The visit comes weeks after Israel’s controversial recognition of Somaliland as an independent state. Herzog’s trip is viewed as part of Israel’s diplomatic engagement in the Horn of Africa.

There is speculation that Herzog may seek to convince Ethiopia to also recognise Somaliland. In 2024, landlocked Ethiopia signed an agreement with breakaway Somaliland to obtain access to the Bab El-Mandeb Strait in the Gulf of Aden by leasing a corridor from Somaliland for 50 years. However,  Somalia asserted that Somaliland is part of its territory and rejected the agreement.

Other regional actors have expressed concerns about the recognition of the breakaway region. During a recent visit to Ethiopia, Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said: “I would like to emphasise that Israel’s recognition of Somaliland does not benefit Somaliland or the Horn of Africa.”

On the Middle East, Selassie told Herzog that Ethiopia supports a two-state solution to resolving the Israel-Palestine conflict "where Israelis and Palestinians live side by side in peace".

Herzog also referred to the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel, stating that it creates a bridge between the two nations. In a statement upon his arrival, he said: “The relationship between our peoples is woven deep into the pages of history and human tradition. At the heart of the story of both our nations lies a clear common thread – the ability to join hands, unite resources of spirit and substance to innovate, develop, and grow for the benefit of all.”

Herzog’s visit is the first presidential trip to Ethiopia since 2018. He met with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. Abiy said the two leaders discussed “ways to improve collaboration in areas of mutual interest", without providing further details.

The visit follows remarks by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu proposing a network of allied nations in the Middle East and Africa to stand against what he described as “radical” adversaries. He said the proposed “ hexagon of alliances” would include Israel, India, Greece, Cyprus, and others.

Iran and affiliated groups such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Houthis in Yemen are widely seen as the primary focus of this proposal.

Why did Somalia expel the UAE?

According to Somali officials , the UAE had been using military bases in Bosaso and Berbera, strategically important coastal cities as logistics hubs to support military operations in Sudan’s ongoing conflict. In addition, Mogadishu accuses Abu Dhabi of backing Israel’s recognition of Somaliland, the semi-autonomous northern region seeking independence from Somalia.

“Unfortunately, the UAE failed to respect those ties within the framework of a united, sovereign and independent Somali state. We did not rush this decision. We gave ample time and repeatedly demanded that the UAE respect Somalia’s sovereignty and independence,” Somalia President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud explained in a televised address.

He added that the decision followed “extensive and careful consultations” after repeated actions by the UAE that were “unknown to and unwelcome by the Federal Government .”

The Israel-Somaliland link

The fallout comes just weeks after Israel became the first country to officially recognise Somaliland, a move which has been condemned across Africa and the Arab world . Somali authorities believe the UAE played a behind-the-scenes role in facilitating this recognition.

This interest came sharply into focus just after Christmas, when a short statement appeared on the Israeli government’s website. In it, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised Somaliland for fighting terrorism and advancing regional peace and said he accepted its independent statehood. The announcement marked the latest and most controversial chapter in a long-running geopolitical contest over the Horn of Africa.

Two to one

To understand why so many powers are invested in Somaliland’s future, it is necessary to look back to the early twentieth century. What is now Somalia was once divided between two European colonial powers. The northwestern region, shaped like the head of a horse angled toward North Africa, was British Somaliland. The rest, stretching along the Indian Ocean coastline, was an Italian colony. The two territories were administered very differently. Britain was primarily concerned with supplying its naval base in Aden and took a limited interest in the development of British Somaliland. Italy, by contrast, pursued a more ambitious imperial project, establishing plantations and centralising governance in an effort to generate wealth.

In 1960, both territories gained independence and agreed to unite as the Somali Republic. But the new state faltered. A military coup in 1969 brought Siad Barre to power, ushering in a long dictatorship. When Barre was overthrown in 1991, the Somali state collapsed entirely. Amid the chaos, the former British Somaliland unilaterally declared independence. The move attracted little international attention at the time, as global efforts focused on preventing humanitarian catastrophes elsewhere in Somalia. Over the following decades, multinational interventions failed to stabilise the country, while piracy and militant groups, most notably al-Shabaab, flourished.

Since around 2012, however, conditions have improved somewhat. Somalia has re-emerged as a federal state, with Somaliland largely left to govern itself, and the neighbouring region of Puntland also enjoying significant autonomy from Mogadishu. Supporters of Somaliland argue that it has demonstrated political maturity through peaceful transfers of power and the development of its own legal and governmental institutions.

Israel's interest

Israel’s interest in Somaliland is not new. Contacts between the two date back several decades, perhaps driven by a shared sense of isolation. More significantly, Somaliland occupies a strategic position near the Bab el Mandeb strait, the narrow passage guarding the entrance to the Red Sea. This is one of the world’s most important shipping routes and one that could be disrupted with relative ease.

That geography has taken on heightened importance for Israel due to Iran’s presence across the strait in Yemen, where Tehran backs the Houthi movement. From Israel’s perspective, access to bases or partners in Somaliland would provide an opportunity to pressure the Houthis from the south as well as from Israeli territory itself.

