Semafor reports that, Kenyan officials have approved a phased return to legal cross-border commerce, including the resumption of exports through three designated border points, following a decision ratified in February.

A major driver behind the shift has been pressure from the khat industry. Khat, a stimulant leaf grown in Kenya and widely consumed in Somalia, is legal in both countries, but the border shutdown forced Kenyan traders to rely heavily on air shipments, increasing costs and squeezing farmers’ earnings.

Producers and trade rs have argued that moving khat by road would cut transport costs, reduce reliance on middlemen and cartels that emerged around the air-export trade, and revive local economies that depend on border commerce.

“Today is a historic day, worthy of remembrance as our constitution transitions from a provisional one to an official, lawful one,” Nur said .

The constitution will be formally signed into law by President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.

It replaces the provisional constitution adopted in 2012, when more than 800 delegates endorsed the document at a conference in Mogadishu while the country was under a transitional government .

Lawmaker and Minister of Family Affairs and Human Rights Khadija Mohamed Al-Makhzoumi said the move marks a major step for the country.

“Today marks a defining milestone for Somalia as we fulfil our constitutional mandate to complete and adopt our Constitution, transitioning it from provisional status to the supreme law of the land,” she said.

Among its key provisions, the new constitution extends the presidential term from four to five years. It also maintains that the president will be elected by parliament, while members of parliament will be chosen directly by citizens.

The document further states that the prime minister will be appointed by the president but can be removed from office by parliament.

The visit comes weeks after Israel’s controversial recognition of Somaliland as an independent state. Herzog’s trip is viewed as part of Israel’s diplomatic engagement in the Horn of Africa.

There is speculation that Herzog may seek to convince Ethiopia to also recognise Somaliland. In 2024, landlocked Ethiopia signed an agreement with breakaway Somaliland to obtain access to the Bab El-Mandeb Strait in the Gulf of Aden by leasing a corridor from Somaliland for 50 years. However,  Somalia asserted that Somaliland is part of its territory and rejected the agreement.

Other regional actors have expressed concerns about the recognition of the breakaway region. During a recent visit to Ethiopia, Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said: “I would like to emphasise that Israel’s recognition of Somaliland does not benefit Somaliland or the Horn of Africa.”

On the Middle East, Selassie told Herzog that Ethiopia supports a two-state solution to resolving the Israel-Palestine conflict "where Israelis and Palestinians live side by side in peace".

Herzog also referred to the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel, stating that it creates a bridge between the two nations. In a statement upon his arrival, he said: “The relationship between our peoples is woven deep into the pages of history and human tradition. At the heart of the story of both our nations lies a clear common thread – the ability to join hands, unite resources of spirit and substance to innovate, develop, and grow for the benefit of all.”

Herzog’s visit is the first presidential trip to Ethiopia since 2018. He met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. Abiy said the two leaders discussed “ways to improve collaboration in areas of mutual interest", without providing further details.

The visit follows remarks by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu proposing a network of allied nations in the Middle East and Africa to stand against what he described as “radical” adversaries. He said the proposed “ hexagon of alliances” would include Israel, India, Greece, Cyprus, and others.

Iran and affiliated groups such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Houthis in Yemen are widely seen as the primary focus of this proposal.

The authorisation was handed over on Tuesday, February 17, during a ceremony attended by Somalia’s ambassador to Tanzania and the EAC, Ilyas Ali Hassan, Internal Security Minister Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail, and Immigration Director General Mustafa Dhuhulow.

Ambassador Ilyas formally presented the approval document, clearing Somalia to produce passports that will be recognised across all EAC member states.

The East African e-Passport programme began in 2017 as member countries modernised travel documents. Kenya launched the rollout on September 1, 2017, followed by Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda and Rwanda. South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are still implementing the system.

"I had the honour to hand over the official decision authorising Somalia to adopt and print the EAC passport to the Minister of Internal Security and Director-General of Immigration and Citizenship," the ambassador said .

With approval secured, Somalia will now begin technical and administrative preparations, including updating immigration systems, setting up passport production, and coordinating recognition procedures with partner states.

The development follows a separate agreement between Somalia and Tanzania on immigration cooperation, introducing visa-on-arrival for diplomatic and service passport holders and simplifying entry procedures for ordinary travellers under agreed conditions .

Officials said the framework is expected to cut administrative hurdles while promoting trade, education, and professional exchanges. It also creates channels for information-sharing between immigration authorities and mechanisms to address operational issues, aiming to make regional travel smoother for citizens.

Images circulating online show the armoured vehicles being moved from the port area under escort, later proceeding through the city in an organised convoy formation.

In late January 2026, reports confirmed that Turkish F-16 fighter jets landed at Aden Adde International Airport.

The deployment marked Türkiye’s first forward stationing of manned combat aircraft in Somalia. The jets are believed to support counter-terrorism operations against Al-Shabaab and to enhance deterrence and rapid-response capabilities.

Prior to the jet deployment, Türkiye delivered three T129 ATAK attack helicopters to Somalia during 2024 and 2025 under an expanded defence cooperation agreement. Somali pilots reportedly completed training programs ahead of the transfer.

The helicopters strengthened Somalia’s close air support and counter-insurgency capacity.

Türkiye’s military assistance to Somalia began intensifying in 2020, when Ankara donated Kirpi armoured personnel carriers and military transport vehicles to the Somali National Army.

Additional shipments between 2021 and 2025 included MRAP vehicles, logistical trucks, ammunition, heavy weapons systems, and command-and-control equipment.

From armoured vehicle donations in 2020 to helicopter transfers in 2024–2025, and tank and fighter jet deployments in 2026, Türkiye’s military engagement with Somalia has progressed in structured phases.

The timeline reflects an expansion from mobility and training support to advanced air power and heavy armour, positioning Türkiye as one of Somalia’s significant long-term defence partners.

According to the files, investigators flagged Kenya and Somalia as locations associated with paedophile activity, while Tanzania and Senegal were identified as transit points used in Epstein’s international movements. Coastal areas such as Malindi in Kenya were mentioned as places frequented by individuals connected to the network 

Several emails contained in the files suggest Epstein coordinated travel to Kenya involving young women, some described in the correspondence as “finally turning legal.” In other exchanges, associates discussed arranging “safaris” and “internships,” language that experts say can be used to mask trafficking activity.

One email from 2013 references Epstein’s communication with a Kenyan businessman who said he was attending the inauguration of then-President Uhuru Kenyatta. While the correspondence itself does not allege criminal conduct by Kenyan officials, it illustrates Epstein’s proximity to influential figures and international events.

Other messages, some written jokingly, included disturbing references to bringing children from Kenya. Investigators say such language reflects common patterns in trafficking networks, where casual wording is used to obscure exploitation.

The documents also point to Tanzania’s role as a transit hub, with Epstein’s associates visiting high-end destinations such as Mnemba Island. Children from Ethiopia , Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan were allegedly trafficked through regional ports, including Mombasa, according to investigative records cited in the files.

The released material does not accuse governments in the region of wrongdoing.

This week, Prime Minister Hamza Abdi Barre’s office said the government will invite opposition leaders under the Somalia Future Council (SFC) to a national conference in Mogadishu starting February 1 to discuss disputes over constitutional amendments and the election model.

“The conference… is intended to strengthen national unity and social cohesion,” the government said.

The opposition signalled it would attend, raising hopes that dialogue could prevent a political breakdown.

Somalia has long used an indirect, clan-based voting system, but the government has pushed for one-person-one-vote elections. A trial run of local polls in Mogadishu in December went well, but doubts remain about whether universal suffrage can be implemented nationwide amid insecurity and weak institutions.

Lawmakers exchanged blows in parliament this week during heated arguments over constitutional changes, prompting condemnation from former President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed.

“Any attempt to further alter the Provisional Constitution that generates violence is a sign of bad intention,” he warned.

International partners, including the UN, UK and EU have welcomed the planned conference, calling it a positive step toward easing tensions.

Why did Somalia expel the UAE?

According to Somali officials , the UAE had been using military bases in Bosaso and Berbera, strategically important coastal cities as logistics hubs to support military operations in Sudan’s ongoing conflict. In addition, Mogadishu accuses Abu Dhabi of backing Israel’s recognition of Somaliland, the semi-autonomous northern region seeking independence from Somalia.

“Unfortunately, the UAE failed to respect those ties within the framework of a united, sovereign and independent Somali state. We did not rush this decision. We gave ample time and repeatedly demanded that the UAE respect Somalia’s sovereignty and independence,” Somalia President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud explained in a televised address.

He added that the decision followed “extensive and careful consultations” after repeated actions by the UAE that were “unknown to and unwelcome by the Federal Government .”

The Israel-Somaliland link

The fallout comes just weeks after Israel became the first country to officially recognise Somaliland, a move which has been condemned across Africa and the Arab world . Somali authorities believe the UAE played a behind-the-scenes role in facilitating this recognition.

This interest came sharply into focus just after Christmas, when a short statement appeared on the Israeli government’s website. In it, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised Somaliland for fighting terrorism and advancing regional peace and said he accepted its independent statehood. The announcement marked the latest and most controversial chapter in a long-running geopolitical contest over the Horn of Africa.

Two to one

To understand why so many powers are invested in Somaliland’s future, it is necessary to look back to the early twentieth century. What is now Somalia was once divided between two European colonial powers. The northwestern region, shaped like the head of a horse angled toward North Africa, was British Somaliland. The rest, stretching along the Indian Ocean coastline, was an Italian colony. The two territories were administered very differently. Britain was primarily concerned with supplying its naval base in Aden and took a limited interest in the development of British Somaliland. Italy, by contrast, pursued a more ambitious imperial project, establishing plantations and centralising governance in an effort to generate wealth.

In 1960, both territories gained independence and agreed to unite as the Somali Republic. But the new state faltered. A military coup in 1969 brought Siad Barre to power, ushering in a long dictatorship. When Barre was overthrown in 1991, the Somali state collapsed entirely. Amid the chaos, the former British Somaliland unilaterally declared independence. The move attracted little international attention at the time, as global efforts focused on preventing humanitarian catastrophes elsewhere in Somalia. Over the following decades, multinational interventions failed to stabilise the country, while piracy and militant groups, most notably al-Shabaab, flourished.

Since around 2012, however, conditions have improved somewhat. Somalia has re-emerged as a federal state, with Somaliland largely left to govern itself, and the neighbouring region of Puntland also enjoying significant autonomy from Mogadishu. Supporters of Somaliland argue that it has demonstrated political maturity through peaceful transfers of power and the development of its own legal and governmental institutions.

Israel's interest

Israel’s interest in Somaliland is not new. Contacts between the two date back several decades, perhaps driven by a shared sense of isolation. More significantly, Somaliland occupies a strategic position near the Bab el Mandeb strait, the narrow passage guarding the entrance to the Red Sea. This is one of the world’s most important shipping routes and one that could be disrupted with relative ease.

That geography has taken on heightened importance for Israel due to Iran’s presence across the strait in Yemen, where Tehran backs the Houthi movement. From Israel’s perspective, access to bases or partners in Somaliland would provide an opportunity to pressure the Houthis from the south as well as from Israeli territory itself.

