Peressini said the group wants to end what it described as the use of hunger as a weapon of war, and accused Israel of trying to “exterminate and expel the Palestinian people.” He also cited a death toll of more than 70,000 Palestinians and alleged massive bombardment, figures and characterisations that could not be independently verified in the announcement.

Another activist, Celeste Fierro, said the mission was a response to what she called a “lie” ceasefire linked to US President Donald Trump , arguing that “the policy of ethnic cleansing and apartheid continue” and that activists therefore needed to keep up pressure through direct action.

The growing pressure on Chile’s northern border

Over the past several years, Chile’s northern frontier has become one of the main migration routes into the country. Thousands of migrants, many travelling from Venezuela, Haiti and other parts of Latin America, have crossed through Bolivia before entering Chile via remote border points in the Andean plateau.

For Kast’s government, the situation represents a serious challenge to national security and state capacity. Officials argue that irregular crossings are linked not only to humanitarian migration but also to organised crime networks, including human trafficking, smuggling and drug transport routes operating across the Andean region.

The proposed border measures, therefore, go beyond a simple wall. The plan includes trenches, high fencing, electronic surveillance systems, drones and an expanded military presence along vulnerable sections of the frontier.

A difficult border to control

The border between Chile and Bolivia runs for roughly 860 kilometres across one of the most inhospitable landscapes in the world. Much of it cuts through high-altitude desert terrain in the Atacama Desert, where temperatures fluctuate dramatically, and infrastructure is scarce.

Policing such terrain has always been difficult. Even today, large sections of the frontier remain largely unmonitored.

For critics, this raises doubts about the practical effectiveness of building walls in such an environment . They argue that migration routes tend to adapt quickly to new barriers, often shifting to more remote or dangerous paths.

Regional and diplomatic implications

The proposal has also generated discussion in Bolivia, where some officials and analysts worry about the potential diplomatic impact of a heavily fortified border.

Relations between the two countries have long been shaped by historical tensions dating back to the War of the Pacific, which left Bolivia landlocked after losing its coastline to Chile.

Although trade and cross-border movement have continued in the decades since, the idea of a physical barrier raises concerns about the future dynamics of mobility and cooperation in the region.

At the same time, migration across the Andes is rarely a purely bilateral issue. Many migrants travelling through Bolivia have already crossed several countries before reaching Chile, making the phenomenon part of a much broader regional migration system.

Infantino’s comments come as parts of Mexico have seen roadblocks, burned vehicles and clashes after the Mexican military operation that authorities said killed the head of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG). Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum has insisted there is “no risk” to visitors, while Infantino said he had spoken with her and reiterated FIFA’s “full confidence” in Mexico as a host.

Mexican security officials and media reports have put the death toll from the violence at at least 70, while security concerns have already affected sporting events, including the cancellation of a World Cup diving event scheduled in the Guadalajara area.

Mexico is set to co-host the tournament with the United States and Canada, staging 13 matches across Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey, including four in Guadalajara, one of the host cities in Jalisco state.

Brazil leads the regional contingent with 14 competitors, the largest ever for the South American nation at a Winter Olympics, competing in five sports including alpine skiing, skeleton and bobsleigh. Argentina follows with around eight athletes in events such as alpine and cross-country skiing, luge and more. Mexico is also notable with several competitors, including figure skater Donovan Carrillo, who previously helped break a decades-long absence in Olympic figure skating finals and continues to be a focal point of Latin America’s winter sport narrative.

Smaller delegations from Chile, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Uruguay and Puerto Rico round out the Latin American presence, each represented by one or two athletes in sports ranging from skeleton and cross-country skiing to alpine events. Colombia, for example, fields athletes in both cross-country skiing and skeleton, reflecting the broadening base of participation across the region.

For many of these competitors, reaching the Winter Olympics involves extensive preparation abroad, often training in snowy climates far from home while balancing limited local infrastructure and funding. Carrillo’s journey, training in Canada under elite coaching and returning as one of the region’s most visible competitors, illustrates both the challenges and aspirations of Latin American winter athletes.

The record delegation comes as the Games bring together more than 3,500 athletes from 93 nations, competing for medals in 16 disciplines, including figure skating, alpine skiing and luge. Latin America ’s expanded representation, although still modest compared with traditional winter sport powerhouses, reflects increasing ambition and investment in non-traditional sporting arenas.

While no Latin American competitor has yet won a Winter Olympic medal, the milestone of sending a record number of athletes in 2026 carries symbolic significance for the region. It highlights not only personal achievements but also the potential for broader development of winter sports culture across countries historically associated with warm climates. As the Milan-Cortina Games unfold, Latin American athletes continue to capture attention, fostering inspiration for future generations and signalling that ice and snow have a place in the region’s sporting story.

Ecuador’s Olympic Committee (COE) warned that the country is close to facing a possible Olympic suspension due to alleged state interference in sports governance . The alert follows a conflict between the COE and Fedeguayas, after government pressure linked to leadership disputes within the federation. COE officials argue that state involvement violates the principle of autonomy required by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). They cautioned that continued interference could lead to sanctions, including exclusion from international competitions. Authorities have not ruled out dialogue, but tensions remain unresolved.

Ecuador reviews Colombia’s account of foreign ministers’ meeting

Ecuador’s government said it is analysing Colombia’s version of a recent bilateral meeting between foreign ministers, which outlined commitments on security cooperation, energy integration and tariff issues. Quito stressed the importance of coordination on cross-border security, particularly in the fight against organised crime. Officials highlighted energy collaboration and trade as shared priorities, while underscoring Ecuador’s interest in concrete follow-up mechanisms. The statement reflects cautious diplomacy as both countries seek to balance cooperation with national interests.

Messi sparks excitement as Inter Miami arrives in Guayaquil

Argentine football star Lionel Messi was enthusiastically welcomed by fans in Guayaquil ahead of a friendly match between Inter Miami and Barcelona SC, dubbed the “Match of History ”. Supporters gathered outside the Oro Verde Hotel, praising Messi’s legacy and expressing excitement at seeing him play in Ecuador. Authorities deployed a special security operation due to the scale of public interest. The match, part of Inter Miami’s South American tour, is expected to feature players such as Luis Suárez and Rodrigo De Paul, drawing significant attention nationwide.

Prison authority cites improvements at Penitenciaría del Litoral amid health concerns

Ecuador’s prison authority SNAI said it is implementing improvements in food provision and infrastructure at the Penitenciaría del Litoral following reports of sanitary problems. Officials claimed measures are underway to address hygiene, overcrowding and basic services at the facility. The prison has been at the centre of repeated crises, highlighting structural weaknesses in the penitentiary system. SNAI insisted that reforms are ongoing, though concerns from inmates’ relatives and human rights groups persist.

Scientist documents Ecuador’s butterflies after three decades of research

Entomologist Keith Willmott has spent more than 30 years studying Ecuador’s butterflies, documenting species with transparent wings and others affected by forest fires . His work combines field research and conservation science, contributing to global understanding of biodiversity in Ecuador’s ecosystems. Willmott has highlighted how habitat loss and climate change threaten butterfly populations. His research underscores Ecuador’s role as a biodiversity hotspot and the importance of long-term scientific study for conservation efforts.