The diplomatic push and pull extends far beyond Israel and Iran. The European Union, the African Union, and 21 Arab and African countries have condemned Israel’s move. Among them is Turkey, which has cultivated close security and commercial ties with the Somali government in Mogadishu and harbours its own regional ambitions. China has also voiced opposition, viewing the Horn of Africa as a critical node in its Belt and Road trade network. Beijing is deeply wary of secessionist movements, in part because of concerns about its own territorial integrity, and is sending its foreign minister to Somalia to signal support for the federal government.

But the United Arab Emirates stands out for its absence from the Arab condemnation. The UAE has recently been embroiled in a bitter split with Saudi Arabia over influence in the Gulf of Aden in Yemen. As it seeks to protect its investments and trade routes, tacit support for Somaliland could offer strategic advantages, particularly if the United States were to follow Israel’s lead in recognising the region. Saudi Arabia, by contrast, did sign the declaration opposing recognition.

The possibility of US involvement cannot be dismissed. Donald Trump has repeatedly expressed hostility toward Somalia, going out of his way to insult the country and its people. In that context, it is not difficult to imagine him backing a breakup of the Somali state.

Ethiopia also has a strong stake in the outcome. It is Africa’s second most populous country, yet it is landlocked. Any arrangement that recognised Somaliland in exchange for access to the coast would be highly attractive to Addis Ababa.

United States of the Horn of Africa

With so many countries involved, the implications of recognising Somaliland reach far beyond the Horn of Africa. Such a move would inevitably raise questions about other unrecognised or partially recognised territories, including Western Sahara, Kosovo, and perhaps most sensitively, Palestine.

Some scholars argue that the crisis could also be an opportunity. Writing for Global South World , Ethiopian academic Seifudein Adem has suggested a compromise in the form of a federation of Horn of Africa states, including Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Djibouti. He notes that tribal and clan relationships in the region often matter more than national affiliations, yet do not align neatly with existing borders. Whether the recognition of Somaliland would bring the United States of the Horn of Africa closer or push it further from reality remains an open question.

Click here to watch our previous episodes

World Reframed is produced in London by Global South World, part of the Impactum Group. Its editors are Duncan Hooper and Ismail Akwei.

ISSN 2978-4891

Somalia’s Immigration and Citizenship Agency stated that the alleged flight violated national sovereignty and aviation law , emphasising that foreign aircraft must obtain explicit legal clearance before operating over Somali territory. The agency warned that unilateral actions involving Somalia’s airspace would not be tolerated.

The dispute appears closely linked to tensions within the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. Saudi Arabia has accused the UAE of helping Aidarus al-Zubaidi, leader of Yemen’s Southern Transitional Council (STC), travel without approval, allegedly via Somaliland and Somalia, before flying on to Abu Dhabi. Somalia has not named al-Zubaidi publicly, but the timing and details of its investigation align with the Saudi claims.

Saudi Arabia supports Yemen’s internationally recognised government, while the UAE backs the STC, which seeks autonomy for southern Yemen.

Somalia remains particularly sensitive to foreign activity involving Somaliland, the self-declared region that broke away in 1991 but lacks international recognition. Mogadishu fears such actions could undermine its territorial integrity and set precedents for external interference.

The United States military said it carried out a series of airstrikes against Islamic State (ISIS) targets in Somalia between January 1 and 3, in coordination with the Somali federal government. According to US Africa Command (AFRICOM), the strikes hit ISIS positions near the Calmiskaad Mountains, about 70 kilometres southeast of Bosaso in the northeastern Bari region. US officials said the operation inflicted significant losses on the militant group. Since President Donald Trump took office in 2025, the United States has conducted more than 100 airstrikes in Somalia, mainly targeting ISIS and Al-Shabaab. AFRICOM said it would continue joint operations with Somalia as the country intensifies its own campaign against Al-Shabaab in southern and central regions, with support from international partners.

Somalia and African partners call for restraint on Venezuela at UN Security Council

Somalia, together with Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, have called for restraint, dialogue and respect for international law during a UN Security Council session on the political situation in Venezuela. Speaking on behalf of the three African countries, known as the A3, Somalia underscored the need to uphold sovereignty and territorial integrity as outlined in the UN Charter. Somalia is presiding over the council for the month, while the three countries serve as Africa’s representatives on the 15-member body. The A3 warned that escalating tensions could destabilise the wider region and expressed solidarity with the Venezuelan people, reaffirming the African Union’s position in favour of peace and stability.

US confirms links between Somali UN envoy and healthcare firm

The United States government has confirmed that Somalia’s ambassador to the United Nations, Abukar Osman, is associated with a healthcare company previously implicated in Medicaid fraud. In a statement on X, US Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Jim O’Neill said Ambassador Osman is linked to Progressive Health Care Services, a home health agency in Cincinnati, against which US authorities had taken action following a Medicaid fraud conviction. The confirmation followed online speculation about the ambassador’s business interests in the United States, which gained attention after he confronted Israel’s deputy representative at the UN Security Council last month over Israel’s recognition of Somaliland.

