the highest number of executions in 2024 were Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, North Korea and the United States. Reports indicate that Iran alone was responsible for 74% of all documented executions.

Iran carried out at least 800 executions , with more than half related to drug offences. In protest, prisoners have continued the “No Death Penalty Tuesday” hunger strike, which began in January 2024.

Saudi Arabia on the other recorded its highest number of executions in history, carrying out 303 in total. Meanwhile, Iraq experienced a significant surge in executions, rising from 16 in 2023 to at least 94 in 2024, including two mass executions for terrorism-related offences.

North Korea and the US have the lowest numbers with North Korea accounting for 32 executions, while the US executed 25 prisoners in 2024.

Since 2007, the United Nations General Assembly has adopted 10 resolutions advocating for a global moratorium on the death penalty, with the most recent passed on December 17, 2024. The 2024 resolution received backing from 130 countries, while 32 opposed it and 22 abstained. The United States joined high-execution nations such as China, Iran, and Saudi Arabia in voting against the measure.

Despite this trend towards abolition, the most recent executions were carried out in the USA in December 2024.

On December 18, an Indiana man, Joseph Corcoran, convicted of murdering four people, including his brother and his sister’s fiancé decades ago, was executed without any independent witnesses. This marked the state's first execution in 15 years and the 24th in the US in 2024.

Just a day later, a death row inmate in Oklahoma was executed by lethal injection , marking the 25th and final execution in the US in 2024. Kevin Ray Underwood was sentenced to death for the 2006 murder of 10-year-old Jamie Rose Bolin, a crime driven by a cannibalistic fantasy.

Prince Khalid Bin Bandar Bin Sultan, Saudi Arabia’s ambassador to the UK, said the country will not change its alcohol rules for the event.

He explained that Saudi Arabia is a "dry country" and believes visitors can still enjoy the World Cup without alcohol.

The kingdom has made it clear that it will welcome fans but will not change its cultural values.

Saudi Arabia was officially named the 2034 World Cup host in December 2024.

News Central reports that the tournament will be held in 15 stadiums across five cities: Riyadh, Jeddah, Khobar, Abha, and Neom.

This World Cup will also be historic as it will feature 48 teams for the first time, expanding the number of countries competing in the tournament.

Every year, millions of Muslims travel to Mecca for Hajj, and the large crowds sometimes pose danger, especially for young children.

The Saudi Ministry of Hajj and Umrah also said that people going for Hajj for the first time will be given priority this year.

Registration for Hajj 2025 has started, and Saudi citizens and residents can apply through the Nusuk app or an official website by confirming their details and listing any companions. Pilgrims can now also pay for their Hajj packages in three instalments.

Saudi Arabia has also made a big change to its visa rules, local reports say. From February 1, people from 14 countries, including India, will only be able to apply for single-entry visas.

Before this, many people entered Saudi Arabia on multiple-entry visas and performed Hajj without official permission, leading to overcrowding at holy sites.

The new rule affects travellers from several countries including Algeria, Bangladesh, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sudan, Tunisia, and Yemen.

Saudi Arabia has stopped issuing one-year multiple-entry visas for tourism, business, and family visits for people from these countries.

Now, they can only get a visa that allows them to stay for 30 days.

Under the new system, doctors will issue prescriptions electronically, and patients can access them through the government app "Sehhaty."

This allows health officials to track how controlled drugs are prescribed and dispensed across hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies, whether public or private.

The change is part of Saudi Arabia’s push to modernise healthcare and improve patient safety, Gulf News cited Saudi newspaper Okaz.

The system also helps doctors review a patient's history of controlled drug prescriptions, making it easier to prevent misuse.

Pharmacies licensed to dispense these medications are now digitally connected to the system, ensuring that prescriptions are properly managed.

The Ministry of Health says the digital transition is a step toward improving the quality of healthcare across the country.

As typical of the radical Donald Trump, there is a condition.

Speaking to reporters on Air Force One on Saturday, January 25, Trump shared that his first country of visit "could be Saudi Arabia".

However, he was quick to explain that the last time he went to Saudi Arabia was when the kingdom was purchasing huge sums of US dollars in goods from the latter.

This stoked his condition that he would visit again if the offer was on the platter again.

“If that offer were right, I’d do that again,” he added.