The diplomatic push and pull extends far beyond Israel and Iran. The European Union, the African Union, and 21 Arab and African countries have condemned Israel’s move. Among them is Turkey, which has cultivated close security and commercial ties with the Somali government in Mogadishu and harbours its own regional ambitions. China has also voiced opposition, viewing the Horn of Africa as a critical node in its Belt and Road trade network. Beijing is deeply wary of secessionist movements, in part because of concerns about its own territorial integrity, and is sending its foreign minister to Somalia to signal support for the federal government.

But the United Arab Emirates stands out for its absence from the Arab condemnation. The UAE has recently been embroiled in a bitter split with Saudi Arabia over influence in the Gulf of Aden in Yemen. As it seeks to protect its investments and trade routes, tacit support for Somaliland could offer strategic advantages, particularly if the United States were to follow Israel’s lead in recognising the region. Saudi Arabia, by contrast, did sign the declaration opposing recognition.

The possibility of US involvement cannot be dismissed. Donald Trump has repeatedly expressed hostility toward Somalia, going out of his way to insult the country and its people. In that context, it is not difficult to imagine him backing a breakup of the Somali state.

Ethiopia also has a strong stake in the outcome. It is Africa’s second most populous country, yet it is landlocked. Any arrangement that recognised Somaliland in exchange for access to the coast would be highly attractive to Addis Ababa.

United States of the Horn of Africa

With so many countries involved, the implications of recognising Somaliland reach far beyond the Horn of Africa. Such a move would inevitably raise questions about other unrecognised or partially recognised territories, including Western Sahara, Kosovo, and perhaps most sensitively, Palestine.

Some scholars argue that the crisis could also be an opportunity. Writing for Global South World , Ethiopian academic Seifudein Adem has suggested a compromise in the form of a federation of Horn of Africa states, including Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Djibouti. He notes that tribal and clan relationships in the region often matter more than national affiliations, yet do not align neatly with existing borders. Whether the recognition of Somaliland would bring the United States of the Horn of Africa closer or push it further from reality remains an open question.

Click here to watch our previous episodes

World Reframed is produced in London by Global South World, part of the Impactum Group. Its editors are Duncan Hooper and Ismail Akwei.

ISSN 2978-4891

Somalia’s Immigration and Citizenship Agency stated that the alleged flight violated national sovereignty and aviation law , emphasising that foreign aircraft must obtain explicit legal clearance before operating over Somali territory. The agency warned that unilateral actions involving Somalia’s airspace would not be tolerated.

The dispute appears closely linked to tensions within the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. Saudi Arabia has accused the UAE of helping Aidarus al-Zubaidi, leader of Yemen’s Southern Transitional Council (STC), travel without approval, allegedly via Somaliland and Somalia, before flying on to Abu Dhabi. Somalia has not named al-Zubaidi publicly, but the timing and details of its investigation align with the Saudi claims.

Saudi Arabia supports Yemen’s internationally recognised government, while the UAE backs the STC, which seeks autonomy for southern Yemen.

Somalia remains particularly sensitive to foreign activity involving Somaliland, the self-declared region that broke away in 1991 but lacks international recognition. Mogadishu fears such actions could undermine its territorial integrity and set precedents for external interference.

The State Department said all ongoing US assistance to the Somali federal government has been paused, warning that support will only resume if Somali authorities take accountability and implement corrective measures.

“The State Department has paused all ongoing U.S. assistance programs which benefit the Somali Federal Government. Any resumption of assistance will be dependent upon the Somali Federal Government taking accountability for its unacceptable actions and taking appropriate remedial steps,” an official post read.

The World Food Programme confirmed that the warehouse had been demolished by port authorities and said it contained specialised nutritious food for pregnant and breastfeeding women, girls and young children. A WFP spokesperson further warned that the facility was critical to emergency operations at a time when nearly a quarter of Somalia’s population, about 4.4 million people, is facing crisis levels of hunger or worse.

WFP said it is engaging Somali authorities and partners to address the situation.

The United States military said it carried out a series of airstrikes against Islamic State (ISIS) targets in Somalia between January 1 and 3, in coordination with the Somali federal government. According to US Africa Command (AFRICOM), the strikes hit ISIS positions near the Calmiskaad Mountains, about 70 kilometres southeast of Bosaso in the northeastern Bari region. US officials said the operation inflicted significant losses on the militant group. Since President Donald Trump took office in 2025, the United States has conducted more than 100 airstrikes in Somalia, mainly targeting ISIS and Al-Shabaab. AFRICOM said it would continue joint operations with Somalia as the country intensifies its own campaign against Al-Shabaab in southern and central regions, with support from international partners.

Somalia and African partners call for restraint on Venezuela at UN Security Council

Somalia, together with Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, have called for restraint, dialogue and respect for international law during a UN Security Council session on the political situation in Venezuela. Speaking on behalf of the three African countries, known as the A3, Somalia underscored the need to uphold sovereignty and territorial integrity as outlined in the UN Charter. Somalia is presiding over the council for the month, while the three countries serve as Africa’s representatives on the 15-member body. The A3 warned that escalating tensions could destabilise the wider region and expressed solidarity with the Venezuelan people, reaffirming the African Union’s position in favour of peace and stability.

US confirms links between Somali UN envoy and healthcare firm

The United States government has confirmed that Somalia’s ambassador to the United Nations, Abukar Osman, is associated with a healthcare company previously implicated in Medicaid fraud. In a statement on X, US Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Jim O’Neill said Ambassador Osman is linked to Progressive Health Care Services, a home health agency in Cincinnati, against which US authorities had taken action following a Medicaid fraud conviction. The confirmation followed online speculation about the ambassador’s business interests in the United States, which gained attention after he confronted Israel’s deputy representative at the UN Security Council last month over Israel’s recognition of Somaliland.

Israel’s Somaliland visit sparks regional backlash

Israel’s foreign minister, Gideon Saar, arrived in Somaliland on Tuesday following Israel’s recognition of the breakaway region, prompting strong condemnation from Somalia. Saar described the recognition as “the moral thing to do”, while Somaliland President Abdirahman Abdullahi Mohamed said it would open economic and development opportunities. Somalia’s foreign ministry called the visit an “illegal and unauthorised incursion” and said it reserves the right to take diplomatic and legal measures to protect its sovereignty. The African Union Peace and Security Council, the Arab League and several regional blocs condemned Israel’s move, warning it could destabilise the Horn of Africa. Islamist group Al-Shabaab said it would oppose any Israeli presence in Somaliland.

Ethiopia reaffirms commitment to Somalia’s sovereignty

Ethiopia’s government has reiterated its commitment to respecting Somalia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, saying its position is guided by international law and principles of good neighbourliness. In a statement on Ethiopia–Somalia relations, Addis Ababa said the two countries share deep historical, cultural and social ties that require cooperation to maintain peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia rejected claims that its engagements with other parties undermine Somalia and called for dialogue and diplomacy to resolve misunderstandings. The government said it remains ready to work with Somalia on security, trade, economic development and regional integration, stressing that a stable Somalia is in the best interest of the region and the continent.

The comments attributed to Trump were made during a discussion about alleged large-scale fraud in Minnesota’s social assistance programmes. Referring to the issue, Trump reportedly said he did not want Somalis in the United States and warned that the country would “go the wrong way if we keep taking in garbage”. The remarks have since drawn criticism from Somali leaders and diaspora communities.

President Mohamud said broad generalisations based on isolated criminal cases were unjustified and unfair. He noted that millions of Somalis live and work outside Somalia, including in the United States, where they play important roles in business, healthcare, education and public service.

“Somalis are contributing members of the societies in which they live,” he said, adding that rhetoric targeting entire communities risks deepening prejudice and social division.

Somali-Americans make up one of the largest African diaspora communities in the US, with significant populations in states such as Minnesota, Ohio and Washington. In Minnesota, home to the largest Somali-American community, local leaders said the remarks had heightened fear and anxiety.

Despite his criticism, President Mohamud emphasised that Somalia values its relationship with the United States, particularly in areas of security cooperation and counterterrorism. The US has long supported Somalia’s fight against the Islamist group al-Shabab through military assistance and intelligence sharing.

The decision triggered what local media described as the largest protests in Mogadishu in recent years, with demonstrators burning Israeli flags and accusing Israel of attempting to divide the country.

Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud addressed an emergency parliamentary session, calling Israel’s recognition of Somaliland “a blunt aggression” against Somalia’s sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity. He warned that the move threatened not only Somalia but the stability of the wider region, local news Hiiraan reports .

Regional security fears

The issue has quickly taken on a regional dimension as Yemen’s Houthi leader, Abdulmalik al-Houthi, warned that any Israeli military presence in Somaliland would be considered a legitimate military target, describing it as a threat to Somalia, Yemen and Red Sea security.

Further, there are concerns over Somaliland’s strategic location along the Gulf of Aden, which is a vital global shipping route. This has raised fears that the dispute could spiral beyond diplomacy into a regional confrontation.

Palestinian response

Palestinian State has also condemned Israel’s move, rejecting any suggestion that Somaliland could be linked to proposals to relocate Palestinians from Gaza. They said neither Palestinian self-determination nor Somali sovereignty could be used as bargaining chips, accusing Israel of exporting instability into the Horn of Africa. “Neither the future of the Palestinian people nor the territorial sovereignty of Somalia can be used as a bargaining chip…Unequivocally rejects any steps aimed at advancing this objective, including any attempt by Israel to relocate the Palestinian population from Gaza into Northwestern Somalia…Will neither accept nor condone the illegal use of any territory, let alone that of a sovereign State which is a Member of the United Nations, to deny the right to self-determination to a people who have been subjected to crimes against humanity for many years…,” a post on the official Palestinian State account on X read in part.

United Nations reaction

At an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council in New York , 14 of the council’s 15 members criticised Israel’s decision, warning it could destabilise Somalia and set a dangerous precedent.

Somalia’s ambassador to the UN urged the council to reject what he called an act of external interference, saying the recognition risked undermining peace in the Horn of Africa. The United States was the only council member that did not condemn the move, although it said its own policy on Somaliland remains unchanged.

African states push back

Several African governments have also spoken out against the decision by Israel. South Africa warned that Israel’s recognition of Somaliland posed a “direct threat” to peace in the Horn of Africa and violated Somalia’s territorial integrity.

Pretoria stressed the African Union’s long-standing principle of uti possidetis, which upholds borders inherited at independence to prevent conflict , and cautioned that recognising breakaway regions could encourage instability and embolden secessionist movements on the continent.

Aweis said Somalia “categorically and unequivocally” rejects any attempt by Israel to recognise Somaliland, which he referred to as the country’s northern region. He stressed that Somalia remains a single, indivisible sovereign state and that no external actor has the authority to alter its territorial integrity or political unity.

The minister cautioned that what he described as illegitimate actions could threaten regional peace and stability. He warned that such moves risk provoking tensions across the Horn of Africa, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Middle East , and the wider region.

He also argued that challenging Somalia’s sovereignty could undermine collective efforts to combat extremist groups, including Al Shabaab and ISIS. According to Aweis, political instability could create opportunities for such groups to exploit, weakening ongoing peace and security efforts.

The comments followed remarks by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Friday, December 26, who said Israel and Somaliland had signed a joint declaration to establish full diplomatic relations, describing the move as being in the spirit of the Abraham Accords. Somaliland declared independence from Somalia in 1991 but has not been recognised by any United Nations member state, a claim Somalia has consistently rejected.

Mogadishu described the move as a deliberate violation of its sovereignty. “The Somaliland Region is an integral, inseparable, and inalienable part of the sovereign territory of the Federal Republic of Somalia,” the statement read.

