Japan tops the world in estimated daily per-capita fermented food consumption, highlighting the enduring role of traditional diets in modern nutrition as scientists continue to explore the health benefits of fermented foods.

According to data compiled from Fermented Food Consumption Analysis, Public Health Nutrition (2024), PubMed Central , and other academic sources, the average person in Japan consumes approximately 360 grams of fermented foods daily, placing the country ahead of South Korea, Ethiopia and several Nordic nations.

Japan's leadership reflects the widespread use of fermented ingredients in everyday meals. Common staples include miso, soy sauce and katsuobushi, all of which are produced through fermentation processes that have been refined over generations.

South Korea ranks second with an estimated 290 grams per person daily, driven largely by the country's famous fermented dishes such as kimchi, doenjang and gochujang. Kimchi alone is consumed regularly by a majority of South Korean households and is widely regarded as a cornerstone of the national diet.

Indonesia rounds out Asia's representation in the top ten with approximately 175 grams per day, supported by traditional foods including tempeh, tape and oncom.

Outside Asia, Ethiopia stands out with an estimated daily consumption of 280–310 grams, reflecting the importance of fermented staples such as injera , the country's iconic sourdough flatbread, as well as traditional fermented beverages including tej and borde.

Northern Europe also performs strongly. Iceland ranks fourth at around 270 grams per day, while Finland and Denmark share fifth place with 260–270 grams daily.

In these countries, fermented dairy products play a central role. Foods such as skyr, viili, piimä and kefir have been consumed for centuries and remain popular components of everyday diets.

Bulgaria, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia and Armenia all feature prominently in the ranking, reflecting the region's longstanding relationship with fermented milk products and preserved foods.

Bulgaria records approximately 230 grams daily, supported by its globally recognised yoghurt culture. Turkey follows with around 200 grams, where yoghurt, ayran and tarhana continue to be dietary staples.

Meanwhile, Russia and Ukraine average about 190 grams, with foods such as ryazhenka, smetana and pickled vegetables remaining common household items.

Growing consumer interest in gut health has brought renewed attention to fermented foods. Research published in journals including Public Health Nutrition and studies indexed by PubMed Central suggest that fermented foods may contribute beneficial microorganisms and bioactive compounds that support digestive health and microbial diversity.

A widely cited Stanford University study found that diets rich in fermented foods were associated with increased microbiome diversity and reduced markers of inflammation in healthy adults.

Researchers caution, however, that the health impact of fermented foods can vary depending on the type of food, preparation methods and overall dietary patterns.

Hundreds of demonstrators joined a rally organised by the Nigeria Union of Teachers (NUT) in Lagos on Tuesday, calling for the release of 29 students and seven teachers kidnapped in Ogbomoso.

Protesters marched through the city carrying banners that read "The chalk must speak louder than the gun", "Kidnapping has no place in education" and "No teacher should die in service to humanity".

The demonstration ended outside the Lagos State House of Assembly, where security personnel were deployed around the premises.

Lagos State NUT Secretary Ayetoba Gbenga said the attack had claimed the life of one teacher and left others in captivity.

"A teacher was killed instantly, was gunned down, and another teacher said about seven teachers were taken into captivity and one of them was gruesomely murdered. What a pity," Gbenga said.

Labour leaders argued that attacks on educators threaten the future of the country.

"If we are killing the people that built our future, we have nothing to negotiate with the government. Government needs to employ the resources to ensure that these children and the teachers out there are released," said Ebenezer Ojo, Treasurer of the Nigeria Labour Congress in Lagos State.

Activist Aj Dagga Tolar called for government support for the affected families.

"Nigeria must provide scholarships for all of them. We are rich enough," he said, adding, "They must bring all our children back!"

The rally followed the reported abduction of 39 schoolchildren and seven staff members from three schools in Oriire Local Government Area of Oyo State on May 15.

The incident has renewed concerns about security in Nigerian schools, particularly in rural areas where protection measures remain limited.