Saudi Kingdom's intended $600 billion investment in the US during

Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud announced the kingdom's interest in investing $600 billion in the United States over the next four years.

This was said in a phone call with Trump and reported by the state-run Saudi Press Agency.

If this offer is truly right, Trump will be headed to Saudi Arabia for his first international visit since he became America's 47th president on January 20.

This move is part of Saudi Arabia’s ongoing efforts to develop its tourism sector and provide high-end experiences for international visitors.

The train features 14 carriages equipped with 34 opulent suites, designed to function as a mobile five-star hotel that blends hospitality with cultural experiences inspired by the country's traditional architecture and desert landscapes.

The train’s interiors utilise earthy colour palettes, fabrics, and artistic details that reflect motifs from sites like Madain Saleh and Hail.

"The Dream of the Desert is not just a luxury train; it is an immersive journey that merges world-class design, hospitality, and Saudi traditions," Paolo Barletta, CEO of Arsenale Group said .

Since opening its doors to international tourists in 2019, Saudi Arabia has been making significant strides to position itself as a top global travel destination. The Kingdom has invested heavily in major tourism projects, including a $500 billion model city set to rise in the desert of northwest Saudi Arabia as part of its Vision 2030 initiative.

Anticipation is mounting as the train is set to begin operations by the end of Q3 2026. Passengers look forward to a culinary experience blending traditional flavours and cooking by top chefs from Saudi Arabia and overseas.

The goal is to improve education in a way that is ethical and responsible. The guidelines aim to keep teachers central to the learning process while helping students and parents understand how AI works.

A guidebook has been released to explain AI in simple terms for students, teachers, and parents, local reports indicate.

This book outlines how AI tools can be used responsibly in education. The book also provides a basic understanding of how generative AI, a type of AI that creates content like text or images, works and its potential benefits.

The guide warns against misuse. Students under 13 cannot use AI tools unless directly supervised. Those under 18 must get their parent’s permission before using such tools.

The rules were created by Saudi authorities according to international standards and global studies. Other national agencies, including the National Centre for E-Learning, were also consulted.

The initiative is part of Saudi Arabia's broader effort to modernise education while ensuring technology is used responsibly.

According to a Monitor.co.ug report, these leaders have demonstrated remarkable longevity in their political careers.

Here are some examples of the world's oldest heads of state:

Paul Biya (Cameroon)

At 91, Paul Biya is the world's oldest elected leader. He has ruled Cameroon since November 1982, making him one of the longest-serving leaders globally. Known for his inscrutable nature, Biya has maintained a firm grip on power for over four decades.

King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Saudi Arabia)

The sons of King Abdulaziz have held the throne of Saudi Arabia since 1953. The monarch, King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, assumed power in January 2015 and is 89.

Pope Francis (Vatican City)

Pope Francis, 88, is the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City. He is the first Jesuit pope from the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere and the first non-European pope since the 8th century.

Harald V of Norway

Harald V, King of Norway, 87, is a member of the House of Glücksburg. He is the third child and only son of King Olav V and Princess Märtha of Sweden and was second in line to the throne at birth.

Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (Equatorial Guinea)

Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, 82 has been in power since August 1979, following a coup. He is Africa's longest-serving leader, having ruled Equatorial Guinea for over 43 years. His tenure is marked by significant political control and limited opposition.

This collaboration aims to make the pilgrimage smoother and more efficient, Gulf News reports.

The two organisations have signed an agreement to use data and artificial intelligence (AI) for this project.

Under the project, they will share knowledge, hold workshops, and organise training programs for employees working in the Hajj and Umrah sectors.

This partnership was announced at a Hajj conference in Jeddah.

Last year, around 1.8 million Muslims performed Hajj, with 1.6 million coming from outside Saudi Arabia.

The country is now preparing for the next Hajj season and aims to host 15 million Umrah pilgrims by 2025 as part of its plans to welcome more worshippers to Mecca and Medina, Islam's holiest sites.

This initiative is part of Saudi Arabia's efforts to modernise services for millions of Muslims visiting the country every year.

The call for sanctions relief comes from recent political changes in Syria. In December 2024, Islamist-led rebels succeeded in toppling the long-standing regime of Bashar al-Assad. The new Syrian leadership, represented by Foreign Minister Asaad al-Shaibani, has sought international support to rebuild the war-torn nation.