Maduro Guerra, a lawmaker with Venezuela’s ruling United Socialist Party (PSUV), relayed a message of solidarity from his father, saying Maduro had expressed gratitude and urged authorities to focus on supporting the families of those killed and injured in the operation. The newly established Committee to Assist Family Members of the Victims is intended to provide legal and practical support, bringing together military, civil justice bodies and victims’ organisations.

Addressing the families, Maduro Guerra vowed the state would pursue accountability and protection for those affected. Meanwhile, accusations and political tensions over the US military intervention, part of “Operation Absolute Resolve”, continue to reverberate across Venezuela and internationally, as interim authorities navigate the complex aftermath of Maduro’s capture and detention in the United States.

The final showcased the growing level of the sport in the region, with Ourinhos building on a strong semi-final win over São Bento de Sorocaba to impose a disciplined and efficient game plan. Esperia, who had knocked out Argentina’s Rosario Central earlier in the tournament, defended resolutely but was eventually beaten as Ourinhos converted their opportunities.

Players and staff highlighted the broader significance of the victory, stressing the role of sport in rehabilitation and inclusion for athletes who have lost a limb through accidents or illness. The tournament also marked a wider landmark, establishing the Americas as the second continent after Europe to stage an international amputee football club competition, under the umbrella of the World Amputee Football Federation.

Footage, taken by Viory, from the property shows extensive decay, with collapsed roofs and vegetation overtaking what was once a symbol of wealth and power during Escobar’s rise in the cocaine trade. The estate, named after Escobar’s daughter, continues to attract visitors, even as it stands abandoned and marked by the violence associated with his criminal empire.

Authorities said the auction represents a symbolic victory of the state over organised crime. The sale follows other measures to repurpose confiscated assets, including the transfer in 2025 of land from another Escobar property to rural women affected by Colombia’s armed conflict , as part of a reparations and agrarian reform programme.

Bad Bunny’s use of the word “Americans” reflects a broader cultural and geographic identity that includes people across the entire American continent, not just citizens of the United States . In many parts of Latin America, “America” is understood as the landmass stretching from Canada to Argentina and Chile, a perspective that sees Latinos and others from the hemisphere as part of a shared continental identity. This contrasts with the narrower US usage of “American” to mean citizens of the United States .

His remarks resonated at a time when immigration, identity and national belonging are central issues in political and public debate in the United States. Discussions around border enforcement, deportations and the treatment of migrant communities have intensified in recent years, often accompanied by polarising language. By stressing shared humanity and a broader, continental sense of belonging, Bad Bunny positioned his message against narratives that frame immigrants as outsiders.

His appeal to love over hatred, which he described as the most powerful response to division, reflected an attempt to shift the conversation away from fear and confrontation towards empathy and inclusion.

The moment gained widespread attention not only because it was part of a historic night for Latin music, with a Spanish-language album winning major awards, but also because it highlighted how cultural platforms can intersect with social and political issues. For many viewers in Latin America and beyond, his words underscored a sense of belonging that transcends national borders and reflects deep historical and cultural connections across the Americas.

Footage filmed by Viory on Friday, January 30, shows hundreds of dancers performing in brightly coloured, hand-embroidered costumes, accompanied by folkloric music and traditional choreography. Masks, percussion and elaborate outfits reflect ancestral beliefs and customs passed down through generations across the Andean region.

Local authorities highlight the festival’s role in preserving a shared cultural heritage that predates modern national borders. The traditions on display blend influences from what are now Chile, Bolivia and Peru, underscoring a common Andean worldview rooted in history , spirituality and community life.

First held officially in 2003, the carnival takes its name from the desert sun and the Andean sun god, a symbol of life and renewal. Today, it is recognised not only as a major tourist attraction but also as an important space for intercultural exchange and regional identity in northern Chile.

The concerns come amid rising trade tensions between the two neighbouring countries. Ecuador recently announced a 30 per cent security tariff on all Colombian imports, citing insufficient cooperation on cross-border crime, including drug trafficking and illegal mining. Colombia responded by suspending electricity exports to Ecuador and imposing its own tariffs on a range of Ecuadorian goods, including rice.

Producers argue that Ecuador would bear the brunt of the dispute. While Colombia could source rice from alternative suppliers or rely on subsidised domestic stocks, Ecuadorian farmers have fewer options to redirect their exports. Industry representatives warn that uncertainty over access to the Colombian market is already discouraging some growers from planting new crops.

The impact could extend beyond farmers themselves. Ecuador relies heavily on Colombian imports such as fertilisers, plastics and vehicle parts, creating an imbalance that leaves rural communities particularly exposed to trade disruptions. With the tariffs set to take effect on 1 February, agricultural groups fear the measures will add to the economic strain faced by farm workers and small producers in one of Ecuador’s most important farming regions.

Simón Bolívar and the idea of continental liberation

Few figures loom as large in South American history as Simón Bolívar . Born in present-day Venezuela, Bolívar led military campaigns that were central to the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia between 1810 and 1825.

Bolívar did not fight for a single nation. He fought against the empire itself. His armies moved across borders that had not yet hardened into modern states, defeating Spanish royalist forces and ending more than three centuries of colonial rule.

According to Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Library of Congress, Bolívar envisioned a united South America capable of resisting foreign domination. That ambition ultimately failed, but his military success reshaped half the continent.

José de San Martín and the southern campaigns

While Bolívar advanced from the north, José de San Martín led liberation efforts from the south. An Argentine general trained in Europe, San Martín played a decisive role in the independence of Argentina, Chile, and Peru.

His 1817 crossing of the Andes Mountains remains one of the most remarkable military operations in modern history. After securing independence, San Martín refused political power and withdrew from public life, a decision that sharply contrasts with many revolutionary leaders of the era.

Britannica describes him as a strategist driven more by duty than ambition, committed to liberation rather than rule.

Brazil’s unusual path to independence

Brazil followed a completely different route. Instead of a revolutionary war, independence came through Dom Pedro I , the Portuguese prince residing in Brazil.

In 1822, Dom Pedro declared Brazil independent from Portugal and became its first emperor. This transition was relatively peaceful compared to the bloody wars elsewhere on the continent, largely because the Portuguese royal court had already moved to Brazil during the Napoleonic Wars.

Sources such as the Brazilian National Library and World History Encyclopedia confirm that Brazil’s independence preserved its territorial unity but delayed the development of a republican political system.

Paraguay and Uruguay

Not all independence movements were led by continent-spanning figures. Paraguay achieved independence in 1811 through local revolutionary leaders who prioritised isolation and internal control to protect sovereignty.

Uruguay, meanwhile, emerged after years of conflict involving Spanish, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Argentine forces. Its eventual independence in 1828 was the result of diplomacy as much as warfare, positioning the country as a buffer state between regional powers.

These cases show that while major figures influenced much of South America, local politics and circumstances still played a decisive role.