Israel’s Somaliland visit sparks regional backlash

Israel’s foreign minister, Gideon Saar, arrived in Somaliland on Tuesday following Israel’s recognition of the breakaway region, prompting strong condemnation from Somalia. Saar described the recognition as “the moral thing to do”, while Somaliland President Abdirahman Abdullahi Mohamed said it would open economic and development opportunities. Somalia’s foreign ministry called the visit an “illegal and unauthorised incursion” and said it reserves the right to take diplomatic and legal measures to protect its sovereignty. The African Union Peace and Security Council, the Arab League and several regional blocs condemned Israel’s move, warning it could destabilise the Horn of Africa. Islamist group Al-Shabaab said it would oppose any Israeli presence in Somaliland.

Ethiopia reaffirms commitment to Somalia’s sovereignty

Ethiopia’s government has reiterated its commitment to respecting Somalia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, saying its position is guided by international law and principles of good neighbourliness. In a statement on Ethiopia–Somalia relations, Addis Ababa said the two countries share deep historical, cultural and social ties that require cooperation to maintain peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia rejected claims that its engagements with other parties undermine Somalia and called for dialogue and diplomacy to resolve misunderstandings. The government said it remains ready to work with Somalia on security, trade, economic development and regional integration, stressing that a stable Somalia is in the best interest of the region and the continent.

“Recognising a part of an independent country, Somali territory, by a party whose own existence is illegitimate is an action solely aimed at fragmenting Islamic countries and destabilising the region,” Baghaei said.

Israel announced on Friday, December 26, that it had officially recognised the Republic of Somaliland and its right to self-determination. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced during a video call with Somaliland President Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi.

Somaliland declared independence from Somalia in 1991 following the collapse of the central government and years of civil war. While it has since functioned as a self-governing entity with its own institutions, it has not been formally recognised as a sovereign state by any country, despite maintaining ties with several African and European states as well as the United States .

Israel’s move has drawn criticism from across the region. The Arab League Council, meeting at the level of deputy foreign ministers, denounced the decision, describing it as “an attack on Arab national security .”

During the same press conference, Baghaei also commented on remarks by Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani about Baghdad’s efforts to mediate between Tehran and Washington. He dismissed talk of renewed negotiations, saying it was “unrealistic to speak of negotiations when the process lacks basic diplomatic etiquette.”

Iran has repeatedly said negotiations with the United States are futile, despite US President Donald Trump ’s claim that Tehran is seeking a deal over its nuclear programme.

The decision triggered what local media described as the largest protests in Mogadishu in recent years, with demonstrators burning Israeli flags and accusing Israel of attempting to divide the country.

Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud addressed an emergency parliamentary session, calling Israel’s recognition of Somaliland “a blunt aggression” against Somalia’s sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity. He warned that the move threatened not only Somalia but the stability of the wider region, local news Hiiraan reports .

Regional security fears

The issue has quickly taken on a regional dimension as Yemen’s Houthi leader, Abdulmalik al-Houthi, warned that any Israeli military presence in Somaliland would be considered a legitimate military target, describing it as a threat to Somalia, Yemen and Red Sea security.

Further, there are concerns over Somaliland’s strategic location along the Gulf of Aden, which is a vital global shipping route. This has raised fears that the dispute could spiral beyond diplomacy into a regional confrontation.

Palestinian response

Palestinian State has also condemned Israel’s move, rejecting any suggestion that Somaliland could be linked to proposals to relocate Palestinians from Gaza. They said neither Palestinian self-determination nor Somali sovereignty could be used as bargaining chips, accusing Israel of exporting instability into the Horn of Africa. “Neither the future of the Palestinian people nor the territorial sovereignty of Somalia can be used as a bargaining chip…Unequivocally rejects any steps aimed at advancing this objective, including any attempt by Israel to relocate the Palestinian population from Gaza into Northwestern Somalia…Will neither accept nor condone the illegal use of any territory, let alone that of a sovereign State which is a Member of the United Nations, to deny the right to self-determination to a people who have been subjected to crimes against humanity for many years…,” a post on the official Palestinian State account on X read in part.

United Nations reaction

At an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council in New York , 14 of the council’s 15 members criticised Israel’s decision, warning it could destabilise Somalia and set a dangerous precedent.

Somalia’s ambassador to the UN urged the council to reject what he called an act of external interference, saying the recognition risked undermining peace in the Horn of Africa. The United States was the only council member that did not condemn the move, although it said its own policy on Somaliland remains unchanged.

African states push back

Several African governments have also spoken out against the decision by Israel. South Africa warned that Israel’s recognition of Somaliland posed a “direct threat” to peace in the Horn of Africa and violated Somalia’s territorial integrity.

Pretoria stressed the African Union’s long-standing principle of uti possidetis, which upholds borders inherited at independence to prevent conflict , and cautioned that recognising breakaway regions could encourage instability and embolden secessionist movements on the continent.

Aweis said Somalia “categorically and unequivocally” rejects any attempt by Israel to recognise Somaliland, which he referred to as the country’s northern region. He stressed that Somalia remains a single, indivisible sovereign state and that no external actor has the authority to alter its territorial integrity or political unity.

The minister cautioned that what he described as illegitimate actions could threaten regional peace and stability. He warned that such moves risk provoking tensions across the Horn of Africa, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Middle East , and the wider region.