Recent developments in Saudi Arabia highlight the nation’s multifaceted approach to sustainability, economic empowerment, and infrastructural enhancements. The Saudi Green Initiative is at the forefront of tackling biodiversity loss and imbalanced ecosystems. Key strategies involve an ambitious plan to plant 10 billion trees and rehabilitate 40 million hectares by 2030. Furthermore, the initiative aims to protect 30% of land and marine areas, which is crucial for maintaining ecosystem stability and food security. According to Arab News , the CEO of the Saudi National Center for Wildlife, Mohammad Qurban, has underscored the interconnectedness of species and the potential consequences of ecosystem disturbances, which, according to the UN, endanger a million species worldwide. Recent investments, amounting to $188 billion, were announced during COP16, reaffirming Saudi Arabia’s commitment to sustainable development in line with global initiatives.

Forbes Middle East Women’s Summit 2024

The Forbes Middle East Women’s Summit is set to take place on December 18-19, 2024, in Riyadh, serving as a platform to celebrate and promote women's accomplishments in various sectors. The summit will feature prominent speakers, including members of the royal family, and will aim to inspire dialogue and collaboration through workshops and cultural showcases. This initiative reflects the broader objectives of Vision 2030, aiming to enhance the status of women in the region, Zawya reports.

Failure to reach deal on global drought action

UN talks in Riyadh aimed at establishing global frameworks for drought action concluded without concrete agreements, despite extensive discussions. The talks focused on enhancing funding for early warning systems and improving infrastructure resilience, especially in high-risk regions like Africa. However, UNCCD Executive Secretary Ibrahim Thiaw suggested that further negotiations will be necessary to reach a consensus, with future discussions slated for COP17 in Mongolia 2026. As reported by News.AZ , the importance of addressing droughts is underscored by the UN’s report, indicating that they result in annual economic losses exceeding $300 billion and could have far-reaching impacts on global populations by 2050.

191 new aircraft to prepare for Expo 2030 and FIFA World Cup 2034

Saudi Arabia is also preparing for significant international events with Expo 2030 and the FIFA World Cup 2034. The nation is set to transform its aviation capabilities, with Riyadh Air acquiring 60 A321neo Family planes and planning to expand its fleet significantly by 2032. This strategic expansion includes the recruitment of a substantial number of pilots and cabin crew, indicative of the country’s desire to bolster its role as a major tourism destination. Interactions on international air routes are also expected to double, matching the expected influx of visitors, FL360 reports.

Inflation reaches 2% in November

In economic terms, Saudi Arabia's inflation rate, which rose to 2% in November, reflects key trends in various sectors, particularly housing, which saw a notable increase. According to Investing.com , despite fluctuations in specific categories such as transportation and food prices, the overall inflation remains relatively stable compared to global standards, and forecasts suggest a medium-term stabilization around the 2% mark, as projected by the International Monetary Fund. This economic analysis highlights the dynamics of the local market amidst broader global economic conditions.

FIFA announced the decision on December 11, after Saudi Arabia emerged as the only country to bid for the tournament.

The decision was made during an online meeting of FIFA members led by President Gianni Infantino.

With this, Saudi Arabia will need to build or upgrade 15 stadiums and other facilities for the event.

Local sources indicate that the 2034 World Cup final will take place across five Saudi cities, including Riyadh, Jeddah, Khobar, Abha, and Neom.

Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman said the country aims to deliver an “exceptional” World Cup.

The tournament forms part of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 plan to modernise its economy and society.

The World Cup is expected to take place in January 2034 to avoid extreme heat and a clash with the holy month of Ramadan.

Meanwhile, critics have accused the kingdom of using sports as a distraction from its human rights issues, a practice often called "sportswashing."

Rights groups like Amnesty International have criticised the decision by FIFA, warning it puts migrant workers’ lives at risk.

Scenes in Riyadh after the announcement:

The Saudi Transport General Authority (TGA) said the bus launch is part of the country’s plan to reduce carbon emissions and improve the quality of life.

TGA head Rumaih Al Rumaih stated that this step aligns with Saudi Arabia’s strategy to adopt sustainable transportation methods.

The hydrogen-powered bus is part of several initiatives to make the kingdom’s transportation greener.