Footage from the fair shows stalls filled with tiny replicas of houses, cars, buildings, money and household goods, as visitors browse, purchase and prepare the miniatures for ceremonial blessings. The objects represent personal wishes, ranging from home ownership to financial stability.

“There are little cars, buildings, and money. So everything you can desire you can buy, and later you smoke it so that a year later it is fulfilled. But there always has to be faith,” said Giovana Quispe, a vendor at the fair.

As part of the Andean ritual, participants light incense, attach miniature accessories to figures and pour alcoholic drinks over statues of Ekeko as offerings while asking for blessings and good fortune. The Alasitas Fair was recognised by UNESCO in 2017 as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

The fires have burned around 50,000 hectares, affected an estimated 7,000 people and claimed at least 21 lives. The Mexican personnel come from the National Forestry Commission (Conafor) and the Secretariat of National Defence (Sedena), and are trained to operate in complex wildfire scenarios.

Chile’s Foreign Minister Alberto van Klaveren thanked the Mexican government, led by President Claudia Sheinbaum, for its rapid response, saying Mexico offered assistance “from the very first moment”. He highlighted the broader international backing Chile has received, describing it as a reflection of the solidarity Chile has also shown other countries in times of crisis.

Ecuador’s government, led by President Daniel Noboa, announced the tariffs earlier this week, framing them as a response to what it described as a lack of reciprocity from Colombia on security cooperation. The measure affects a range of Colombian products and adds strain to an already delicate bilateral relationship.

“We sold them energy when they needed it,” Petro said, referring to electricity exports provided since late 2024. He added that now Ecuador’s situation has stabilised, the decision appeared driven more by political alignment than by regional solidarity, criticising what he described as diplomacy based on confrontation rather than cooperation.

Colombia and Ecuador maintain close economic and security ties, sharing a long and porous border that has required joint efforts against organised crime and smuggling.

Paraguay’s government insists it is prepared to adhere to environmental standards agreed with the European Union as part of the broader Mercosur–EU trade framework. Minister Juan José Vidal emphasised that ongoing efforts to improve forest governance, agricultural practices and land management put Paraguay in a good position to comply with obligations tied to market access. Officials said compliance would enhance Paraguayan products’ competitiveness in the EU while aligning with sustainability goals. Environmental groups and industry stakeholders have welcomed the commitment but underline that effective implementation and monitoring will be key. The government argues that meeting these standards will open new opportunities for Paraguay within the global trade system.

Senacsa highlights boost for Paraguayan beef after Mercosur‑EU agreement

Paraguay’s National Animal Health and Quality Service (Senacsa) has reported a significant positive impact on the country’s beef sector following the Mercosur–European Union trade agreement, with expanded access to EU markets and a clearer framework for sanitary and phytosanitary standards. According to Senacsa officials, Paraguayan producers are now better positioned to meet stringent import requirements, which could increase export volumes and strengthen the sector’s international competitiveness. The agency emphasised improvements in traceability systems, animal health protocols and certification processes as key factors that have helped beef exporters capitalise on new opportunities. Industry representatives said that the agreement not only opens doors to higher‑value markets but also incentivises investment in quality improvements across the value chain. The development comes at a time when Paraguay is seeking to diversify its export destinations and enhance agricultural productivity while maintaining high animal health standards.

Paraguay marks 110 years since Chaco War combatants’ resolve

Paraguay commemorated the 110th anniversary of the entry of Chaco War veteran Francisco “Chico” López Soler into combat, celebrating his legacy and that of other ex-combatants in the 1932–35 conflict with Bolivia. Government officials and veterans’ groups held ceremonies in Asunción, highlighting national pride, remembrance and the sacrifices of those who fought in one of Paraguay’s defining historical episodes. The Chaco War, a bitter struggle over control of the Gran Chaco region, remains a touchstone of national identity. The anniversary events included tributes, military honours and reflections on peace and regional cooperation today. Organisers emphasised the importance of preserving historical memory for future generations.

Mercosur looks to Asian partners amid trade diversification efforts

Paraguayan Foreign Minister Julio César Arriola said Mercosur bloc nations are increasingly eyeing Asian markets as part of a strategic effort to diversify trade and reduce dependency on traditional partners. Arriola highlighted growing interest from countries such as China, Japan and South Korea, noting that deepening economic ties with Asia could boost exports of agricultural commodities, industrial goods and services. He stressed that Mercosur’s internal reforms and external engagement strategies are designed to enhance competitiveness in fast-growing economies. The push reflects broader geopolitical and economic shifts as Latin American exporters adapt to evolving global demand patterns. Business leaders called for investment in logistics and value-added production to fully leverage new opportunities.

National museum uses chairs to tell Paraguay’s social history

A unique exhibit at Paraguay’s Museo del Barro uses chairs as storytelling devices to explore the country’s social and cultural history, from colonial times to the modern era. Each chair represents a different historical period, social group or lived experience from indigenous communities and rural workers to urban families and artists. Curators said the installation invites visitors to “sit with history,” offering insights into how everyday objects reflect identity, power and societal change. The museum’s approach blends material culture with narrative art, making history tangible and accessible. Local educators praised the exhibit as a valuable tool for learning and community engagement.

For Mercosur members — Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay — the agreement offers expanded access to one of the world’s largest consumer markets. Reduced tariffs on agricultural goods, raw materials and manufactured products are expected to boost exports and attract foreign investment, particularly in sectors where South American economies hold competitive advantages. Supporters argue the deal could strengthen regional supply chains and provide developing economies with greater leverage in global trade negotiations traditionally dominated by the United States and China.

From a broader Global South perspective, the EU–Mercosur pact represents an alternative model of economic integration. Unlike extractive or narrowly strategic partnerships, the agreement includes provisions on labour standards, environmental commitments and regulatory cooperation. While critics question enforcement mechanisms, European officials frame the deal as a template for future agreements with developing regions seeking market access without abandoning multilateral norms.

However, the agreement also exposes long-standing asymmetries between developed and developing economies. Concerns persist that South American industries may struggle to compete with European manufacturers, potentially reinforcing dependency on commodity exports. Civil society groups in Latin America warn that environmental and indigenous protections could be weakened by increased pressure on land use, while European farmers fear intensified competition from lower-cost agricultural imports.

As ratification debates unfold on both sides of the Atlantic, the EU–Mercosur agreement is emerging as a test case for the Global South’s role in the evolving world economy. Whether it becomes a catalyst for inclusive growth and diversification — or deepens existing inequalities — will depend not only on trade flows, but on how both blocs balance economic ambition with social, environmental and geopolitical responsibility.

The government and landowners had attempted to negotiate a solution that would allow part of the land to be developed for formal housing cooperatives. While 100 hectares were set aside for this project, the remaining 115 hectares remain subject to eviction orders.

Chile’s high housing costs and shortage of affordable homes have led many low-income citizens to occupy public or private land, creating large informal settlements known as tomas. According to Techo Chile, 2024 figures show 1,428 such settlements nationwide, housing over 120,000 families, or nearly half a million people .