He also argued that challenging Somalia’s sovereignty could undermine collective efforts to combat extremist groups, including Al Shabaab and ISIS. According to Aweis, political instability could create opportunities for such groups to exploit, weakening ongoing peace and security efforts.

The comments followed remarks by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Friday, December 26, who said Israel and Somaliland had signed a joint declaration to establish full diplomatic relations, describing the move as being in the spirit of the Abraham Accords. Somaliland declared independence from Somalia in 1991 but has not been recognised by any United Nations member state, a claim Somalia has consistently rejected.

Mogadishu described the move as a deliberate violation of its sovereignty. “The Somaliland Region is an integral, inseparable, and inalienable part of the sovereign territory of the Federal Republic of Somalia,” the statement read.

Somalia reaffirmed its status as a single, indivisible sovereign state. It noted that no external actor has the legal authority to alter its unity or territorial boundaries. 

According to the government, any declaration or recognition that attempts to undermine Somalia’s unity holds no legitimacy under international law. The statement further emphasised that all matters relating to Somalia’s governance and constitutional order fall exclusively within the domain of the Somali people and must be resolved through lawful and peaceful processes.

In addition, the government expressed continued support for the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people , including their right to self-determination, a claim which the current Israeli government, led by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, opposes. 

Somalia condemned occupation, forced displacement, demographic changes, and settlement expansions. “Somalia will never accept efforts to render the Palestinian people stateless,” the statement added.

Somalia also issued a warning against the establishment of foreign military bases or security arrangements within its borders. The government stated that such actions could involve Somalia in proxy conflicts and import regional or international hostilities. It noted that these developments could threaten peace and stability in the Horn of Africa, the Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aden, while also providing opportunities for terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab and ISIS.

Last year, Somalia nullified a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by the self-declared Somaliland administration with landlocked Ethiopia, granting it access to the Red Sea.

The agreement had proposed to lease a corridor to Addis Ababa, granting it access to the Bab El-Mandeb Strait in the Gulf of Aden for 50 years. 

In exchange, Somaliland would have reportedly received an unspecified stake in Ethiopian Airlines and formal recognition as an independent state.

Somalia rejected the MoU, asserting that Somaliland remains an integral part of its territory.

On May 24, 1991, Eritrean forces captured their capital, Asmara, a victory which effectively marked the end of decades of war and ultimately secession from Ethiopia. This was the first such case in post-colonial Africa. Just six days earlier, the Somali Republic, which was created in 1960, split as Somaliland (a former British colony) declared independence from Somalia (a former Italian colony). 

Eritrea seceded from a union with Ethiopia, which had been imposed on it in 1962, but Somaliland seceded from a greater Somalia to which it had consented.

Ethiopia’s own government ultimately facilitated Eritrea’s recognition as a sovereign state by the international community.

Thirty-four years after its secession, Somaliland is still in search of international recognition in the face of fierce opposition from Somalia. And then, suddenly, Ethiopia suggested on January 1, 2024, that a quid pro quo may be possible after all: diplomatic recognition in return for access to the sea. If the deal were carried through as planned, it would be the most consequential international event in the Horn of Africa in decades. The hope was that Ethiopia’s recognition would pave the way for similar actions by other states, eventually leading to the birth of the world ’s newest state, the Republic of Somaliland.

So, to recap the two scenarios:

Inter-state and inter-ethnic conflicts continue to define the Horn of Africa.

Blinded by post-colonial logic

Even if Ethiopia and Somaliland had been able to execute as planned without any negative repercussions, their solution would have fallen short of addressing the seemingly intractable problem of the Horn of Africa. But why is the region so chronically unstable, and what can be done about it for the long term? All parties have an interest in the prosperity that a more stable region would generate.

The challenge, as so often, is about history. Ethiopia, alone among the states in the Horn of Africa, was never colonised.”. But its borders were nevertheless a product of struggles and arrangements made in capitals thousands of miles away. The ultimate consequence of the partition of the Horn of Africa was that cohesive nations of people who should have been governing themselves found borders separating them into different states. Conversely, those who should have been separated found themselves on the same side of the line as people with conflicting cultures, histories and traditions. 

This is the fundamental root of the political instability of the Horn of Africa.

What came into being in the region in the post-colonial period was Ethiopia, a state in search of a nation, and Somalia and Djibouti, nations in search of a state. Eritrea is neither a state nor a nation—it is an entity in search of both.

The political concept of state denotes administrative structure and control, and the sociological concept of nation denotes collective identity. 

Over the years, several proposals have been put forward for addressing the challenge of political instability in the Horn of Africa. One element that these proposals had in common was the need to maintain existing colonial borders, even if the countries in the region were to form some kind of union. The logic of avoiding the inevitable disputes and wrangling over a redrawing of boundaries is understandable. But is it compatible with a solution to the underlying problems?

What if our fixation with national borders with customs points, and fences is merely entrenching the errors of the past? What if we look instead at governance and decision-making and consider a framework that can support the needs of people without simply recreating existing problems in new locations? In fact, this formula is consistent with what is seemingly being practised in Ethiopia at the moment—ethnic federalism. But this approach also transcends it. The autonomy of different ethnic regions should be disproportional or asymmetric, reflecting the distinctive historical experiences of various regions. Some areas have greater cohesion and more unity, others need more independence.