Somalia reaffirmed its status as a single, indivisible sovereign state. It noted that no external actor has the legal authority to alter its unity or territorial boundaries. 

According to the government, any declaration or recognition that attempts to undermine Somalia’s unity holds no legitimacy under international law. The statement further emphasised that all matters relating to Somalia’s governance and constitutional order fall exclusively within the domain of the Somali people and must be resolved through lawful and peaceful processes.

In addition, the government expressed continued support for the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people , including their right to self-determination, a claim which the current Israeli government, led by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, opposes. 

Somalia condemned occupation, forced displacement, demographic changes, and settlement expansions. “Somalia will never accept efforts to render the Palestinian people stateless,” the statement added.

Somalia also issued a warning against the establishment of foreign military bases or security arrangements within its borders. The government stated that such actions could involve Somalia in proxy conflicts and import regional or international hostilities. It noted that these developments could threaten peace and stability in the Horn of Africa, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden, while also providing opportunities for terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab and ISIS.

Last year, Somalia nullified a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by the self-declared Somaliland administration with landlocked Ethiopia, granting it access to the Red Sea.

The agreement had proposed to lease a corridor to Addis Ababa, granting it access to the Bab El-Mandeb Strait in the Gulf of Aden for 50 years. 

In exchange, Somaliland would have reportedly received an unspecified stake in Ethiopian Airlines and formal recognition as an independent state.

Somalia rejected the MoU, asserting that Somaliland remains an integral part of its territory.

"Partners indicate that at least 120,000 people were displaced between September and December, as water prices soar, food becomes increasingly scarce, livestock die, and livelihoods collapse, " OCHA said in the update released on Monday, December 22.

The situation is also disrupting education, with more than 75,000 students having dropped out of school nationwide. OCHA anticipates that the upcoming dry season, spanning January to March, will exacerbate existing drought conditions. 

The agency warned of increased water shortages, further livestock deaths, and rising food insecurity across many regions. 

"Authorities are appealing for urgent assistance to avert a possible collapse of pastoral and farming livelihoods and to prevent avoidable loss of life. They warn that the next four months will be critical, as the next rainy season is not expected until April 2026," the update stated. 

Despite the challenges, OCHA confirmed that the UN and its partners are actively involved in the response. "Support includes assessments, mapping available supply stocks, and coordinating emergency responses across water, food, nutrition, health and shelter sectors." 

Humanitarian teams are also delivering cash assistance, distributing animal fodder, rehabilitating boreholes, and conducting field visits to monitor conditions and prepare for early interventions, according to OCHA. However, these operations are severely limited by ongoing financial constraints. 

Earlier this month, it was reported that over 680 staff members with UN agencies in Somalia had been laid off since the beginning of 2025, following widespread funding shortages that have disrupted various humanitarian and development programs.

In response to the crisis, UN Emergency Relief Coordinator Tom Fletcher allocated $10 million from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) to support immediate needs. OCHA emphasised that "substantially more support is urgently needed."

The Somali NGO Consortium (SNC) also voiced concern over the deteriorating situation.

 “The resources required to save lives are shrinking while communities grow more desperate. Somalia cannot afford to reverse the hard-won progress of recent years,” Nimo Hassan, Director of the Somali NGO Consortium, said in a December 14 press release .

With just days before the end of 2025, officials indicate that the humanitarian response plan for Somalia had received only about $370 million of the $1.4 billion required, representing just one-quarter of the total funding target.

These remarks coincided with reports of targeted immigration enforcement operations that were focusing on the Somali community in Minnesota. Nearly 58% of Somalis in Minnesota were born in the United States, and 87% of the foreign-born population are naturalised U.S. citizens, according to reports .

The notion that Somalis contribute nothing is strongly refuted by those who see their efforts on the ground, both in their homeland and abroad. 

U.S. Representative Ilhan Omar, who is Somali-born and immigrated to the U.S. at age 12, responded to the "vile" remarks by highlighting that Somali Americans make considerable contributions to the U.S. and are actively working to improve the country. 

Ahmed Soliman, a Horn of Africa researcher, affirmed this view, noting that the Somali population, both in the diaspora and within Somalia, has made "huge contributions to their communities".

In the capital city of Mogadishu, individuals and civil society organisations are stepping into the dangerous gaps left by decades of conflict. 

Somalia has faced ongoing instability since the 1991 fall of the Siad Barre regime, leading to civil conflict and the rise of extremist groups like al-Shabab. 

This has displaced millions, with an estimated 10 million Somalis living in neighbouring countries and nearly 2 million in the global diaspora — about 10% of whom are in North America.

Dr Abdulkadir Abdirahman Adan, a dentist and founder of the country's sole free ambulance service, said Trump “doesn’t know much about Somalis.”

“In every nation, there is some bad people… but not all of them. Somalis, I do believe there are very good people, in generosity, helping others,” he added. 

Adan’s ambulance service is a vital lifeline in a city that regularly endures terror attacks by al-Shabab. He and his staff often risk their lives, arriving at blast scenes shortly after explosions, believing that every life has an equal value. 

With an estimated population of 19.1 million residing within its borders, 10 million in neighbouring countries, and nearly 2 million in the global diaspora, Somalia is far from being a country lacking heritage. 

Despite challenges from climate change and international aid cuts, Somalia’s economic growth of 4.1% in 2024 and projected 3.3% in 2025 is higher than that of the US, which managed 2.8% in 2024 and a projected 2.0% in 2025.

The Horn of Africa nation is recognised as one of the oldest trading nations in the world, with a history dating back many centuries. 

Somalia boasts the longest coastline on continental Africa, touching the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and bordering the Gulf of Aden. 

Historically, Somalia houses some of the wealthiest trading ports, including the Mogadishu port, which is now over a thousand years old, along with notable ports such as Kismayo, Berbera, and Zeila.

Somali culture also boasts deep intellectual roots, earning the nation the title “Nation of Poets”. This widespread practice of poetry originated from the nomadic nature of the Somali tradition, where lyrical words were easier for messengers to remember when sending communications.

Somalia played a critical role in early animal domestication, pioneering the domestication of the camel between the third and second millennia BC. This practice, crucial for nomadic life, subsequently spread throughout North Africa and into ancient Egypt. 

Today, Somalia maintains this legacy, possessing the largest population of camels of any single country, with a growing population estimated at 14 million.

The county’s economy is heavily reliant on livestock, which accounts for upwards of 40% of the GDP and 50% of the country’s export earnings. Chief exports include camels and other livestock, hides, fish, frankincense, and a variety of fruits and vegetables.

While the country faces significant challenges, including decades of clan-based conflict and the ongoing fight against al-Shabab, it is actively supported by international partners, such as the  World Bank , which is engaged in initiatives aimed at creating jobs, providing social protection, and enhancing climate resilience, benefiting over 738,000 Somalis.

Sources familiar with the situation confirmed that the layoffs included 158 international staff and 522 Somali employees. Key agencies affected include UNICEF, the World Food Programme (WFP), the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Smaller entities such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) also faced staff reductions.

Officials explained that the layoffs resulted from a sharp decline in financial support from international donors. 

The drop in funding has stalled ongoing development and humanitarian programmes, including those previously backed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

“The diversion of donor resources to crises in Ukraine , South Sudan, and Syria has further strained the funding available for Somalia,” one source said. 

The source added that the budget cuts are limiting the UN’s ability to provide essential services and development programmes to vulnerable communities.

Somalia’s 2025 Humanitarian Response Plan is significantly underfunded, with only 23.7% of the required resources secured. The UN reported that the number of people receiving emergency food assistance fell from 1.1 million in August to 350,000 in November.

These reductions are occurring at a time when humanitarian needs in Somalia remain high. The UN estimates that at least 4.4 million people are expected to face acute food insecurity through December. 

Additionally, 1.85 million children under the age of five are projected to suffer from acute malnutrition through mid-2026.

Somalia’s political landscape is intensifying ahead of the upcoming Banadir Regional Local Council elections, with the Madalsan Political Association taking its campaign directly to communities in Mogadishu. During a major rally in the Yakshid district, party officials promised to prioritise improvements in healthcare, education and sanitation — three issues repeatedly raised by residents. The rally marks a broader surge of political activity across the capital as competing groups attempt to consolidate support before the vote.

East African Legislative Assembly

In a significant legal development, the East African Court of Justice has reinstated Somalia’s nine delegates to the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA). Their suspension earlier this year had sparked controversy after critics accused the Somali government of engineering a non-transparent selection process. The court ruling brings an end to months of uncertainty and allows the delegates to resume their duties at the regional parliament.

Militant groups

A new report by the Africa Centre for Strategic Studies (ACSS) has raised alarms about Somalia’s deteriorating security environment, warning that Al-Shabaab is making renewed advances toward Mogadishu. Analysts argue that the country’s federal structure is weakening due to internal divisions, slow reforms and inconsistent military coordination. These vulnerabilities, the report says, are enabling the militant group to reclaim territory and expand its influence across central and southern Somalia.

Internal political strife

A separate assessment paints an even more dire picture, warning that Al-Shabaab’s seizure of Mogadishu could be “only a matter of time” if current trends continue. Citing the federal government’s internal political strife, stalled stabilisation efforts and persistent insurgent attacks, experts argue that the group’s momentum is growing faster than the state’s ability to counter it. The report has reignited debate over Somalia’s political cohesion and the future of its national security strategy.

Millions face hunger

Somalia has declared a national drought emergency after months of failed rains. The drought has devastated crops and livestock, leaving many communities without food or water. According to humanitarian agencies, malnutrition rates are rising, especially among children, and millions now face urgent needs. The crisis is particularly severe in Puntland, Somaliland and central Somalia. Former President Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo has issued a public plea, calling on Somalis at home and abroad to mobilize support for affected families as international aid continues to shrink.

Djibouti is preparing for significant constitutional changes as the National Assembly moves forward with a broad review of the country’s supreme law. Central to the reform is a proposal to extend the upper age limit for presidential candidates, a move officials describe as part of a wider strategy to modernise state structures and keep pace with global political and demographic shifts. Government leaders argue that the update reflects the nation’s evolving governance needs and reinforces Djibouti’s vision of adapting its institutions for long-term stability and competitiveness. Critics, however, are watching closely, noting that such reforms often carry long-term consequences for democratic participation and leadership renewal.

Recovering illicit assets

Djibouti has reaffirmed its tough stance against corruption and cross-border financial crime. The country participated in the ARIN-MENA General Assembly in Jeddah, showcasing its continued commitment to strengthening legal frameworks and improving regional coordination on asset recovery. Authorities highlighted recent efforts to track illicit financial flows and reclaim stolen public funds, stressing that this work forms a core part of Djibouti’s strategy to build a transparent financial ecosystem and enhance investor confidence. The government emphasised that accountability and international cooperation are essential to sustainable development and good governance in the nation.

Rebirth of Somalia state

National discourse also revisited Djibouti’s diplomatic legacy, particularly the historic role it played in Somalia’s state-building process through the Arta Conference of 2000. A reflective editorial praised the initiative as a shining example of Djibouti’s political foresight and peace-oriented diplomacy, describing it as a turning point that helped lay the foundation for Somalia’s transitional institutions after years of conflict. This reflection underscores Djibouti’s longstanding position as a mediator in regional crises and reinforces narratives positioning the country as an influential voice in advancing stability across the Horn of Africa.