Negotiated over more than 25 years, the Mercosur–EU agreement aims to deepen political dialogue and expand trade between South America and Europe by lowering tariffs and widening market access. While Mercosur countries expect gains in agro-industrial and energy exports, the deal has faced resistance from farming groups in several EU states.

The signing would close the negotiation phase, but the agreement must still be approved by the European Parliament and ratified by Mercosur members before it can enter into force.

Dozens of comparsas moved through the streets accompanied by drums and vibrant costumes, dancing to the rhythms of candombe , a musical and dance tradition recognised by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The sound of percussion echoed across the neighbourhoods, transforming public space into a living stage for collective memory and expression.

Participants and organisers emphasised the role of the drum as a symbol of continuity and resistance. Members of the Ansina Tradición comparsa noted that percussion has been central to preserving African heritage since colonial times, when enslaved communities used music as a way to sustain identity and solidarity. Today, that legacy is passed on as a form of education for younger generations.

The celebration also honours San Baltazar, a figure associated with Afro-descendant devotion in the region. His presence reflects the blending of Catholic traditions with African cultural practices that emerged during the colonial period, reinforcing a distinct Afro-Uruguayan identity that remains visible in music, dance and ritual.

The parade traditionally concludes at the House of Afro-Uruguayan Culture in Palermo, a site of remembrance for communities displaced during the 19th century. Organisers describe the event not only as a cultural celebration, but also as a statement of visibility and belonging, linking Uruguay’s past to ongoing efforts across Latin America to recognise and protect Afro-descendant heritage.

Visitors move through displays featuring shirts, trophies, boots and personal items linked to key milestones in his career. Beyond traditional memorabilia, the exhibition invites fans to engage with interactive installations designed to recreate defining moments on the pitch, blending sport with immersive storytelling.

Organisers say the timing is significant as Brazil approaches a World Cup year, when football and national identity often take centre stage. The exhibition’s title frames Neymar as “great by nature,” a reference to both his natural talent and his long-standing presence in Brazilian football culture.

The event also highlights Pacaembu Stadium’s transformation into a cultural and entertainment space. Part of the proceeds will support the Instituto Neymar Jr, extending the exhibition’s impact beyond football and linking it to social initiatives.

The United Nations Security Council will hold an emergency meeting on January 5 to discuss what Venezuela has described as U.S. military aggression following the removal of President Nicolás Maduro and First Lady Cilia Flores from the country. The meeting , requested by Venezuela and convened by Somalia, which chairs the Council in January, was called for 10:00 a.m. (GMT-5). According to Venezuela’s permanent representative to the UN, Samuel Moncada, the request followed a “large-scale attack” carried out by U.S. forces on civilian and military locations in Caracas and the states of La Guaira, Aragua and Miranda. Several countries, including China, Russia, Belarus, Cuba, Nicaragua, Brazil and Turkey, expressed solidarity with Venezuela, stating that Washington had violated the UN Charter. U.S. President Donald Trump, speaking after the operation, said the United States would oversee what he described as an “appropriate transition” in Venezuela. “We are going to get our big American oil companies, the biggest in the world, to invest billions of dollars…and start generating revenue for the country,” Trump said during a press conference.

Domestic flights resume

Several Venezuelan airlines announced the resumption of domestic flights from Sunday, January 4, after a temporary suspension. State carrier Conviasa said scheduled flights would operate “according to the established itinerary.” Laser Airlines confirmed that “only domestic flights are being reactivated,” adding that passengers booked for January 3 could reschedule “without penalty.” Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela said flights planned for Saturday would instead operate on Sunday “along with the flights scheduled according to the itinerary.” Airlines urged passengers to arrive at airports at least two hours early and ensure their contact details were up to date.  

Supreme Court appoints Delcy Rodríguez acting president

Venezuela’s Supreme Court of Justice ordered Executive Vice President Delcy Rodríguez to assume the presidency on an interim basis, citing the forced absence of President Maduro. Magistrate Tania D’Amelio, president of the Constitutional Chamber, said the court acted “in view of the foreign aggression that occurred this Saturday, January 3, 2026, against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, as well as the kidnapping of Constitutional President Nicolás Maduro Moros and First Lady Cilia Flores.” The court described the situation as “exceptional, atypical and force majeure,” adding that the decision was necessary “to guarantee the administrative continuity of the State and the defense of the nation.”  

At least 40 killed in U.S. attack

At least 40 people, including civilians and military personnel, were killed during the U.S. attack on Venezuela, according to a senior Venezuelan official quoted by The New York Times. The report said one strike hit a residential building in Catia La Mar, La Guaira state, killing an 80-year-old woman and leaving several families homeless. Vice President Delcy Rodríguez confirmed fatalities, saying there were deaths “among soldiers and civilians,” though the government has yet to publish an official casualty toll.

Artists react to Maduro’s capture

The capture of President Maduro sparked strong reactions among Venezuelan artists. Singer Carlos Baute posted a video on social media saying, “Venezuelans haven't slept a wink, folks. Finally, Mr. Trump said he's captured that tyrant Maduro. Congratulations, Venezuela, we're with you.” He later added , “Our Christmas present has come true.” Actress Marjorie de Sousa appealed for calm and faith, writing, “God, I ask you for my good people, cover them… long live my Venezuela. God is great, free Venezuela, one day will come.” Singer-songwriter Ricardo Montaner wrote, “Lord, watch over and bless the Venezuelan people, take away the wicked and let peace reign.” Meanwhile, singer Danny Ocean marked the moment by sharing an image of the Venezuelan flag.

Chile has launched its largest-ever public–private partnership to exploit lithium, a critical mineral central to electric vehicle batteries and renewable energy tech, potentially surpassing Argentina’s production footprint. The initiative, backed by state and private capital, seeks to attract long-term investment and strengthen Chile’s position in global supply chains, especially amid surging demand from China. Officials argue the country’s abundant lithium reserves and improved regulatory framework make it an ideal candidate for large-scale development. The project aligns with national economic diversification goals while prompting discussions on environmental safeguards and community consultation. Chile’s move reflects broader competition among South American lithium producers for foreign partnerships and market leadership.

Wildfires scorch over 800 hectares; 158 communes on high alert

A wave of wildfires in central and southern Chile has burned more than 800 hectares, including significant forest areas in Las Condes and surrounding regions. The National Forestry Corporation (CONAF) and emergency services report that fires are active across 158 communes, triggering widespread deployment of firefighters, aircraft and community evacuation warnings. Extreme heat and dry conditions have exacerbated fire behaviour, complicating containment efforts. Local authorities activated the “Red Button” emergency alert in multiple municipalities to coordinate rapid response and resource mobilisation. Residents have been urged to follow safety protocols and stay informed on closures and air quality updates. The government has also appealed for inter-regional assistance as the season’s fire risk peaks.