It should be noted that such a concept is not new to Eritrea: Eritrea enjoyed a special status between 1952 and 1962. It was granted a federal status in an otherwise unitary Ethiopia. After a decade, however, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia abrogated the federal treaty with the support of the US, which, because of the Cold War, had a significant geostrategic interest in the region.

Such a special status should be extended not only to Eritrea but also to other regions in the Horn of Africa, including particularly Somaliland. If this type of asymmetric constitutionalism is implemented, the result could be the United States of the Horn of Africa. In theory, this would also become a stepping stone toward the realisation of the long-dreamt United States of Africa.

Author’s note: In this essay, I have referred to the Horn of Africa as Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea. The Greater Horn of Africa clearly also encompasses Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, and Uganda.

The opinions and thoughts expressed in this article reflect only the author's views.

Seifudein Adem is a visiting professor at the Institute of Advanced Research and Education at Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan. He has taught in Ethiopia, the US, Japan and China and is the author of several books on international relations.

This is a desperate and misguided attempt by the failed state of Somalia. This is indicative of a corrupt regime on its last breath, engaged in a suicide mission,” Adan wrote, adding that Somalia’s actions would not prevent Somaliland from gaining international recognition.

His comments followed a report by Semafor revealing that Somalia had offered Washington “exclusive operational control” over key Gulf of Aden ports in an apparent effort to deter the U.S. from recognising Somaliland’s independence. However, the Somali government does not control these assets, making the offer largely symbolic.

It was reported early on in December that the Trump administration was weighing the possibility of recognising Somaliland as part of its strategic efforts to counter Chinese influence in the Horn of Africa.

Adan reiterated that Mogadishu had no power to halt Somaliland’s pursuit of recognition, stating that it was only a matter of time before the region’s sovereignty was acknowledged on the global stage.

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Venezuela reaches agreement with US to resume repatriation flights of migrants

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Africa

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Somaliland open to hosting Gaza residents only after global recognition

Somaliland says it may host Gaza residents but insists such talks must follow formal international recognition of its sovereignty, its foreign minister told Israel’s KAN broadcaster. Read more here .

Speaking to Israel’s public broadcaster KAN, Somaliland’s Foreign Minister, Abdirahman Dahir Aden, underscored that the self-declared republic will not entertain negotiations on humanitarian resettlement or other bilateral matters unless the world first acknowledges its status as an independent nation.

“Somaliland is open to dialogue on a range of international issues,” Aden said, “but those conversations must begin with recognition of our sovereignty and the establishment of diplomatic relations.”

The statement comes amid reports that Israel and the United States have floated possible resettlement options for displaced Palestinians in territories including Somaliland, Somalia, and Sudan. However, all three countries have denied receiving formal proposals from international actors regarding such plans.

Minister Aden emphasised that while Somaliland is committed to playing a constructive role in global affairs, its primary objective remains securing international legitimacy.

“We have governed ourselves peacefully and democratically for 33 years. Our people have proven their commitment to stability and self-reliance. Recognition is not just a symbolic milestone—it’s a necessary foundation for meaningful cooperation,” he added.

Since declaring independence from Somalia in 1991, Somaliland has functioned as a de facto state with its government, currency, military, and institutions. Despite its relative stability and democratic progress, it has yet to be recognized by any country or international body.

"It is challenging, but progress is being made," says Rashida Mahmud Abdirahman, a lawyer advocating for women’s participation in sports, told the AFP.

Amuna Adam, co-founder of the Ubah Fitness Centre, recalls the backlash she faced when starting the initiative. "When we started this centre, many people were saying this is a Westernised idea; it is against Islam and such, so we have been facing a lot of challenges," she explains.

For Hafsa Omer, captain of a local sports team, the journey has been equally difficult. "It was tough for us to be told, 'You are girls, you are not supposed to play.' The culture and the religion were not allowing us to play. Some of our parents did not even allow us to play," she shares. However, she notes a gradual change in attitudes, particularly among families. "We need to exercise our bodies for health purposes, so they eventually accepted, but the community still finds it surprising when girls play sports."

Abdirahman highlights the societal stigma many women face when participating in sports. "If a girl plays football, basketball, swims, or goes to the gym, many in society view it as shameful. They ask, 'What are you doing? You're a girl.' It is challenging, but progress is being made. Now, we have a football team, a basketball team, and several places where girls can exercise," she says, while acknowledging that obstacles remain.

Hafsa Omer, the centre’s Cassette Archive Manager told the AFP that the tapes are important because they preserve the people’s history for future generations.

“My people never write or read, all they do is talk,” she was quoted.

The tapes reveal stories of Somaliland’s past, including political conversations recorded in secret during the country’s conflict in the 1980s. Jama Musse Jama, the centre’s director, says the archive is proof that Somaliland exists despite a lack of global recognition.

He believes keeping this history alive will ensure accurate stories are passed on to younger generations.

Ethiopia has congratulated Somaliland on its recent presidential election, recognising it as peaceful and democratic. The Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs praised the Somaliland National Electoral Commission for conducting free and fair elections, making Ethiopia the first country to acknowledge Somaliland's electoral process. International observers also commended the transparency of voter registration and candidate nomination. The election featured incumbent Muse Bihi Abdi and his opponents, with results yet to be declared. Despite this progress, Somaliland faces ongoing tensions with Somalia over an 'illegal' agreement allowing Ethiopia access to the sea for a military base, which Somalia rejects, viewing it as annexation.