Regional conflicts

Building on that legacy, President Ismail Omar Guelleh has proposed converting the Arta Peace Conference Memorial into a permanent peace-building institute dedicated to conflict resolution on the continent. The envisioned institution would serve as a regional hub for dialogue, research and preventative diplomacy, strengthening Africa’s capacity to manage disputes internally. According to the presidency, institutionalising peace work within Djibouti would not only honour the success of the Arta initiative but also align with the country’s aspirations to serve as a bridge for cooperation in a region frequently challenged by political tensions and security risks.

Somalia’s Deputy Prime Minister Salah Ahmed Jama has underscored the critical role of communities in tackling climate change and improving disaster preparedness. Speaking at the Second Somali Disaster Resilience Conference in Mogadishu , Jama emphasised that local participation is essential to reducing vulnerability to floods, droughts, and other natural disasters that have devastated livelihoods across the country. The conference brought together policymakers, humanitarian agencies, and climate experts to develop sustainable frameworks for resilience-building. The deputy prime minister urged all stakeholders to “empower communities to take ownership of the solutions,” adding that resilience cannot be built solely through top-down approaches.

Militants in Bakool region operation

The Somali National Army (SNA) carried out a major offensive near Hudur, in the Bakool region, killing at least ten al-Shabaab militants and seizing a cache of weapons. Military officials described the operation as part of ongoing efforts to dismantle insurgent networks and secure liberated territories. The Ministry of Defence said the army’s campaign will continue until “every terrorist base is eliminated” in Bakool and neighbouring regions.

Lawmakers absenteeism

Somalia’s Lower House of Parliament has warned lawmakers against absenteeism after several legislative sessions were cancelled due to a lack of quorum. The leadership expressed frustration that critical national issues, including bills on security and economic reform, could not be discussed because many MPs failed to attend sittings.In a statement , the Speaker reminded members of their constitutional duty to represent their constituencies effectively. Lawmakers have been warned that persistent absenteeism could lead to disciplinary measures. The development has sparked public debate about parliamentary accountability and efficiency in governance.

Three brothers killed in clan-related attack

Authorities in the Lower Shabelle region are investigating a deadly clan-related attack that left three brothers dead and several others injured. The victims were reportedly ambushed by rival clans amid growing tensions over grazing land and water resources, long-standing triggers of local conflict in rural Somalia. Community elders have called for calm and urged the government to intervene to prevent retaliatory violence. Security officials say additional patrols have been deployed to the area as reconciliation efforts begin.

Bilateral cooperation

Somalia’s Police Chief has held talks with Iraq’s Interior Minister to strengthen bilateral cooperation on security, intelligence sharing, and counterterrorism. The meeting , which took place in Baghdad, explored ways to improve police training, equipment, and strategic collaboration against transnational crime. Both sides agreed to establish a framework for information exchange and capacity building. The visit reflects Somalia’s broader diplomatic efforts to enhance its security institutions through international partnerships.

On May 24, 1991, Eritrean forces captured their capital, Asmara, a victory which effectively marked the end of decades of war and ultimately secession from Ethiopia. This was the first such case in post-colonial Africa. Just six days earlier, the Somali Republic, which was created in 1960, split as Somaliland (a former British colony) declared independence from Somalia (a former Italian colony). 

Eritrea seceded from a union with Ethiopia, which had been imposed on it in 1962, but Somaliland seceded from a greater Somalia to which it had consented.

Ethiopia’s own government ultimately facilitated Eritrea’s recognition as a sovereign state by the international community.

Thirty-four years after its secession, Somaliland is still in search of international recognition in the face of fierce opposition from Somalia. And then, suddenly, Ethiopia suggested on January 1, 2024, that a quid pro quo may be possible after all: diplomatic recognition in return for access to the sea. If the deal were carried through as planned, it would be the most consequential international event in the Horn of Africa in decades. The hope was that Ethiopia’s recognition would pave the way for similar actions by other states, eventually leading to the birth of the world ’s newest state, the Republic of Somaliland.

So, to recap the two scenarios:

Inter-state and inter-ethnic conflicts continue to define the Horn of Africa.

Blinded by post-colonial logic

Even if Ethiopia and Somaliland had been able to execute as planned without any negative repercussions, their solution would have fallen short of addressing the seemingly intractable problem of the Horn of Africa. But why is the region so chronically unstable, and what can be done about it for the long term? All parties have an interest in the prosperity that a more stable region would generate.

The challenge, as so often, is about history. Ethiopia, alone among the states in the Horn of Africa, was never colonised.”. But its borders were nevertheless a product of struggles and arrangements made in capitals thousands of miles away. The ultimate consequence of the partition of the Horn of Africa was that cohesive nations of people who should have been governing themselves found borders separating them into different states. Conversely, those who should have been separated found themselves on the same side of the line as people with conflicting cultures, histories and traditions. 

This is the fundamental root of the political instability of the Horn of Africa.

What came into being in the region in the post-colonial period was Ethiopia, a state in search of a nation, and Somalia and Djibouti, nations in search of a state. Eritrea is neither a state nor a nation—it is an entity in search of both.

The political concept of state denotes administrative structure and control, and the sociological concept of nation denotes collective identity. 

Over the years, several proposals have been put forward for addressing the challenge of political instability in the Horn of Africa. One element that these proposals had in common was the need to maintain existing colonial borders, even if the countries in the region were to form some kind of union. The logic of avoiding the inevitable disputes and wrangling over a redrawing of boundaries is understandable. But is it compatible with a solution to the underlying problems?

What if our fixation with national borders with customs points, and fences is merely entrenching the errors of the past? What if we look instead at governance and decision-making and consider a framework that can support the needs of people without simply recreating existing problems in new locations? In fact, this formula is consistent with what is seemingly being practised in Ethiopia at the moment—ethnic federalism. But this approach also transcends it. The autonomy of different ethnic regions should be disproportional or asymmetric, reflecting the distinctive historical experiences of various regions. Some areas have greater cohesion and more unity, others need more independence.

It should be noted that such a concept is not new to Eritrea: Eritrea enjoyed a special status between 1952 and 1962. It was granted a federal status in an otherwise unitary Ethiopia. After a decade, however, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia abrogated the federal treaty with the support of the US, which, because of the Cold War, had a significant geostrategic interest in the region.

Such a special status should be extended not only to Eritrea but also to other regions in the Horn of Africa, including particularly Somaliland. If this type of asymmetric constitutionalism is implemented, the result could be the United States of the Horn of Africa. In theory, this would also become a stepping stone toward the realisation of the long-dreamt United States of Africa.

Author’s note: In this essay, I have referred to the Horn of Africa as Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea. The Greater Horn of Africa clearly also encompasses Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, and Uganda.

The opinions and thoughts expressed in this article reflect only the author's views.

Seifudein Adem is a visiting professor at the Institute of Advanced Research and Education at Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan. He has taught in Ethiopia, the US, Japan and China and is the author of several books on international relations.

What’s at stake?

On September 25, 2025, the AU, UN, Somali government, and UK co-hosted a financing event at the UN General Assembly in New York. Italy, Japan, South Korea, and Spain contributed funds, while the EU is expected to support the $20 million that the AU and £16.5 million that the UK committed.  However, authorities acknowledged that there is still a £22 million deficit.  Leaders from the AU and UN warned that without consistent, long-term support, the mission may fail.

The warning comes in an already violent year that has seen Al Shabaab intensify its offensive.  Twenty recruits were killed by a suicide bombing at the Damaanyo military base in Mogadishu, and 21 people, including elders in charge of local defence, were killed during a hotel siege in Beledweyne earlier this year as well.  A strike on U.S. forces at Kismayo airport highlighted Somalia's vulnerability, while militants overran a garrison in Ceeldheer, seizing supplies and vehicles.  These incidents demonstrate that militants can still destabilise both rural and urban areas in the absence of a significant AU presence.

The background

AUSSOM was established in January 2025 as a leaner version of ATMIS/AMISOM, but it was still charged with securing critical infrastructure, assisting the Somali Security Forces (SSF), and degrading Al-Shabaab.  It operates in five sectors, with a phased drawdown aimed at Somali self-reliance by 2029.

Donor fatigue is glaring despite September's pledges, with the UK having acknowledged a £22 million shortfall. Operational planning is undermined by the fact that many contributions are still one-time rather than consistent over several years.  UN and AU officials have cautioned that if funding sources fail, troop logistics and salaries could be jeopardised.

Regional dynamics

Ethiopia is a major troop contributor, but it is cautious of Egyptian deployments because it views them as destabilising and linked to the geopolitics of the Nile Basin amid tensions surrounding the GERD development. Additionally, Addis Ababa conducts unilateral actions outside of AU coordination. Addis has hinted it may reconsider its own commitments if Egyptian deployments expand.

Egypt is now deploying troops under AUSSOM after finalising agreements with Mogadishu. Egyptian contingents are expected to take over positions in Sector Five (Middle Shabelle), including Bal’ad, Jowhar, and Mahaday, currently held by Burundian forces. Cairo frames this as support for Somalia’s stability, but critics see it as part of its strategic contest with Ethiopia. However, Somali leaders have openly denied that they will be used as a front in a proxy conflict.

Ankara is a longtime bilateral partner that invests in infrastructure, maintains a significant base in Mogadishu, and trains Somali special forces.  Although it complicates AU coordination, its expanding role gives Mogadishu alternatives.

Recalibration of the United States: US President Donald Trump has made it clear that the United States "will not police Somalia or Kenya." Washington is shrinking its footprint, prioritising a focus on intelligence assistance and targeted strikes. Recent airstrikes such as those near Badhan and on Al-Shabaab camps, demonstrate continued engagement, but with fewer resources on the ground.

Comment

AUSSOM is indispensable yet precarious. It stabilises Somalia's fragile transition, but ongoing underfunding erodes planning and troop morale.  International acknowledgement of the mission's importance does not yet translate into sustainable resourcing, as the September financing event demonstrated.

AUSSOM’s credibility also suffers from its uneven relationship with Somalia’s federal and regional authorities. Disputes between Mogadishu and federal member states such as Jubaland and Puntland undermine coordination, leaving gaps that Al-Shabaab readily exploits. For many Somalis, the mission is caught between being a stabiliser and a symbol of dependency, struggling to empower Somali forces while remaining an indispensable promise of security.

The U.S. withdrawal increases accountability for European and African donors.  The problem for Europe is serious: terrorism, migration, and maritime insecurity could spread without strong AU operations, but there is still little desire for greater engagement.  For Somalis, AUSSOM serves as a reminder of the state's vulnerability as well as a source of comfort against Al-Shabaab.

Assessment / Outlook

With the help of recent donor commitments, AUSSOM should be able to maintain its position in the near term, but operational constraints brought on by budget deficits will continue.  Al-Shabaab will most likely keep carrying out asymmetrical attacks, such as raids in central Somalia and suicide bombings in Mogadishu, in an effort to test the resolve of the AU and Somali people.

Looking ahead, if donor fatigue persists, there is a real chance that the mission will be reduced too soon.  Somalia's security forces are unlikely to be fully responsible by 2029 due to the country's unresolved conflicts between the federal government and its regions and its sluggish institutional reform.  AU cohesion and Mogadishu's balancing act will be made more difficult by the escalating regional rivalries, which include Ethiopia's resistance, Egypt's ambitions for influence, and Turkey's growing involvement.