Education regulator mandates “safe classroom” procedures for private schools

Chile’s Superintendency of Education has ordered private schools to adopt “aula segura” (safe classroom) procedures to address incidents of violence , bullying and disruptive behaviour. The directive requires institutions to establish clear protocols for identifying and managing safety risks, protecting students and staff, and reporting serious cases to authorities. The move comes amid rising public concern over school safety and disciplinary consistency across educational settings. Regulators emphasised that safe classroom measures must align with national education standards and child protection norms. Schools must now review internal policies and train personnel to meet the new requirements. Advocates say the policy will create more structured, equitable and enforceable safeguards, while some private school associations seek clarity on implementation timelines and resource support.

Johannes Kaiser outlines “red lines” for potential role in Kast’s government

Johannes Kaiser, leader of Chile’s National Libertarian Party (PNL) and former presidential candidate, met with representatives linked to president‑elect José Antonio Kast to present a set of “red lines”, non‑negotiable conditions for his party’s cooperation with the incoming administration. Kaiser said his group is available to be part of the future government if the conditions that protect its identity and core principles are accepted, framing the lines as a framework for operational cooperation rather than personal appointments. He emphasised that discussions will continue soon to define the scope of possible collaboration, including policy priorities that must be respected. The stipulations reportedly include opposition to the continuation of certain gender and sexual education programmes, reflecting ideological priorities of his libertarian platform. The deliberations are ongoing as both sides gauge how the PNL might support Kast’s agenda without compromising its political identity.

PS and FA defend Communist Party’s mobilisation call against Kast

Chile’s Socialist Party (PS) and Broad Front (FA) have publicly defended a call by the Communist Party (PC) to mobilise against presidential candidate José Antonio Kast, framing protests as a legitimate democratic expression. Facing criticism from opponents who labelled the mobilisation incitement, PS and FA leaders argued that peaceful citizen action addresses deep political divisions and responds to concerns over Kast’s policy agenda on social rights and inequalities. The debate has intensified in public discourse, with voices on both sides warning about polarisation and the tone of campaign rhetoric. PS and FA officials stressed the importance of respecting collective mobilisation within constitutional bounds, while urging all political actors to avoid incitement to violence. The episode reflects broader ideological battles shaping Chile’s electoral environment.

The mobilisation was led by miners affiliated with the Departmental Federation of Mining Cooperatives of Cochabamba (Fidecomin), who marched towards the city centre to demand the immediate repeal of the decree. Protesters described the measure as unconstitutional and warned that it disproportionately affects low-income Bolivians who rely on subsidised fuel to sustain their daily livelihoods.

Speaking during the march, miners made clear that the repeal of Decree 5503 is their sole demand and signalled that the current protests could escalate. Union representatives said more forceful actions, including road blockades and broader mobilisations, remain under consideration if the government fails to respond.

Decree 5503 set new fuel prices at 6.96 bolivianos per litre for regular petrol, 11 bolivianos for premium petrol, and 9.80 bolivianos for diesel. The policy marks a significant shift in Bolivia’s long-standing fuel subsidy system and comes amid wider economic pressures facing the country.

The government has suggested that the protests may be driven by political motivations, a claim firmly rejected by demonstrators, who argue their demands are social and economic in nature . With mobilisations expected to continue, attention now turns to the executive branch, which faces mounting pressure to address opposition to the decree and prevent further escalation of the conflict.

Governments struggled to contain protests that spread rapidly across cities, often forcing policy reversals or provoking heavy-handed crackdowns that drew international attention.

Together, these uprisings and many others made 2025 one of the most protest-heavy years the Global South has seen in recent memory.

Kenya’s Gen-Z protests

In Kenya, protests that began in 2024 spilt forcefully into 2025 after the government pushed through controversial tax hikes. Led largely by Gen Z activists mobilising online, demonstrations spread from Nairobi to major towns, with protesters storming Parliament and targeting symbols of state power. President William Ruto was eventually forced to withdraw key parts of the finance bill. Human rights groups warned that the state responded by weaponising digital tools to suppress dissent. Amnesty International said young activists faced coordinated online harassment, intimidation and disinformation aimed at silencing the movement. “Our analysis of online activity throughout several waves of protests in 2024 and 2025 and the interviews we’ve conducted with young human rights defenders, clearly demonstrate widespread and coordinated tactics on digital platforms to silence and suppress protests by young activists, including through online threats, intimidating comments, abusive language, smearing, and targeted disinformation,” Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International’s Secretary General is quoted .

Bangladesh student-led uprising

Bangladesh’s student-led protest movement, which erupted in 2024 over public-sector job quotas, reignited in 2025 following the death of prominent student leader Sharif Osman Hadi, who succumbed to gunshot wounds. Demonstrators accused the government and foreign actors of targeting activists, triggering fresh waves of violence, arson and street battles. Universities and major cities were paralysed as protesters demanded accountability and an end to what they saw as systemic economic exclusion.

Mozambique’s post-election unrest

In Mozambique, disputed election results sparked months of unrest after the ruling FRELIMO party was accused of rigging the October 2024 vote. Protests continued into early 2025, culminating in a violent crackdown around President Daniel Chapo’s January inauguration. Civil society groups reported more than 300 deaths and over 3,000 injuries, while authorities put the toll far lower. Amnesty International documented the use of live ammunition, arbitrary arrests and internet shutdowns, raising alarm over democratic backsliding.

Venezuela’s protests over election credibility

Venezuela also saw sustained protests after President Nicolás Maduro secured a third term in a contested July 2024 election. Opposition supporters rejected the results, accusing authorities of manipulation and repression. Weeks of demonstrations were met with mass arrests. Rights groups said around 2,400 people were detained, though many were later released amid international pressure.

Nepal's Gen Z protests

In Nepal, Gen Z protesters led nationwide demonstrations against corruption, political nepotism and a sweeping ban on social media platforms. The unrest turned deadly in September 2025, with at least 22 people believed to have been killed and hundreds injured. The protests were fuelled by years of frustration with an ageing political elite and intensified by a viral online movement criticising the lavish lifestyles of politicians’ children. A sudden shutdown of 26 social media platforms only deepened public anger. “This is a revolution. This is the end of the corruption. It’s our turn now. The government was so corrupt. They used that money to improve their own lives, but there has been no change in the lives of normal people,” said Sujan Dahal, a young Nepali protestor. 

Tanzania's post-election chaos

In Tanzania, security forces used lethal and disproportionate force to suppress election-related protests between October 29 and November 3, 2025. Amnesty International and the UN documented cases of live ammunition being fired at protesters and tear gas being used indiscriminately in residential areas. While the government disputed casualty figures, UN officials said at least 10 deaths were confirmed by credible sources, with many more injured. "We are alarmed by the deaths and injuries that have occurred in the ongoing election-related protests in Tanzania. Reports we have received indicate that at least 10 people were killed," U.N. human rights spokesperson Seif Magango told Geneva reporters, citing "credible sources" in the country.

Togo's uproar

From June 26 to 28 , in Togo, thousands protested constitutional reforms critics say allow President Faure Gnassingbé to remain in power indefinitely. Demonstrations in Lomé were violently dispersed, with civil society groups reporting at least four deaths, dozens of injuries and mass arrests. Verified footage showed beatings and civilians being dragged away by plainclothes officers.