Collaboration with UN agencies to launch internal displacement strategy

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Low-carbon development agreement with Russia

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Military helicopter crash

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Fight against Somalian jihadist group Al-Shabaab

Ethiopia plans to continue its fight against Al-Shabaab in Somalia, emphasising the need to protect national security and past victories against the militant group. Ministry spokesperson Nebiat Getachew highlighted Ethiopia's key role in reducing Al-Shabaab threats in the Horn of Africa. However, relations between Ethiopia and Somalia have deteriorated after Somalia's Defense Minister labelled Ethiopia a "hostile" country, opposing its participation in the upcoming African Union Support and Stabilisation Mission. Somalia has also demanded Ethiopian troop withdrawal by December 2024, citing territorial integrity concerns linked to an agreement between Ethiopia and Somaliland. This diplomatic tension raises fears of increased Al-Shabaab activity in the region.

The Somaliland National Electoral Commission is expected to release provisional results on 20th November 2024 at 6PM local time.

Meanwhile, Somaliland’s Supreme Court will confirm results as official on 21st November 2024 at 10am local time.

8:19 GMT:

Ballot boxes being delivered to district centres in Somaliland this morning after vote counting.

18:48 GMT: Incumbent president and presidential candidate for the Waddani party speaks

In his speech after voting, President Muse Bihi Abdi said he is ready to accept whatever results emerge from the voting process.

16:57 GMT: Previous highlights

Two Vice presidential candidates from the Waddani Party and the Kulmiye Party exchanged greetings as they walked in to cast votes earlier in the day.

15:36 GMT: Polls officially close, vote counting begins

Polling stations in Somaliland have officially closed at 6 p.m. local time. Voters who were in line at the time of closing will still be permitted to cast their ballots. The vote-counting process has now begun.

15:08 GMT:

Meanwhile, voters earlier expressed optimism about a peaceful election, highlighting the role of the elections in promoting the democracy of Somaliland and positioning it for possible recognition by international bodies.

15:25 GMT: NEC meets international observers

International Election Observers met with the Electoral Commission earlier in the morning.

15:03 GMT: Electoral officers at work

Altogether, 7,500 core staff are working across the over 2,000 polling stations nationwide, with 5000 subordinate staff assisting to ensure a smooth, & transparent elections.

14:41 GMT: Police force rally together to ensure peace

The Somaliland Police Commissioner & NEC Chairman Musa Hassan met ahead of the elections on Tuesday, to offer guidance to police forces and ensure peace and security.

14:09 GMT: Some women were captured with food being carried to some polling stations.

14:00 GMT: Provision made for the sick and physically challenged

Videos have emerged of how some sick persons and physically challenged persons were given an advantage to participate in the voting process at some polling stations.

13:56 GMT: Voting continues in many parts of the country.

13:43 GMT: Electoral officers across several polling stations are captured working

Source: Twitter/@HMATimCole

13:36 GMT: President's mother votes

Mother of President Muse Bihi Abdi earlier cast her vote in a private process.

13:26 GMT: Incumbent President votes

President Muse Bihi Abdi voted earlier in the morning after his facial recognition details were obtained.

13:20 GMT: Voters queue to vote

Long queues of voters are seen at various polling centres across the Republic.

13:17 GMT: Traffic movement curfew

National Chairman of the Electoral Commission announced the implementation of a comprehensive vehicle movement restriction, extending from 12:00 midnight, Tuesday November 12 to midnight Wednesday. The 24-hour curfew exempts vehicles displaying official NEC identification plates, emergency services, medical personnel, and essential service providers carrying special permits.

Polling stations in Somaliland opened early. Voting began at 7 a.m. local time (0300 GMT) and is set to run until 6 p.m. More than 1 million registered voters are expected to participate, according to the Somaliland National Electoral Commission.

KEY FACTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

Who is voting?

About one million citizens are expected to cast their votes at over 2,000 polling stations in the ongoing Somaliland elections.

This is the state’s fourth general election since it declared independence from Somalia in 1991.

While it operates with its own government and institutions, Somaliland is not internationally recognised as a sovereign state, it is still considered a country under the Somalian territory.

The elections which were originally scheduled for 2022 were pushed after legislators extended the ruling President Muse Bihi Abdi’s term by two years.

Voter registration process

The voter registration process requires scanning Iris images (two eyes of registrants),  a picture (facial recognition), and demographic data like name, age, mother’s name, date of birth etc. This system was introduced and used for the very first time in 2014.

Candidates

Three candidates from Somaliland's three main political parties, Kulmiye, Waddani, and UCID are contesting in the race.

The ruling Kulmiye (Peace, Unity and Development) Party is being represented by incumbent President Muse Bihi Abdi who is seeking to renew his mandate after seven years in office.

His main contender is former parliament speaker and opposition candidate Abdirahman “Irro” Mohamed Abdullahi of the Somaliland National Party, also known as the Waddani party, which has promised more roles for women and young people in his government.