The stakes are high for Europe and other partners. In addition to giving Al-Shabaab more confidence, a weakened AUSSOM would raise the risks to Red Sea trade and encourage migration northward, highlighting the close connection between Somalia's stability and wider international security.

Conclusion

AUSSOM embodies both the promise and limits of African-led stabilisation. It is essential in holding back Al-Shabaab and enabling fragile Somali governance, yet its survival depends on reliable funding and regional consensus. Turkey’s rise and the Egypt–Ethiopia tug-of-war complicate AU unity, while U.S. retrenchment shifts responsibility toward Africa and Europe. For Somalia, the mission is a lifeline. For the West, it is a warning: failure to sustain AUSSOM risks reverberations across the Horn, the Red Sea, and into Europe’s own security corridors.

This report is compiled by  Eigenrac  is a Dubai-based boutique consultancy specialising in security risk management services, with a global presence and deep understanding of complex business risk environments. Eigenrac acts as a trusted enabler for clients operating in high-risk or demanding settings.

Aisa Kirabo Kacyira, head of the United Nations Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) and UN assistant secretary-general, has died after a prolonged illness. Appointed by UN Secretary-General António Guterres in February 2023, the Rwandan diplomat was praised for her leadership in supporting Somalia’s peace-building efforts and stability. Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud hailed her as a dedicated leader whose work left a lasting impact. “We extend our sincere condolences to her loved ones, the UN family, AUSSOM, Somali and international partners, and colleagues around the world. We honour her legacy of service and compassion, and we will carry forward her vision in support of Somalia. May her soul rest in eternal peace,” the mission’s statement noted. Kacyira previously served as mayor of Kigali and deputy executive director of UN-Habitat, with a career spanning over three decades in diplomacy, governance, and humanitarian work.

Kuwait and Somalia sign new cooperation agreements

Somalia’s Foreign Minister Abdisalam Abdi Ali met his Kuwaiti counterpart, Abdullah Al-Yahya, during an official visit to Kuwait. The talks reviewed bilateral ties and regional developments, culminating in the signing of an agreement to form a joint cooperation committee and two memoranda of understanding covering diplomatic consultations and institute cooperation. Both governments expressed their commitment to strengthening political, economic, and cultural relations.

Somalia executes two soldiers for aiding Al-Shabaab assassination

Two Somali soldiers convicted of collaborating with Al-Shabaab to assassinate their battalion commander were executed in Mogadishu on Monday. The July killing involved placing an explosive device under the commander’s bed, detonated remotely. Military court officials warned that anyone proven to have links with the militant group would face similar consequences. "They were executed today for their involvement in the assassination of Commander Aided Mohamed Ali," prosecutor Hassan Siyad Mohamed said. "Anyone found having links with the Kharijites and proven, one day God will expose you, and you will come out, and we will find you and execute you by firing squad," said Liban Ali Yarrow, chairman of the supreme military court. The executions come amid rising Al-Shabaab attacks that have reversed significant territorial gains made by government forces in recent years.

Top Al-Shabaab finance chief killed in targeted strike

Somalia’s Ministry of Defence confirmed the death of Abdullahi Abukar Ali, Al-Shabaab’s head of finance, in a precision military strike near Hudur in Bakool region. Abukar, accused of extorting civilians and recruiting child soldiers, was considered one of the group’s most wanted figures. "Abukar was a key operative who had long operated in Bakool under al-Shabab's control and was among the most sought-after figures in the group," the ministry said. The operation, carried out by the Somali National Army, followed the recapture of the strategic town of Bariire, a former militant base for launching attacks on Mogadishu.

President urges return of Jubaland troops after clashes

President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud has called on Jubaland regional forces who fled into Kenya after clashes with federal troops to return, promising safety and reintegration into the Somali National Army. The fighting in Balad Hawo, Gedo region, has heightened tensions between Mogadishu and the semi-autonomous Jubaland administration. “I urge all parties involved in Gedo tensions to place peace, unity, and national cohesion above all else,” the president said . While the president appealed for peace and unity, Jubaland leaders accused him of escalating the conflict and undermining regional autonomy.

Health clinics in Baidoa, Somalia, report worsening child malnutrition and declining vaccination coverage. According to Save the Children’s Moazzam Malik, prolonged drought, loss of livelihoods, and climate change have left families in urgent need. He also cited the impact of international aid reductions. Meanwhile, the U.S. conducted additional airstrikes in Somalia last week—the 49th since President Donald Trump returned to office, as recorded by the New America think tank.

Turkey’s Erdoğan and Mohamud discuss counterterrorism and regional tensions

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan hosted Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud in Ankara on Friday, July 11, to strengthen bilateral relations, with a focus on counterterrorism and regional cooperation. The meeting took place behind closed doors at the Presidential Complex, according to Türkiye’s Communications Directorate. The talks occurred amid rising tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia following a stalled mediation process over Ethiopia’s port access deal with Somaliland. The agreement, signed in January 2024, grants Ethiopia access to a portion of Somaliland’s coastline in exchange for support for Somaliland’s international recognition. Somalia opposes the deal, calling it a violation of its sovereignty. Turkey has been mediating since February 2024.

Egypt delays troop deployment to AU Somalia mission

Egypt has yet to deploy its pledged battalion to the African Union Stabilisation Support Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM), raising concerns over the mission’s stability. While AU officials publicly describe the situation as a delay, diplomatic sources suggest Cairo is increasingly unwilling to participate. As a result, the AU has extended the mandate of a Burundian contingent to fill the gap. The 1,091 Egyptian troops were scheduled for deployment in the Middle Shabelle region, a strategically important area now left exposed due to the drawdown of the previous mission, the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS).

Somalia’s HirShabelle state begins voter registration for direct elections

In south-central Somalia, Ali Gudlawe Hussein, president of HirShabelle state, initiated a voter registration drive in the state’s capital, Jowhar, on Sunday, July 13, a push for the state’s first direct elections in over half a century. He became the first registrant during a public ceremony attended by hundreds. The registration, overseen by the National Independent Electoral Commission (NIEC), supports a federally-backed transition from the clan-based power-sharing system to a “one person, one vote” electoral model.

Puntland president denies claims of anti-federal agenda

President of the autonomous state Puntland, Said Abdullahi Deni, has rejected accusations that his administration is acting against the Somali federal government. In a public address in its capital, Garowe on Saturday, July 12, Deni reaffirmed Puntland’s commitment to Somalia’s unity and sovereignty, describing the state as a foundational part of the federal structure. The statement follows growing political tensions with Mogadishu over disputed proposals involving the Sanaag region, which Puntland opposes.

The fallout began after a deadly February 2024 attack on Mogadishu’s General Gordan military base, which killed four senior Emirati officers, including former intelligence chief Mahad Salad and Prime Minister Hamza Abdi Barre. While some changes were made, Villa Somalia rejected broader demands, accusing the UAE of unacceptable interference and backing opposition-aligned regional leaders in Puntland and Jubaland.

In response, Abu Dhabi has reportedly shifted to covert political engagement, including financing opposition figures and planning high-level meetings aimed at forming a united anti-government front.

President Mohamud’s administration has begun military restructuring, reappointed Mahad Salad to lead the intelligence agency, and sought closer ties with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf allies as a counterbalance.

With national elections looming, officials in Mogadishu warn that the UAE’s actions now amount to direct interference designed to destabilize the federal government.

Taiwan’s foreign ministry believes the decision was pushed by China , which claims Taiwan as part of its territory.

In a statement, the ministry said , “The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has strongly protested Somalia's action made under the instigation of China to restrict the travel freedom and safety of Taiwanese nationals and has demanded that the Somali government immediately revoke the notice.”

So far, Somalia has not said anything about the ban but China welcomed the move and called it a show of support for the "one-China principle."

A Chinese government spokesperson told journalists that the ban was “a legitimate measure.”

The ban may be connected to Taiwan’s close ties with Somaliland.

Somaliland broke away from Somalia in 1991 and now runs its own government, although it is not officially recognised by any country.

In 2020, Taiwan and Somaliland opened embassies in each other’s capitals, which made both China and Somalia angry.

Taiwan is a self-ruled island with its own government, laws, and elections. However, most countries do not officially recognise it as a separate country due to pressure from China.

Taiwanese officials are now warning people not to travel to Somalia or Somaliland until the ban is lifted.

This is a desperate and misguided attempt by the failed state of Somalia. This is indicative of a corrupt regime on its last breath, engaged in a suicide mission,” Adan wrote, adding that Somalia’s actions would not prevent Somaliland from gaining international recognition.

His comments followed a report by Semafor revealing that Somalia had offered Washington “exclusive operational control” over key Gulf of Aden ports in an apparent effort to deter the U.S. from recognising Somaliland’s independence. However, the Somali government does not control these assets, making the offer largely symbolic.

It was reported early on in December that the Trump administration was weighing the possibility of recognising Somaliland as part of its strategic efforts to counter Chinese influence in the Horn of Africa.

Adan reiterated that Mogadishu had no power to halt Somaliland’s pursuit of recognition, stating that it was only a matter of time before the region’s sovereignty was acknowledged on the global stage.

The Somali Journalists Syndicate (SJS) is deeply concerned about the abduction of journalist Ibrahim Mohamed Mayow, who was kidnapped on Monday, March 24, in Afgooye, about 30km from Mogadishu, while reporting on an Al-Shabaab attack. According to Horn Observer , Mayow, a reporter for Dalsan TV, was allegedly summoned by armed officers linked to Banadir Regional Police Commissioner Mahdi Omar Muumin (aka Moalim Mahdi) after the outlet published footage of the mortar strike's aftermath. He disappeared shortly after, and his location remains unknown. Local journalists say Moalim Mahdi, a former Al-Shabaab defector now serving as Mogadishu’s police chief, was in Afgooye during the attack. Police in Afgooye denied holding Mayow or knowing about his arrest.

Somalia government repatriates 145 citizens from Libya

On Monday, March 24, Somalia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs repatriated 145 citizens from Tripoli and Sebha, Libya, to Mogadishu and Hargeisa. The operation, carried out with support from the IOM and the EU’s Migrant Protection and Reintegration program, focused on youth who had been stranded and subjected to abuse and trafficking in Libya. As reported by the Jurist , this effort is part of Somalia’s ongoing commitment to tackling migration challenges. The EU-IOM Joint Initiative facilitated the repatriation, which supports voluntary return and reintegration for migrants in North Africa, helping them rebuild their lives back home.

Somalia launches first national instant payment system

Somalia has launched its first Instant Payment System with QR support through the Somalia Payment Switch (SPS), powered by BPC’s SmartVista platform. Led by the Central Bank of Somalia, TechAfrica News reports that the move aims to modernise the country’s payment infrastructure, boost financial inclusion, and reduce reliance on cash. Despite recent growth in the financial sector, many Somalis remain unbanked. The new system, featuring the SOMQR standard and managed by SPS, seeks to enable secure, fast, and interoperable digital payments nationwide.

Somalia joins Afreximbank to boost intra-African trade, economic growth

Somalia has officially joined the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) as its 53rd member, aiming to boost intra-African trade and economic growth. By acceding to the bank’s establishment agreement, Somalia gains access to financial resources for infrastructure, trade, and capacity building. State Minister Hirsi Jama Ganni called the move a commitment to advancing regional and continental development through trade under the African Continental Free Trade Area, The Star reports.