Madagascar's Gen Z rebellion

Madagascar saw deadly demonstrations organised by young protestors, angered by chronic power cuts and water shortages led to the ousting of former President Andry Rajoelina. Demonstrations that began peacefully in September quickly escalated after security forces intervened, leaving at least 24 people dead, including a baby exposed to tear gas. Protesters said years of neglect and hopelessness drove them into the streets, demanding dignity and basic services. Amnesty International called for independent investigations into the killings.“Every death on the streets of Madagascar is a painful reminder that the right to peaceful protest is under violent attack. The authorities must promptly launch thorough and effective investigations into these killings and hold perpetrators to account,” Tigere Chagutah, Amnesty International’s Regional Director for East and Southern Africa, is quoted . “Malagasy people need to unite, that’s what’s causing this movement,” one protester said . “We are tired, fed up and completely lost, so let’s fight for the good of the youth and the next generation,” he added.

Sudan — Cholera epidemic persists amid conflict | Africa

Sudan continued to battle one of its most severe cholera outbreaks in 2025, with more than 124,000 suspected cases and over 3,300 deaths reported. Ongoing conflict and mass displacement worsened the situation, damaging water and sanitation infrastructure and limiting access to healthcare. The epidemic stressed already fragile health services, forcing authorities and international organisations to implement emergency treatment centres and vaccination campaigns.

South Sudan — Cholera outbreak hits displaced populations | Africa

The cholera crisis in South Sudan, which began in late 2024, escalated in 2025, affecting almost 95,000 people and causing over 1,500 deaths. The outbreak primarily impacted displaced populations and communities with limited access to safe water and healthcare. Humanitarian organisations faced immense challenges in delivering treatment and preventive services in conflict‑affected regions, highlighting the intersection of displacement, poverty, and public health vulnerability.

Democratic Republic of Congo — Ebola outbreak in Kasai province | Central Africa

In September 2025, the DRC declared a new Ebola Virus Disease (Zaire strain) outbreak in Kasai Province. By the time the outbreak was contained in December, there were 81 confirmed cases and 28 deaths, including healthcare workers. The outbreak highlighted persistent weaknesses in surveillance, rapid response capacity, and community engagement in remote regions, underlining the challenges of controlling Ebola even in areas with previous outbreak experience.

Haiti — Cholera resurgence in Port‑au‑Prince | Latin America

Haiti experienced a resurgence of cholera in 2025, with 2,852 suspected cases, 186 confirmed infections, and 48 deaths, mostly among children under nine. The outbreak was concentrated around Port‑au‑Prince and the surrounding areas, exacerbated by weak sanitation infrastructure, poverty, and restricted access to healthcare. International agencies and local authorities mobilised emergency interventions, including treatment centres and water purification programmes, to limit further spread.

Vietnam — Measles epidemic hits children | East Asia

In Viet Nam, over 80,000 suspected measles cases were reported in 2025, amid declining routine vaccination coverage. Other countries in the region, including Cambodia, Mongolia, and the Philippines, also saw significant increases in measles infections, putting tens of thousands of children at risk. WHO, UNICEF, and Gavi warned that these outbreaks were reversing years of progress in immunisation, highlighting the urgent need for catch-up vaccination campaigns and improved access to preventive healthcare.

Bolivia — Measles emergency declared | Latin America

Bolivia declared a public health emergency in response to a measles outbreak that began in June 2025, resulting in 87 confirmed cases. National and international health authorities mobilised to contain the spread, particularly among children, through vaccination drives and awareness campaigns. The outbreak exposed gaps in routine immunisation coverage and underscored the ongoing challenges in maintaining herd immunity in low-resource settings.

Cuba — Dengue, chikungunya and arboviral epidemics strain healthcare | Latin America

In 2025, Cuba confronted a serious public health emergency marked by simultaneous outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya and other mosquito-borne viruses, with cases reported across most of the island and health facilities struggling to cope with demand. Official data and independent reports indicated tens of thousands of infections, with active transmission in multiple provinces and persistent challenges in diagnosis and treatment.

Local health organisations reported shortages of medicines, diagnostic reagents and hospital capacity, while civil society groups called for a formal public health emergency declaration amid overwhelmed clinics and limited resources. The outbreaks unfolded alongside broader systemic strains, including shortages of potable water and gaps in essential services that complicated public health responses.

India–Pakistan ceasefire agreement (South Asia)

In May 2025, India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire after a period of heightened military tensions along the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir. The agreement was welcomed as a significant diplomatic step toward reducing hostilities between two nuclear‑armed neighbours who have fought repeated clashes in the region for decades. However, in the weeks following the deal, there were reports of minor violations and exchanges of fire, illuminating the fragile and contested nature of the truce. Despite these challenges, the ceasefire created space for renewed diplomatic engagement and prevented further large‑scale escalation in 2025.

DRC–Rwanda peace agreement (Central/East Africa)

On 27 June 2025, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda signed a US‑brokered peace agreement aimed at stemming long‑running conflict and militia activity in eastern DRC. The accord outlined a timetable for the withdrawal of Rwandan troops and the creation of joint security mechanisms, along with broader frameworks for cooperation among Great Lakes states. Although widely seen as an important diplomatic breakthrough with the potential to stabilise the region, implementation has faced serious practical and security challenges. Militia activity, logistical obstacles, and mutual mistrust have slowed progress, and the agreement’s long‑term impact depends on sustained political will from both capitals.

Cambodia–Thailand ceasefire (Southeast Asia)

On 26 October 2025, Cambodia and Thailand signed the Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord during the ASEAN Summit in Malaysia, establishing an interim ceasefire and steps to de‑escalate longstanding border tensions. The agreement was backed by regional leaders and U.S. President Donald Trump, who played a visible role in encouraging both sides to halt hostilities. The accord included provisions such as coordinated troop withdrawals, joint de‑mining operations, and international monitoring to reduce accidental clashes along disputed frontier zones.

The deal was built on earlier ceasefire efforts mediated by Malaysia as ASEAN chair and supported by Trump, after months of sporadic clashes and large-scale displacement. While the agreement was widely hailed as a diplomatic success, skirmishes and disagreements over implementation persisted in some sectors. Renewed fighting in December 2025 prompted a special ASEAN ministerial meeting to revive and reinforce the peace process originally supported by regional leaders and Trump. Despite its challenges, the accord marked a significant step in structured cooperation between the two governments.

United Nations high-level conference on the Two-State Solution (Middle East)

In July 2025, the United Nations convened the Palestine Two‑State Solution Conference, a high-level meeting aimed at reinvigorating international efforts toward a two-state resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The conference brought together representatives from countries across the Global South and other regions to discuss diplomatic strategies, coordinate international support, and identify concrete steps for sustained peacebuilding. The event fostered dialogue and strategic planning, it did not result in a binding agreement or a final political resolution, serving primarily as a forum to strengthen international coordination around the two-state solution framework.