The third candidate, Faisal Ali Warabe of the Justice and Welfare Party (UCID) is also in the race with his message for a national unity government.

Why the election is important

The elections are a crucial one as the country’s leader and aspiring presidential candidates advocate for the sovereignty and international recognition of Somaliland.

The country hopes to demonstrate its commitment to democratic processes which is in contrast with Somalia’s political and security issues. Since breaking away from Somalia, Somaliland has held regular elections and peaceful transitions of power.

The process which is closely watched by international observers may determine the country’s reputation of stability in the region.

Key issues

Push for international recognition

All three parties are dwelling on their focus on the longstanding quest for international recognition as an independent . While Kulmiye has advocated over the years for support from Western nations, including the U.S. and U.K., his main opponent Waddani aims to extend diplomatic engagement to African countries and other Global South states. ​

Somaliland-Ethiopia Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)

The recent standoff between Somaliland and Ethiopia over a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed in January 2024, is also crucial in this election. The agreement includes economic cooperation, with Ethiopia gaining access to Somaliland's Berbera port, which some see as a step toward formal recognition by a neighbouring state. However, Somalia has strongly opposed the deal, describing it as Ethiopian interference in Somali affairs. The deal has sparked tension with Somalia and neighbouring countries like Djibouti, who view Ethiopia’s access to Berbera as potentially disruptive to their economic interests​

Regional stability and conflicts

Somaliland has suffered internal conflicts over the years. Since February 6, 2023, there has been fighting in the disputed city of Las Anod between forces in the self-declared state of Somaliland and local militia from the Dhulbahante clan in northern Somalia. The city, also known as Laascaanood, is located between Somaliland and Puntland, a nearby semi-autonomous region in Somalia’s northeast. Both regions are laying claim to the city. Thousands have been displaced as a result of the crisis. A peaceful election outcome could strengthen Somaliland’s reputation as a stable democracy, reinforcing its case for recognition​. It could also differentiate itself from Somalia, where political unrest is more common​

The diplomatic crisis between Somalia and Ethiopia is escalating, primarily triggered by a memorandum signed by Ethiopia with Somaliland for access to the Red Sea. Tensions intensified following a cooperation agreement between Somalia and Egypt, which involved the deployment of Egyptian soldiers to Somalia. Ethiopian officials have accused Somalia of collaborating with external threats, particularly Egypt, while Somalia claims the Egyptian troops are for defensive purposes. Nova.news reports Somali Prime Minister Hamza Abdi Barre defended the troop deployment, asserting Somalia's right to seek security assistance while condemning Ethiopia's actions as violations of Somali sovereignty. Diplomatic relations are strained further, with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud repeatedly refusing to meet Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed during a recent forum in Beijing.

Construction boom

Mogadishu is experiencing a construction boom, transforming its skyline but exacerbating inequality for the urban poor, including many displaced by war and climate shocks. Over 700,000 displaced individuals have settled in overcrowded informal settlements, facing forced evictions as land values rise due to gentrification fueled by wealthy investors. Some local authorities have cleared government lands to accommodate property development, further marginalising vulnerable communities. According to The New Humanitarian , The Somali government aims to address the needs of displaced communities through a National Durable Solution Strategy, but faces challenges due to inadequate funding, land ownership issues, and ongoing humanitarian crises. Activists emphasize the need for improved governance and inclusive urban planning to ensure that all residents have a voice in Mogadishu’s development.

Laboratory strategic plan

Somalia has developed its first-ever laboratory strategic plan, aimed at enhancing diagnostic capabilities and laboratory services in the country. Finalised through collaboration between Africa CDC and Somalia’s Federal Ministry of Health, the plan addresses critical gaps in lab infrastructure, personnel training, and supply management, while aligning with global standards like the International Health Regulations. The initiative is crucial for strengthening public health responses in Somalia, which has a history of health challenges due to resource limitations and a fragile health system. Africa CDC provided technical assistance and support from various specialists to create a costed implementation plan and identify funding sources for execution. This effort is seen as a significant milestone in building a resilient public health system in Somalia.

Missile and space rocket testing facility

Turkey is in discussions with Somalia to construct a missile and space rocket testing facility in the Horn of Africa, due to Somalia's strategic location for launches over the Indian Ocean. The country's proximity to the equator makes it an ideal candidate for a spaceport, enhancing the range and effectiveness of rocket launches. Turkey aims to bolster its ballistic missile program and enter the global space race. Turkish officials are hopeful for Somali approval, although the defence ministry declined to comment. News Central reports Turkey has been increasing its presence in Somalia through defence cooperation and infrastructure projects, as Somalia seeks to rebuild following years of conflict.

Ethiopian troops seize airports

Ethiopian troops have captured key airports in Somalia’s Gedo region—Luq, Dolow, and Bardere—to prevent the potential airlifting of Egyptian troops intended to replace Ethiopian forces in Jubaland and Hirshabelle. This strategic move aims to disrupt a deployment tied to a recent defence agreement between Somalia and Egypt. Relations between Ethiopia and Somalia have deteriorated further due to this and a controversial memorandum regarding Red Sea access. As reported by Nova.news , tensions are also fueled by the ongoing dispute over Ethiopia's Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, which Egypt opposes. Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud has notably refused to meet with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed during recent events, reflecting heightened diplomatic strains.