What it’s like to be a TB patient in Somalia

As the medical coordinator for Doctors Without Borders (MSF) in Somalia, I witness daily how conflict and poverty harm lives. One major challenge is tuberculosis (TB), especially in children. At Mudug Regional Hospital, I met 5-year-old Ahmed, who showed classic TB symptoms—cough, fever, and weight loss. With 246 TB cases per 100,000 people and 68 deaths per 100,000, Somalia faces a high burden. Diagnosing TB in children is tough, as they often can’t provide sputum samples. In our low-resource setting, we rely on clinical exams, X-rays, and skin tests because waiting for ideal conditions, Reliefweb reports.

Somalia offered Burundi 1,041 troops for the mission, but Burundi wanted to deploy at least 2,000. The Burundian government said the offer was “inadequate and disrespectful.”

Despite discussions, no agreement was reached, local reports confirm.

According to Burundi’s embassy in Addis, Burundi’s Permanent Representative to the African Union conveyed Burundi’s unfortunate non-participation in AUSSOM following the lack of consensus.

Burundi has been a key contributor to peacekeeping in Somalia since 2007. Its troops have played a major role in fighting Al-Shabab militants and stabilising conflict areas under the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), which AUSSOM will replace.

Somalia’s Minister of Defense, Abdulkadir Mohamed Nur, thanked Burundi for its past contributions and expressed regret over the decision. He also requested a technical team from Burundi to plan an orderly withdrawal of troops and handover of positions to Somali forces.

Burundi’s decision also comes amid pressure from its citizens over the loss of soldiers in the fight against Al-Shabab. Reports suggest resistance to deploying troops in the Gedo region, where tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia remain high, may have influenced the decision.

Burundi’s exit marks the end of a 16-year role in Somalia’s peacekeeping efforts. The African Union and other troop-contributing countries will now have to adjust plans to ensure AUSSOM can succeed in its mission.

Market vendor Zeynab Yasir says affordable options are needed to make the ban work.

Although government says no new plastic bags can be imported, existing stocks are still being used.

Meanwhile, volunteer groups are cleaning up plastic waste from beaches, and officials are urging the use of alternatives to protect the environment for future generations.

Puntland State of Somalia has taken significant steps to combat gambling addiction and security issues by banning the online betting site 1xBET and the use of unregistered private SIM cards. This measure is intended to protect youth and address numerous financial and social problems associated with gambling, which continues to be an issue despite a nationwide prohibition announced in August 2023. According to Garowe Online , The Puntland administration is committed to fostering a responsible society. It has mandated local enforcement agencies to implement these bans rigorously, with severe penalties for those who do not comply.

Universal suffrage law

In a landmark decision, Somalia's bicameral parliament has endorsed a new electoral law to facilitate the first universal suffrage elections in over half a century. This change marks a considerable shift away from the traditional clan-based electoral model that has been in place since 2000. As reported by Garowe Online , the Elections Amendment Bill allows citizens to directly elect their president and federal leaders, superseding the previous system in which traditional elders were responsible for selecting Members of Parliament (MPs). Notably, while the new legislation represents a progressive step, it faces resistance from regional leaders in Jubaland and Puntland, who argue that there was insufficient consultation. They allege that President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud is attempting to extend his term illegally. The upcoming elections, set to feature candidates from three political parties, could encounter complications due to regional protests.

Somalia airstrikes target Al-Shabaab leaders

In ongoing military efforts, an airstrike targeting senior Al-Shabaab leaders in the Lower Shabelle region resulted in at least 12 fatalities, including three commanders. This operation coincided with the leaders' planning of imminent attacks, emphasising the commitment of the Somali National Army, in conjunction with the US Africa Command and the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS), to eradicate Al-Shabaab, which has long sought to destabilise the Somali government. The incident, which occurred in Sablale, a key Al-Shabaab command centre, highlights the ongoing military efforts to curb terrorism in the region. The origin of the airstrike remains uncertain; however, the US military has a history of conducting similar operations in Somalia, Garowe Online .

24 dead after two boats capsize

Tragedy struck off the coast of Madagascar, where two boats carrying predominantly Somali nationals capsized, resulting in the deaths of at least 24 people. Local authorities reported that the vessels, which carried a total of 70 passengers, were found adrift and likely succumbed to engine failure. BBC reports that the survivors were rescued by fishermen while attempting to reach the French island of Mayotte; this perilous journey is a common route for Somali migrants fleeing unemployment and poverty in the Horn of Africa. Madagascan authorities have issued warnings regarding the severe risks associated with illegal migration.

ISIS recruits foreign fighters in Somalia

The United Nations has revealed that the Islamic State's fighters in Somalia have significantly increased their recruitment of foreign fighters, posing a major security threat in the Horn of Africa. Previously struggling with finances, IS-Somalia has recently surpassed its rival, Al-Shabaab, in expansion efforts. The influx of foreign fighters has enhanced IS-Somalia's capabilities against Al-Shabaab, who are currently facing operations by the Somali National Army and its allies. The report highlights the re-emergence of the Al-Karrar office as a key hub for ISIS globally, aiding in recruitment. IS-Somalia is led by former Al-Shabaab militants in Puntland, with Abdirahman Fahiye Isse Mohamud as the emir and Abdiwali Waran-Walac as the head of finance, Garowe Online reports.

The Somaliland National Electoral Commission is expected to release provisional results on 20th November 2024 at 6PM local time.

Meanwhile, Somaliland’s Supreme Court will confirm results as official on 21st November 2024 at 10am local time.

8:19 GMT:

Ballot boxes being delivered to district centres in Somaliland this morning after vote counting.

18:48 GMT: Incumbent president and presidential candidate for the Waddani party speaks

In his speech after voting, President Muse Bihi Abdi said he is ready to accept whatever results emerge from the voting process.

16:57 GMT: Previous highlights

Two Vice presidential candidates from the Waddani Party and the Kulmiye Party exchanged greetings as they walked in to cast votes earlier in the day.

15:36 GMT: Polls officially close, vote counting begins

Polling stations in Somaliland have officially closed at 6 p.m. local time. Voters who were in line at the time of closing will still be permitted to cast their ballots. The vote-counting process has now begun.

15:08 GMT:

Meanwhile, voters earlier expressed optimism about a peaceful election, highlighting the role of the elections in promoting the democracy of Somaliland and positioning it for possible recognition by international bodies.

15:25 GMT: NEC meets international observers

International Election Observers met with the Electoral Commission earlier in the morning.

15:03 GMT: Electoral officers at work

Altogether, 7,500 core staff are working across the over 2,000 polling stations nationwide, with 5000 subordinate staff assisting to ensure a smooth, & transparent elections.

14:41 GMT: Police force rally together to ensure peace

The Somaliland Police Commissioner & NEC Chairman Musa Hassan met ahead of the elections on Tuesday, to offer guidance to police forces and ensure peace and security.

14:09 GMT: Some women were captured with food being carried to some polling stations.

14:00 GMT: Provision made for the sick and physically challenged

Videos have emerged of how some sick persons and physically challenged persons were given an advantage to participate in the voting process at some polling stations.

13:56 GMT: Voting continues in many parts of the country.

13:43 GMT: Electoral officers across several polling stations are captured working

Source: Twitter/@HMATimCole

13:36 GMT: President's mother votes

Mother of President Muse Bihi Abdi earlier cast her vote in a private process.

13:26 GMT: Incumbent President votes

President Muse Bihi Abdi voted earlier in the morning after his facial recognition details were obtained.

13:20 GMT: Voters queue to vote

Long queues of voters are seen at various polling centres across the Republic.

13:17 GMT: Traffic movement curfew

National Chairman of the Electoral Commission announced the implementation of a comprehensive vehicle movement restriction, extending from 12:00 midnight, Tuesday November 12 to midnight Wednesday. The 24-hour curfew exempts vehicles displaying official NEC identification plates, emergency services, medical personnel, and essential service providers carrying special permits.

Polling stations in Somaliland opened early. Voting began at 7 a.m. local time (0300 GMT) and is set to run until 6 p.m. More than 1 million registered voters are expected to participate, according to the Somaliland National Electoral Commission.

KEY FACTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

Who is voting?

About one million citizens are expected to cast their votes at over 2,000 polling stations in the ongoing Somaliland elections.

This is the state’s fourth general election since it declared independence from Somalia in 1991.

While it operates with its own government and institutions, Somaliland is not internationally recognised as a sovereign state, it is still considered a country under the Somalian territory.

The elections which were originally scheduled for 2022 were pushed after legislators extended the ruling President Muse Bihi Abdi’s term by two years.

Voter registration process

The voter registration process requires scanning Iris images (two eyes of registrants),  a picture (facial recognition), and demographic data like name, age, mother’s name, date of birth etc. This system was introduced and used for the very first time in 2014.

Candidates

Three candidates from Somaliland's three main political parties, Kulmiye, Waddani, and UCID are contesting in the race.

The ruling Kulmiye (Peace, Unity and Development) Party is being represented by incumbent President Muse Bihi Abdi who is seeking to renew his mandate after seven years in office.

His main contender is former parliament speaker and opposition candidate Abdirahman “Irro” Mohamed Abdullahi of the Somaliland National Party, also known as the Waddani party, which has promised more roles for women and young people in his government.

The third candidate, Faisal Ali Warabe of the Justice and Welfare Party (UCID) is also in the race with his message for a national unity government.

Why the election is important

The elections are a crucial one as the country’s leader and aspiring presidential candidates advocate for the sovereignty and international recognition of Somaliland.

The country hopes to demonstrate its commitment to democratic processes which is in contrast with Somalia’s political and security issues. Since breaking away from Somalia, Somaliland has held regular elections and peaceful transitions of power.

The process which is closely watched by international observers may determine the country’s reputation of stability in the region.

Key issues

Push for international recognition

All three parties are dwelling on their focus on the longstanding quest for international recognition as an independent . While Kulmiye has advocated over the years for support from Western nations, including the U.S. and U.K., his main opponent Waddani aims to extend diplomatic engagement to African countries and other Global South states. ​

Somaliland-Ethiopia Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)

The recent standoff between Somaliland and Ethiopia over a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed in January 2024, is also crucial in this election. The agreement includes economic cooperation, with Ethiopia gaining access to Somaliland's Berbera port, which some see as a step toward formal recognition by a neighbouring state. However, Somalia has strongly opposed the deal, describing it as Ethiopian interference in Somali affairs. The deal has sparked tension with Somalia and neighbouring countries like Djibouti, who view Ethiopia’s access to Berbera as potentially disruptive to their economic interests​

Regional stability and conflicts

Somaliland has suffered internal conflicts over the years. Since February 6, 2023, there has been fighting in the disputed city of Las Anod between forces in the self-declared state of Somaliland and local militia from the Dhulbahante clan in northern Somalia. The city, also known as Laascaanood, is located between Somaliland and Puntland, a nearby semi-autonomous region in Somalia’s northeast. Both regions are laying claim to the city. Thousands have been displaced as a result of the crisis. A peaceful election outcome could strengthen Somaliland’s reputation as a stable democracy, reinforcing its case for recognition​. It could also differentiate itself from Somalia, where political unrest is more common​

Somalia's President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud congratulated Donald Trump on his victory in the 2024 US presidential elections. He expressed eagerness to work collaboratively on security and peace initiatives vital for Somalia's development. This highlights the ongoing robust partnership between Somalia and the US, especially in the context of previous military engagements where Trump had ordered the withdrawal of US troops from Somalia, which was later reversed due to strategic implications.