Israel–Hamas ceasefire (Middle East)

In October 2025, Israel and Hamas agreed to a U.S.‑backed ceasefire to pause one of the most destructive phases of the Gaza conflict that began in October 2023. The first phase of the deal included Israel withdrawing forces to agreed positions inside Gaza and Hamas releasing hostages held since the 2023 attacks, while both sides pledged to reduce hostilities and allow increased humanitarian access across crossings. This agreement was hailed internationally as a significant step toward ending active large‑scale fighting after two years of intense conflict.

Despite the truce entering into force and creating periods of relative calm, the ceasefire has been fragile and contested. Both sides have accused one another of violations, and periodic exchanges of fire have occurred, complicating efforts to implement subsequent phases of the deal. Independent sources report that — even after the ceasefire — hundreds of Palestinians have been killed in incidents that local health authorities attribute to Israeli operations, and humanitarian conditions in Gaza remain severe, with disputes over aid delivery and access continuing to impede relief efforts.

The ceasefire has not yet resulted in a comprehensive political settlement to the broader Israeli‑Palestinian conflict. Negotiations over long‑term governance, security arrangements, and disarmament have stalled, and international pressure persists to ensure that the agreement holds and leads to expanded humanitarian and reconstruction initiatives.

Guyana–Venezuela — diplomatic talks over Essequibo dispute (South America)

In 2025, diplomatic engagement continued between Guyana and Venezuela over the long‑standing Essequibo territorial dispute. Regional organisations and international mediators worked to prevent escalation after a period of heightened tensions in prior years, and both governments engaged in dialogue to manage disagreements. Although no formal settlement was reached during this period, sustained diplomacy contributed to maintaining relative stability in northern South America. The case remains before the International Court of Justice, and continued negotiations have been viewed as crucial in preventing renewed conflict over the disputed territory.

Although many of these agreements and conferences did not result in final resolutions or full implementation, they represent important steps towards the peaceful management of complex conflicts. The persistence of tensions, implementation challenges, and the fragility of some accords demonstrate that diplomacy is an ongoing process, requiring sustained political commitment and international cooperation. The developments of 2025 underline the relevance of Global South participation and leadership in maintaining dialogue and coordinating international efforts to address geopolitical and humanitarian challenges that continue to affect millions of people worldwide.

DHS Secretary Kristi Noem explained that the temporary “departure bonus” aims to facilitate voluntary returns during the holiday period. “If you wish to return voluntarily to your country of origin and are illegally present in the US, we will provide $3,000 and a plane ticket to help you get home,” Noem told Fox News . She emphasised that the programme is valid only until the end of the year.

The initiative follows an earlier scheme announced in May, which offered $1,000 and a return flight for migrants opting for voluntary departure. Noem stressed that those who wait to be intercepted, detained, or deported through enforcement channels may lose the opportunity to return legally in the future.

Migrants seeking to participate are advised to download and use the official CBP Home app to coordinate their departures. The DHS has indicated it will prioritise ensuring participants reach their home countries in time for Christmas, framing the programme as a combination of logistical support and financial incentive aimed at encouraging voluntary compliance with immigration rules.

The proposed EU-Mercosur agreement is designed to create one of the world ’s largest free trade zones, encompassing a market of around 780 million people and a significant share of global gross domestic product. It aims to progressively eliminate tariffs on the majority of goods traded between the two regions, expanding access for agricultural and industrial exports on both sides.

However, European opposition, particularly from France and Italy, has complicated efforts to finalise the deal. Member states have sought stronger safeguards for sensitive sectors such as agriculture, and intense negotiations at recent summits have pushed the expected signing into January. European Commission officials have said the extra time is needed to secure the necessary political support among the EU’s 27 countries.

The delay has not dampened optimism among some Mercosur leaders. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva said the negotiations would continue and stressed the importance of political will in achieving an agreement, with Paraguay set to assume the bloc’s pro-tempore presidency in 2026. He also suggested that the world is watching the process and that Mercosur would pursue alternative partnerships if progress stalls.

Observers see the discussions as part of a broader global context in which regional blocs seek deeper economic links amid shifting trade dynamics. Finalising the Mercosur-EU deal would send a signal about the strength of multilateral trade cooperation at a time when global supply chains and strategic partnerships are under pressure from geopolitical tensions and competing economic interests.

Guatemala is seeing a shift in organised crime dynamics as Mexican cartels, notably Sinaloa and Jalisco Nueva Generación and a newer Cartel Chiapas–Guatemala faction expand influence, challenging old tacit “peace” arrangements and escalating violent territorial disputes. Analysts note that Guatemala is no longer just a transit zone for narcotics but a space of active control and conflict, marked by armed clashes, murders and threats to security forces. Recent incidents in Huehuetenango and Sololá highlight this pattern of violence spreading from the Mexico–Guatemala frontier into the interior of the country.

PNC says report blaming army was written under threats

The National Civil Police (PNC) has disputed an earlier police report that accused the Guatemalan Army of attacking civilians and a patrol in Nahualá, Sololá during recent clashes. The PNC claims the original report was drafted under coercion, threats and extreme violence by armed groups, and insists that a revised, verifiable account was later submitted to prosecutors. Authorities maintain that the verified version confirms engagements with illegal armed actors and justifies the state of prevention in the area. The violence forms part of a broader security crisis in western Guatemala, where long-running territorial disputes between Nahualá and Santa Catarina Ixtahuacán have escalated into armed attacks on police and military positions. The unrest prompted the government to deploy security forces and impose temporary restrictions on movement and public gatherings.

Debate intensifies over Guatemala’s 2026 minimum wage increase

Guatemalan officials have approved an increase in the minimum wage for 2026, with differentiated hikes across sectors, 7.5% for non-agricultural work, 5.5% in agriculture and 4% in export and maquila sectors, effective 1 January. While the government says the adjustments align with technical criteria and economic needs, some analysts argue the rise exceeds what economic indicators justify and could challenge business formalisation. Business groups have called for more technical discussion on wage policy amid divided reactions across sectors.

Guatemala expels alleged Mara 18 gang member to El Salvador

Guatemalan authorities located and expelled Adilson Alfonso “Fatboy” Gómez, a 39-year-old alleged member of the Mara 18 gang wanted in El Salvador with multiple arrest orders. The operation, involving investigators from the DIPANDA unit, reflects continued efforts to remove transnational gang figures hiding in Guatemala. Gómez was delivered to Salvadoran authorities after being found in Guatemala City’s Zone 7, and his expulsion underscores ongoing regional cooperation against organised gang activity.

US issues travel warning over violence in Sololá region

The United States Embassy in Guatemala has issued a travel advisory urging US citizens to avoid the municipalities of Nahualá and Santa Catarina Ixtahuacán in Sololá due to deteriorating security following violent clashes. The alert follows the Guatemalan government ’s 15-day state of prevention declaration in response to recent armed confrontations that killed and wounded civilians and security forces. The embassy’s warning emphasises heightened risks for travellers in and around the conflict area.

The removal of subsidies, which until now kept fuel well below international market costs, will result in sharp increases in gasoline and diesel prices. Under the new regime, the cost of petrol and diesel is expected to rise substantially, with diesel climbing more than 160 per cent and petrol nearly doubling in price. At the same time, the government said it would maintain the price of liquefied petroleum gas to protect household budgets.