The initial agreement , which included a provision for Ethiopia to have 50 years of access to the Gulf of Aden in return, sparked an uproar in neighbouring countries. Somalia strongly asserted its commitment to defending its territorial integrity, while other nations, including Egypt, urged caution. 

In a meeting between Ethiopian PM Abiy Ahmed and Kenyan President William Ruto in Nairobi last week, Bloomberg reported that Abiy expressed willingness to reconsider the deal's “most contentious elements to mend relations with Somalia.” Ethiopian officials have privately informed foreign counterparts about the country's potential willingness to drop its recognition of Somaliland.

Ruto, in an interview with Bloomberg in January, mentioned efforts by his administration to persuade Ethiopia to explore alternative options beyond the demand for a port. However, the specifics of these alternatives remain unclear.

While Ethiopia has not officially withdrawn from the agreement with Somaliland, Abiy continues to express interest in achieving direct access to the coast.

What they said

The Somalia Civil Aviation Authority in a press statement released on January 17 said, “Today, on 17/01/2024, the Somalia Civil Aviation Authority denied entry to an Ethiopian Airlines plane, type Dash 8-Q400, bearing the flight number ET8372 en route to Hargeisa. The aircraft was turned back before entering Somalia's airspace due to the absence of the necessary permissions. In accordance with international aviation Law and Somali Regulations (SOMCARs) stipulate that flights must obtain clearance from the destination country prior to departure. The Somalia Civil Aviation Authority strictly prohibits any unauthorized aircraft from entering our airspace, while regular flights continue to operate without disruption.”

Mumin was arrested on January 14 in the capital Hargeisa after comments he made against the deal between Somaliland President Muse Bihi Abdi and Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed.

Somaliland had pledged to lease 20 kilometres of the Red Sea on a naval base to Ethiopia for 50 years in exchange for its sovereignty as a country.

The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between both countries in Addis Ababa on January 1, 2024, grants Ethiopia access to Somaliland’s Berbera port for commercial marine operations in return for official recognition by Ethiopia as an independent state after its breakaway from Somalia.

Somaliland has since opposed the deal which it describes as an act of aggression, raising concerns about instability in the Horn of Africa Region.

Somaliland’s foreign minister, Essa Kayd said the port deal will legitimize the country’s self-determination and make the country recognised.

“Recognition is what we have been fighting for all this time and it is the most important thing we can offer to the people of Somaliland,” Kayd was quoted by local media outlet, Garowe Online .

He noted that the agreement is only valid if Ethiopia honours its side of the deal.

What they said

Somalia's President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud wrote on X (formerly Twitter): "This evening, I signed the law nullifying the illegal MoU between the governments of Ethiopia and Somaliland. This law is an illustration of our commitment to safeguarding our unity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity as per international law." Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union, H.E. Moussa Faki Mahamat, in a statement , called for calm among the nations: “The Chairperson calls for calm and mutual respect to de-escalate the simmering tension between the governments of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Federal Republic of Somalia. In this regard, he urges the two countries to refrain from any action that, unintentionally, may lead to a deterioration of the good relations between the two neighbouring Eastern African countries.” The US State Department spokesman Matthew Miller told reporters, "The United States recognises the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Somalia within its 1960 borders. We join other partners in expressing our serious concern ."

The House of Elders in Somaliland has excluded plans for reviewing prospective talks between Somalia and Somaliland from their current session agenda. The House says it is premature to reach conclusive decisions on the talks, given the absence of ongoing discussions and the government's commitment to resuming negotiations that are yet to be officially confirmed, local news media Somaliland reported.

President Bihi restructures cabinet

President Bihi of Somaliland has implemented changes to his cabinet, dismissing three ministers and appointing two new members. The restructuring came with the removal of the ministers of Technology and Telecommunication, Endowment and Religious Affairs, Investment, and Agriculture. The President has appointed the current spokesperson of the ruling party and the former Director of Somaliland's Insurance Agency to the cabinet. The decision to dismiss the three ministers is attributed to their failure to fulfil their roles effectively, as reported by local news media Somaliland Chronicles .

Somaliland elections

The National Commission (NEC) of the Republic of Somaliland has initiated preparations for the upcoming elections. The election agency has announced in a press release that it had conducted a meeting to discuss the completion and issuance of the final voters' list and to address various aspects related to the preparation of the impending election, Somaliland Standard reported.

SSC Group

The secessionist armed SSC group advocating for an independent Khatumo state within Somaliland has called for a peaceful co-existence. According to reports from local media Somaliland Sun , the leader of SSC-Khatumo, Abdukadir Firdhiye has emphasized the significance of peace and stability for Somaliland, indicating a shift in the group's approach toward resolving the longstanding conflict.

Appointment of intelligence chief

Somaliland's President Muse Bihi Abdi has appointed a new intelligence chief, with unconfirmed reports suggesting the appointee has served in various capacities with the US military overseas. Speculation surrounds the appointment, hinting at potential efforts by Somaliland to strengthen ties with the United States and other Western countries to enhance counter-terrorism measures, Somaliland Chronicles reported.