Saudi Arabia has already introduced electric buses, hydrogen-powered taxis, and the first hydrogen and electric trucks for goods transport. Last year, the country also tested hydrogen-powered trains, which produce no carbon emissions.

The kingdom plans to continue working with public and private partners to modernise its transport sector.

Officials say these projects will help Saudi Arabia become a leader in sustainable transportation in the region.

Saudi Arabia has launched the second phase of its air bridge to Lebanon, aimed at providing humanitarian aid to those displaced by Israeli strikes. The initiative, directed by King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, involves sending 27 planes with essential supplies including food, shelter materials, medical aid, and winter supplies. As reported by Arab News , this mission was coordinated with Lebanese authorities and will assist over 1.6 million people, focusing on various health and shelter projects in collaboration with international and local organisations. Key support includes enhancing medical facilities and increasing bakery production in areas with many displaced individuals.

Nokia launches NextGen Lab in Riyadh

Nokia has opened a 'NextGen Lab' in Riyadh to support Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 digital transformation goals. Located in the Laysen Valley tech district, the Lab provides an interactive space for businesses to explore advanced mobile network technologies such as Open RAN and 5G. It aims to accelerate the adoption of flexible, interoperable networks and develop smart city applications that promote operational efficiency and security. Zawya reports that the Lab also focuses on environmentally friendly technology to support Saudi Arabia's sustainability targets. Open to partners across the Middle East and Africa, the initiative underscores Nokia's commitment to contributing to the region's digital growth.

Indian man on drug charges handed death penalty

A court in Saudi Arabia sentenced Zaid Junaid, a 35-year-old man from Meerut, India, to death for drug trafficking, causing distress among his family. The Indian consulate confirmed Zaid's conviction, and his family is considering a mercy plea. Zaid, who moved to Saudi Arabia in 2018 to work as a driver, was arrested in January 2023 after police allegedly found 700 grams of narcotics in his vehicle. His family believes he has been wrongfully accused and is seeking intervention from the Indian government for his release, DH reports.

Air France-KLM to expand footprint in Saudi Arabia

Air France-KLM is expanding its presence in Saudi Arabia by launching a new service between Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Riyadh in the summer of 2025, following an agreement with the Saudi Air Connectivity Program. This initiative will enhance connectivity as all three airlines in the group (Air France, KLM, and Transavia) will operate in the Kingdom. According to the Middle East Economy , The Saudi Air Connectivity Programme aims to boost tourism through improved air travel options. Additionally, Air France-KLM and Saudi Arabia's national carrier, Saudia, signed a strategic memorandum to enhance cooperation in passenger transport and aircraft maintenance, expanding codeshare agreements and improving customer experience.

First sustainable aviation fuels plant

Aramco, TotalEnergies, and the Saudi Investment Recycling Company (SIRC) are partnering to assess the development of Saudi Arabia's first sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) plant in the Eastern Province. This initiative aims to utilise local waste, such as used cooking oils and animal fats, to produce SAF, supporting Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and Green Initiative by promoting sustainability and emissions reduction in the aviation sector. The collaboration aims to address the growing demand for air travel while contributing to the circular economy and advancing low-carbon solutions in aviation, reports ESG News .

Spanning 11 million square meters, the development is expected to generate over 43,000 jobs, boosting both local and national economic growth, as reported by Arab News .

The opening ceremony, held on November 24, was led by Prince Saud bin Mishal, a member of the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia and attended by high-ranking Saudi officials, including Saudi Minister of Industry and Mineral Resources Bandar Alkhorayef,

Speaking at the event, Alkhorayef highlighted the strategic importance of the cluster.

“Through this cluster, we aim to leverage the ministry’s capabilities to serve Jeddah, the Kingdom’s economic hub, and a prime investment destination,” he said, emphasising its role as more than just an industrial project.

The Jeddah Food Cluster is expected to enhance food security, develop robust food value chains, and position the Kingdom as a regional hub for both domestic and international investment in the food sector.

The Saudi government has made huge investments in various sectors as part of its ambitious Vision 2030, which aims to diversify the country's economy, society, and culture.

Earlier in November, the government unveiled a $100 billion initiative, Project Transcendence, aimed at bolstering artificial intelligence, data analytics, and advanced technology.