US cancels $1.14 billion of Somalia's debt

The USA has made strides in alleviating Somalia's financial burden by cancelling  $1.14 billion of the nation's debt, representing roughly a quarter of its remaining obligations. This pivotal agreement aligns with ongoing debt forgiveness efforts aimed at Somalia's recovery from its tumultuous history of civil war and state disintegration. President Mohamud acknowledged the unsustainable nature of this debt and expressed gratitude for the US's support, with the US ambassador celebrating this agreement as a landmark effort towards stability in Somalia’s economy. As Somalia engages in initiatives like the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, it is primed for necessary financial reforms, although governance and political stability continue to be pressing concerns for private creditors.

Qatar charity improves water access to 10,000 Somalis

Qatar Charity has recently inaugurated two artesian wells in the Warshiekh region of Somalia, significantly improving access to clean water for nearly 10,000 local residents. Prior to this intervention , inhabitants faced considerable challenges and health risks by travelling up to 10 kilometres for water. This project has been well-received, especially by the local water minister, as it not only addresses water scarcity but also supports agricultural development in the region. This year alone, Qatar Charity has executed 327 water and sanitation projects throughout Somalia, benefiting approximately 285,000 individuals.

Ethiopian embassy in Somalia set to be relocated

The Ethiopian embassy in Somalia is set to relocate from its controversial position at the presidential palace in Mogadishu back to its original site. This decision comes in response to public outcry regarding the embassy's placement amidst deteriorating relations between Somalia and Ethiopia. Somali Foreign Minister Ahmed Moallim Fiqi reinforced that the embassy's location was deemed inappropriate, pledging a swift relocation. Tensions between the nations have been exacerbated by Ethiopia's contentious agreement with Somaliland, which Somalia views as a threat to its sovereignty and national integrity.

Somali convicted in New York for planning attack similar to 9/11 

A federal jury in New York has convicted Cholo Abdi Abdullah, a 34-year-old member of the al Shabaab terrorist group, of conspiring to execute a terrorist attack reminiscent of the 9/11 attacks on the US. Abdullah faces multiple charges, including conspiring to commit murder and supporting terrorism. His background includes training in Somalia and attending flight school in the Philippines, where he conducted research into targeting US infrastructure and gaining access to aircraft cockpits. U.S. Attorney Damian Williams underscored the serious implications of Abdullah’s actions as an attempt to replicate one of history's profound terrorist events. Abdullah is due for sentencing on March 10, with the possibility of life imprisonment for one of the charges raised against him.

Somali Finance Minister Bihi Egeh and US Ambassador Richard Riley formalised the debt relief agreement in Mogadishu. Egeh shared the news on X (formerly Twitter), stating, “The American government debt totalling over $1.14 billion was forgiven today by the United States government,” crediting both recent debt relief processes and the March Paris Club agreement as catalysts for this move.

Ambassador Riley hailed the agreement as a “great day,” noting that this US debt cancellation represented “the largest single component of a total of $4.5 billion in debt owed to multiple countries that were forgiven” under a broader World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) debt relief deal for Somalia. The arrangement is part of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, which was established to help the world’s most financially burdened nations in December 2023.

Somalia’s economy has faced severe challenges, including decades of civil war, violent insurgencies led by the al-Qaeda-linked jihadist group al-Shabab, and recurring climate-related disasters. As of 2022, approximately 54% of Somalia’s population lived below the poverty line, with urban areas bearing the brunt of these economic struggles due to high urbanisation rates.

Despite these obstacles, Somalia has been making strides in economic reform , maintaining a solid track record of macroeconomic management. The IMF praised Somalia’s consistent implementation of the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) programme, which began in January 2024 as a new three-year arrangement aimed at supporting Somalia’s post-HIPC economic goals. The IMF's Executive Board completed its first review of this programme in June 2024.

Mohamed Sheikh Abdullahi Ciiro, was invited to speak about his recent blocked travel to Baioda by the National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA) but was met with resistance before he could even take the floor.

Some legislators seized the stage as the MP approached the microphone to make his point, triggering disorder in the house.

The scene quickly turned chaotic, MPs pointed fingers at each other amidst loud disagreements.

The Chair of Parliament struggled to maintain order as tensions soared, local reports indicate. The session was brought to a standstill.

The diplomatic crisis between Somalia and Ethiopia is escalating, primarily triggered by a memorandum signed by Ethiopia with Somaliland for access to the Red Sea. Tensions intensified following a cooperation agreement between Somalia and Egypt, which involved the deployment of Egyptian soldiers to Somalia. Ethiopian officials have accused Somalia of collaborating with external threats, particularly Egypt, while Somalia claims the Egyptian troops are for defensive purposes. Nova.news reports Somali Prime Minister Hamza Abdi Barre defended the troop deployment, asserting Somalia's right to seek security assistance while condemning Ethiopia's actions as violations of Somali sovereignty. Diplomatic relations are strained further, with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud repeatedly refusing to meet Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed during a recent forum in Beijing.

Construction boom

Mogadishu is experiencing a construction boom, transforming its skyline but exacerbating inequality for the urban poor, including many displaced by war and climate shocks. Over 700,000 displaced individuals have settled in overcrowded informal settlements, facing forced evictions as land values rise due to gentrification fueled by wealthy investors. Some local authorities have cleared government lands to accommodate property development, further marginalising vulnerable communities. According to The New Humanitarian , The Somali government aims to address the needs of displaced communities through a National Durable Solution Strategy, but faces challenges due to inadequate funding, land ownership issues, and ongoing humanitarian crises. Activists emphasize the need for improved governance and inclusive urban planning to ensure that all residents have a voice in Mogadishu’s development.

Laboratory strategic plan

Somalia has developed its first-ever laboratory strategic plan, aimed at enhancing diagnostic capabilities and laboratory services in the country. Finalised through collaboration between Africa CDC and Somalia’s Federal Ministry of Health, the plan addresses critical gaps in lab infrastructure, personnel training, and supply management, while aligning with global standards like the International Health Regulations. The initiative is crucial for strengthening public health responses in Somalia, which has a history of health challenges due to resource limitations and a fragile health system. Africa CDC provided technical assistance and support from various specialists to create a costed implementation plan and identify funding sources for execution. This effort is seen as a significant milestone in building a resilient public health system in Somalia.

Missile and space rocket testing facility

Turkey is in discussions with Somalia to construct a missile and space rocket testing facility in the Horn of Africa, due to Somalia's strategic location for launches over the Indian Ocean. The country's proximity to the equator makes it an ideal candidate for a spaceport, enhancing the range and effectiveness of rocket launches. Turkey aims to bolster its ballistic missile program and enter the global space race. Turkish officials are hopeful for Somali approval, although the defence ministry declined to comment. News Central reports Turkey has been increasing its presence in Somalia through defence cooperation and infrastructure projects, as Somalia seeks to rebuild following years of conflict.

Ethiopian troops seize airports

Ethiopian troops have captured key airports in Somalia’s Gedo region—Luq, Dolow, and Bardere—to prevent the potential airlifting of Egyptian troops intended to replace Ethiopian forces in Jubaland and Hirshabelle. This strategic move aims to disrupt a deployment tied to a recent defence agreement between Somalia and Egypt. Relations between Ethiopia and Somalia have deteriorated further due to this and a controversial memorandum regarding Red Sea access. As reported by Nova.news , tensions are also fueled by the ongoing dispute over Ethiopia's Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which Egypt opposes. Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud has notably refused to meet with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed during recent events, reflecting heightened diplomatic strains.

On Monday, July 15, twelve people were killed in central Somalia during a clash between government soldiers and local militias over two truckloads of weapons illegally brought from Ethiopia. Among the dead were two soldiers. The incident occurred in the village of Shiilamaow, approximately 20 kilometres northwest of Abudwak town, near the Ethiopian border. A Somali security official, who requested anonymity due to restrictions on speaking to the media, reported the details. The Internal Security Ministry stated that government forces had seized the weapons from "illegal weapons traders" and were escorting them when armed militias set up a checkpoint and intercepted the convoy, adds VOA .

Soldier builds helicopter from scratch

A Somali army soldier has built a helicopter from scratch, defying the odds. His ingenuity and determination have led to this remarkable achievement, showing that what many thought to be impossible is now within reach. Mohammed Ali, a 24-year-old soldier bought every material he used from his pockets. He tells VOA that he has always dreamt of becoming an aeronautical engineer.

Kuwait Amir offers condolences to Somalia

His Highness the Amir Sheikh Meshal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah sent a cable of condolences on Tuesday to President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud of Somalia, expressing heartfelt sympathy for the victims of the terrorist attack in Mogadishu. In his message, His Highness the Amir wished a swift recovery for the injured and strongly condemned the terrorist act targeting innocent civilians, reports KUNA .

MWL, Arab Parliament Condemn Terrorist Attack in Somali

The Muslim World League (MWL) condemned the terrorist attack in Mogadishu, as reported by the Saudi Press Agency on Monday, July 15. In a statement, the MWL General Secretariat denounced the heinous crime that claimed dozens of lives, reaffirming its rejection of all forms of extremism and the resulting violence and terrorism. On behalf of its global assemblies, bodies, and councils, the MWL expressed full solidarity with Somalia and its people in facing threats to the country's security and stability, Asharq Al-Aswat reports. The organisation also extended sincere condolences to the victims' families and wished the injured a swift recovery.

Somalia cafe bombing kills nine

A car bombing at a cafe in Mogadishu killed nine people watching the Euro 2024 final, officials said on Monday, July 15. The Spanish national team won the game. Al-Shabaab is suspected of carrying out the attack. Somalia's government has been fighting against the group for over 17 years. Punch reports that the country has asked the African Union to slow the withdrawal of its forces from Somalia.

Turkey has initiated a mediation role in the discussions between Somalia and Ethiopia regarding a contentious port agreement that Addis Ababa entered into with Somaliland earlier this year. This information comes from four officials who are privy to the situation. These talks represent the most recent effort to repair the strained diplomatic relations between the two East African nations. Tensions escalated in January after Ethiopia decided to lease a 20 km (approximately 12 miles) stretch of coastal land from Somaliland, offering in return the acknowledgement of its sovereignty. According to Cyprus Shipping News , the Somali government denounced the deal as unlawful and responded by dismissing the Ethiopian ambassador and issuing a warning of potential expulsion for the numerous Ethiopian soldiers present in Somalia, who are there to assist in the fight against Islamist militants.

Turkey summons German ambassador

On Wednesday, July 3, Turkey called in the German ambassador to address a dispute that arose after Turkish defender Merih Demiral was accused of displaying an ultra-nationalist symbol while celebrating his goal during the Euro 2024 match against Austria. The celebration by Demiral, following his second goal in the 2-1 win, is linked to the Turkish ultra-nationalist organization, the Grey Wolves. France24 reports that the incident led UEFA to initiate an investigation into "inappropriate behaviour" and drew criticism from German officials. However, Ankara swiftly labelled the response from Berlin as "xenophobia." Germany's Interior Minister Nancy Faeser warned "the symbols of Turkish right-wing extremists have no place in our stadiums. Using the European football championships as a platform for racism is completely unacceptable," she added on X, formerly Twitter.

Turkish contractors move to Saudi markets

Turkish contractors are looking to secure deals in the Saudi market. They recently held meetings with Saudi government officials and private company representatives to discuss potential projects in areas such as highway construction, waste management, and recycling. Economic relations between the two countries are developing, and trade has been increasing in various industries. In 2022, Turkish contractors undertook 16 projects worth $3 billion in Saudi Arabia, accounting for 10.4% of all projects carried out abroad by Turkish companies, Hurriyet Daily News highlights. Since 1972, Turkish companies have undertaken a total of $28.2 billion worth of projects in Saudi Arabia.

Russia dismisses Turkey's offer on Ukraine

On Wednesday, July 3, during a conversation with Russia's Vladimir Putin, Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan expressed that Ankara is in a position to resolve the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia. This discussion took place on the sidelines of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit held in Kazakhstan. The Turkish presidency relayed Erdogan's optimism about achieving a just peace agreeable to both parties involved. However, Dmitry Peskov, Putin's spokesperson, dismissed the possibility of Erdogan serving as a mediator in the conflict, which has persisted for 28 months, Reuters reports. "No, it's not possible," said Peskov, when asked by a Russian television interviewer whether Erdogan could assume such a role.

North Syrian refugee protests

In Northern Syria, four individuals lost their lives following a violent confrontation between armed demonstrators and the Turkish forces overseeing the region, as reported by a war monitoring group. These protests were a reaction to the previous day's unrest in Turkey directed against Syrian refugees. The unrest in Syria was a spillover from the disturbances in central Turkey across Sunday, June 30 and Monday, July 1. The initial protests ignited in the central Anatolian region of Kayseri on Sunday evening, sparked by accusations that a Syrian individual had committed an offence against a minor. Al-Monitor adds that the uproar led to hundreds of people flooding the streets in at least three localities within the province, where some participants targeted Syrian-owned businesses and vehicles. According to Selma Kan, a journalist based in Kayseri, the riots significantly damaged numerous properties and vehicles. The police intervened with tear gas and water cannons to disperse the demonstrators who were vocally opposing the presence of Syrians in Turkey.

Somalia is facing a dire humanitarian crisis amid ongoing threats from the terrorist group Al-Shabaab. The UN is urging international partners to provide funding to meet the increasing demand for lifesaving support. Additionally, the departure of AU forces is underway, but concerns remain about the capacity of Somali security forces to maintain control, Daily News reports. The UN is also urging peaceful resolution of regional tensions between Ethiopia and Somalia.

Somalia, Ethiopia border issues

Somalia's ambassador accuses Ethiopian troops of entering its borders illegally, leading to clashes with local security forces. Ethiopia has thousands of soldiers in Somalia as part of a peacekeeping mission. Somalia requested a postponement of troop withdrawal and relations soured after Ethiopia offered recognition to Somaliland in exchange for a coastline lease, Africa.com reports.

Economic recovery

Saudi Arabia has signed an agreement with the OPEC Fund to support economic recovery in Somalia. The agreement aims to help Somalia overcome its security and financial challenges. According to Alarabiya , Saudi Arabia's efforts align with the IMF and World Bank's initiatives to ease debt burdens on poor countries. The OPEC Fund focuses on meeting basic needs such as food, energy, water, healthcare, and education in low-income countries.

Somaliland and Somalia

Somalia celebrates 65 years of independence amid internal division and security challenges. There is tension between Somalia and Somaliland, and also between Ethiopia and Somalia over a possible naval base. VOA reports that as peacekeepers prepare to leave, concerns remain about the country's ability to handle security, particularly in the face of ongoing threats from al-Shabab. Both regional tensions and internal divisions pose significant challenges for the country.

Private sector growth

Private sector vital for resilient growth in Somalia, accounting for 95% of jobs. However, private sector activity is mainly in commerce and non-tradable services, limiting overall productivity and job generation. The World Bank recommends reforms to establish equitable institutions, promote private participation, and improve selected value chains. Private investment opportunities in energy and finance are seen as feasible and critical for creating markets in the near term. Fostering a vibrant and inclusive private sector is crucial for sustainable economic growth and job creation in Somalia, according to Mirage News .

This means Ethiopian troops will not be part of the African Union (AU) )-led forces operating in the country at the end of the

African Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) mission in December.

The country is currently negotiating with other international partners to establish a multinational force whose operations will begin in January 2025.

Azernews reports that the multinational force is expected to comprise four countries including Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, and Burundi.

Ethiopian troops have contributed to ATMIS and additional troops stationed in Somalia outside the ATMIS framework.

What they said

In the course of issuing a warning, the Somali Disaster Management Agency said "The people living near the coastal areas are advised to be on high alert and exercise extreme caution." The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs also stated that "At least 203,438 people have been affected including around 37,120 displaced & 9 people killed, according to authorities. The rains have damaged infrastructure & killed livestock," adding "On 6 May, 117mm of rainfall was recorded in Doolow; the highest recorded in one day since 2016 and about a quarter of the rainfall recorded for one season, according to SWALIM."

President William Ruto has reaffirmed Kenya's commitment to strengthen its relationship with Somalia following the visit of counterpart Somalia President Hassan Mohamud’s visit to Nairobi. According to Ruto, the two countries are working together to ensure greater peace and stability in the East African region. “Our collaboration with the government of the Republic of Somalia is bearing fruit. The region is witnessing greater peace and stability. We commit to grow this relationship,” President Ruto said. Their discussions also focused on joint initiatives to combat terrorism and insecurity, Kenyan media The Star reports.

UN to increase cholera efforts

The UN is increasing efforts to address a cholera outbreak in Somalia, with 120 deaths reported since January.  Over 10,000 new cases have been reported in seven states, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) disclosed on May 19. The situation is expected to worsen due to heavy rains, according to OCHA. The outbreak is attributed to a lack of access to safe water and sanitation, Xinhua reported.

Training on emergency battlefield care

Somali Security Forces and the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) completed emergency battlefield care training facilitated by UNSOS and the Kenya Red Cross Training Institute. The three-day training aims to enhance medical personnel's capacity to provide pre-hospital medical support during joint military operations and benefit local communities, according to ATMIS . “This training is important in reducing the risk of losing our brave soldiers due to improper management of injuries sustained on the frontline,” said the Head of ATMIS, Ambassador Mohamed El-Amine Souef.

AU mission discharges 439 IEDS since 2017

The African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS) has discharged 439 IEDs since 2017 , preventing an estimated 1,756 potential casualties, according to the Chief of United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) Justin Smith. He disclosed this at a recent training aimed to enhance the operational efficiency of the Somali Security Forces in dealing with IED risks. The UN-backed program covered various aspects of IED detection, disposal, and post-blast investigation techniques. “In 2023 alone, ATMIS Search and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams found and cleared 74% of devices assessed as targeting ATMIS troops, preventing a potential 150 ATMIS casualties,” said Smith.

Somali filmmaker to premiere debut film at Cannes Film Festival

Somali filmmaker Mo Harawe is set to premiere his debut film "The Village Next to Paradise" at Cannes, the first feature from Somalia to screen at the festival on May 21. The film focuses on a single father and his family in a Somali fishing village, navigating life amid civil war and the threat of drone strikes.

What they said

Commenting on this development, Alexandra Bilak , the director of IDMC, said the millions of individuals compelled to flee in 2023 represent merely the beginning, with many more displaced individuals expected to follow. This adds to the tens of millions of internally displaced persons (IDPs) already uprooted due to past and current conflicts, violence, and natural disasters. “Over the past two years, we’ve seen alarming new levels of people having to flee their homes due to conflict and violence, even in regions where the trend had been improving,” said Ms Bilak. “Conflict, and the devastation it leaves behind, is keeping millions from re-building their lives, often for years on end.”

“Millions of families are having their lives torn apart by conflict and violence. We have never, ever recorded so many people forced away from their homes and communities. It is a damning verdict on the failures of conflict prevention and peace-making,” added Jan Egeland, secretary general of the Norwegian Refugee Council. “The suffering and the displacement last far beyond the news cycle. Too often their fate ends up in silence and neglect. The lack of protection and assistance that millions endure cannot be allowed to continue.”

Citizens of other countries including Somalia, Yemen, Chad, Cameroon, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Afghanistan, India, and Nepal who transit through Istanbul Airport will be required to have an Electronic Transit Visa.

Turkey’s Ministery of Foreign Affairs has also finalized all the necessary preparations for the issuance of the Electronic Application for Airport Transit Visa (e-HTV).

According to Radio Risaala , this will help with the application of the Transit Visa Law.

The law is scheduled to take effect on April 15.

What they said

 The government of Puntland in a st atement on March 31 said "Puntland will act independently until there is a federal government with a constitution that is agreed upon by a referendum in which Puntland takes part."

The unveiling ceremony was attended by Somalia’s President, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, Minister of Telecommunications, Jama Hassan Khalif, and other Members of Parliament, The Somalista reports.  

The 5G network will cover major cities including Mogadishu, Kismayo, Galkayo, Baidoa, Dhusamareeb, Beledwayne, Afgoye, Merca, and Dhobley, providing widespread access to high-speed internet.

Khalif recognised the launch as a symbol of Somalia's dedication to continuous improvement and growth. He emphasised the importance of advanced telecommunications infrastructure in the nation's economy and empowering its citizens.

With speeds of up to 10Gbps, the 5G service promises groundbreaking connectivity, empowering Somali communities and fostering a digitally inclusive society.

The CEO of Hormuud Telecom, Ahmed Yusuf highlighted the company's commitment to making 5G accessible to all Somalians to stimulate progress and growth. 

Hormuud Telecom's 5G launch aligns with Somalia's vision for a cashless economy, complementing its mobile money platform, EVC Plus. This integration aims to enhance financial inclusion and efficiency in transactions, overcoming challenges posed by a high percentage of unbanked citizens.

Hormuud Telecom became the second telecommunications company to unveil 5G services in Somalia, following in the footsteps of Somtel, which introduced its 5G network earlier in the year. Approximately 70% of Somalia's population is already covered by 4G networks, indicating a growing demand for faster and more reliable connectivity.

In a statement following the ceremony, Peter Mathuki, the head of the EAC Secretariat highlighted the opportunities for Somalia to contribute to the EAC's cooperative efforts in trade, investment, industrial development, and the free movement of people, labour, and services.

“Today’s occasion of Somalia depositing the instruments of the ratification with the Secretary-General will enable Somalia to kick off the process of joining EAC’s areas of cooperation. Somalia now has the green light to contribute to the development of a roadmap for her integration into the EAC," Dr Mathuki was quoted by The East African .

The East African Community (EAC) is a regional intergovernmental organisation of eight Partner States, including Burundi, Tanzania, Kenya and Rwanda.

Somalia's accession to the EAC comes after years of efforts to strengthen ties with the regional bloc. The Federal Republic of Somalia became a full member on 4th March 2024 after it was admitted into the EAC bloc on 24th November 2023.

Minister Jibril Abdirashid Haji expressed Somalia's commitment to promoting regional economic growth and social development by leveraging its abundant national resources.

“We recognise the importance of adding value to the Community, enhancing collaboration with our neighbours and promoting regional economic and social development through increased trade, bilateral agreements and joint programmes and projects,” he was quoted by the East African .

As part of its membership obligations, Somalia will designate a ministry and appoint a minister to oversee EAC matters. The country will also elect nine members of Parliament to the East African Legislative Assembly and appoint a judge to the First Instance Division of the East African Court of Justice (EACJ).