Paz described the elimination of fuel subsidies as part of an “economic and social emergency” and insisted the move does not mean abandonment of social commitments, but rather “order, justice and transparent redistribution” of resources. He also announced a 20 per cent increase in the national minimum wage and expanded social support measures intended, officials say, to cushion the impact on vulnerable groups.

The decision has drawn both support and criticism domestically. Some sectors welcomed the end of costly subsidies that drained the state coffers, which previously amounted to several billion dollars annually and argued the move could help reduce fiscal deficits and encourage private sector participation in fuel supply. Others, including labour groups and transport unions, have expressed strong opposition, staging demonstrations and strikes in major cities such as La Paz and Santa Cruz, as the higher fuel costs quickly rippled through public transport and other key services .

Internationally, Bolivia’s policy shift is being watched as part of a wider pattern in Latin America , where countries are grappling with the legacy of long-standing subsidies amid economic pressures including inflation, dollar shortages and budget deficits. For foreign investors and regional partners, the reforms signal a significant break with the previous two decades of fixed fuel pricing and a move towards market-oriented adjustments aimed at restoring fiscal health.

Health authorities point to the uncertain long-term effects of inhaling e-liquids as a major factor behind these bans. Chemicals in vape liquids, including nicotine and other additives, have been linked to potential respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Governments are also concerned about the rising prevalence of vaping among young people , who may develop nicotine dependence early and transition to conventional smoking.

In addition to physical health, mental health risks have become a key concern. In Malaysia, for example, authorities have reported cases of drug-induced psychosis linked to adulterated vape liquids and synthetic substances. These incidents prompted the Health Ministry to establish a task force to monitor and address potential health crises associated with vaping.

Regulatory approaches differ across countries, but the overall aim is consistent: to protect public health and prevent addiction. Some governments have enacted total bans, prohibiting sales, imports, and marketing entirely. Others have introduced partial restrictions, such as limiting sales to minors or banning online advertising. These measures reflect a cautious approach in regions where healthcare systems may struggle to manage the long-term consequences of widespread vaping.

Malaysia is preparing one of the most comprehensive bans in the region. The government has announced plans to implement a nationwide prohibition on e-cigarettes by mid-2026, pending final legislative approval. Officials describe the decision as inevitable, framing it as a continuation of public health policy rather than a sudden intervention.

Medical organisations in the region have generally supported these measures. In Malaysia, the Malaysian Medical Association has backed the upcoming ban, highlighting the need for preventive action rather than reactive treatment of health crises. Across the Global South, similar reasoning underpins decisions to regulate or prohibit vaping.

The shift reflects a broader recognition that public health, particularly among vulnerable populations such as youth, must take priority over commercial interests. As more countries in the Global South move to restrict or ban e-cigarettes, they signal a commitment to preventing nicotine addiction and safeguarding both physical and mental health in the face of emerging global vaping trends.

At the heart of the plan is the Cerrillada polyclinic in Ribera, Uruguay, a facility serving rural populations near the border.

Officials say the commission will formalise cooperation between the two national health systems, allowing citizens to receive medical treatment in either country when services are not available locally. Dr Ernesto Pacini, Deputy of the Departmental Directorate of Rivera, explained to Viory the model: “From the Uruguayan side we will come twice a month. The first week it is us, the RAP, which is the primary care network with a vaccinator, graduate nurse, nurse and doctor. The following week the Brazilian team comes.”

The programme also facilitates the cross-border provision of medicines, ensuring that essential treatments reach patients on both sides. Dr Pacini added: “The Brazilian health service comes with the medication and it will also be provided, if necessary, to a Uruguayan user.” This approach aims to optimise resources and avoid duplication, creating a seamless system of care that leverages existing infrastructure in both countries.

By alternating healthcare teams and sharing medical resources, Uruguay and Brazil hope to create a model of border health cooperation that could inspire other regions worldwide. Beyond addressing immediate healthcare needs, the initiative underscores how international collaboration can overcome geographical and bureaucratic barriers, offering a blueprint for equitable access to medical services in border regions globally.

Machado, born in Caracas in 1967, rose to prominence in the early 2000s after co-founding Súmate, an organisation dedicated to monitoring elections and promoting civic participation. She later entered the National Assembly, becoming one of the government’s most vocal critics until she was removed from her seat in 2014 after speaking before the Organisation of American States. Her political influence resurfaced strongly in 2023, when she emerged as the leading voice of a fragmented opposition.

Her Nobel recognition comes after years of disqualification, pressure and threats from the Venezuelan government. Despite being barred from running in the 2024 presidential election, Machado helped rally opposition movements behind a single candidate and continued advocating for peaceful political change. The Nobel Committee emphasised this commitment to civil resistance and democratic engagement as central to her selection.

Internationally, the award has drawn renewed attention to Venezuela’s political trajectory. Several governments and human rights organisations have interpreted the prize as a signal of support for democratic actors within the country, though it does not directly alter the political balance of power. For many observers, the recognition serves as a reminder that Venezuela’s crisis remains unresolved and continues to have implications for regional stability, migration flows and human rights.

Inside Venezuela, reactions have been sharply divided. Supporters see the prize as validation of Machado’s leadership at a time when political organising faces significant restrictions. Government officials, meanwhile, dismissed the award as foreign interference, repeating long-standing accusations that Machado represents external interests.

Although the Nobel Peace Prize does not offer political guarantees, it provides Machado with a higher international profile and a platform that may shape Venezuela’s opposition movement in the coming years. How this visibility translates into political influence will depend on internal dynamics, ongoing negotiations and the government's response in the months ahead.

The mobilisations were organised by the national movement Levante Mulheres Vivas and came amid a rise in femicides. Official data show that São Paulo recorded 166 femicides between January and August 2025, up from 152 in the same period the previous year, a trend that has intensified pressure on authorities to respond.

Some participants emphasised that the issue extends beyond individual cases, pointing to systemic failures and longstanding cultural norms. One demonstrator highlighted that stronger legislation is needed to address the deaths of women who are “workers and care for their children ,” reflecting frustration over perceived government inaction.

Others stressed that men must be engaged directly in efforts to dismantle misogyny and prevent femicide. As one protester, Flora, said: "Violence against women is an agenda that needs to be addressed… we have to demand that public authorities and men put an end to this culture of rape and violence against women."

Families described dire conditions inside the prison, saying inmates have been left without access to food, medicines or basic supplies. “You cannot pass him food, you cannot pass him supplies, you cannot pass him anything… The people there have nothing,” said one mother of a detainee with tuberculosis, breaking down as she spoke. Others recounted how their relatives entered the facility healthy but have since become bedridden due to malnutrition and untreated disease.

Several relatives also reported days of uncertainty as they sought updates on sick or missing detainees. One woman said she learned of her brother’s death only after repeated visits to the prison, claiming officials had delayed informing the family. Others described inmates suffering from additional infections and a lack of water for basic hygiene.

According to the Permanent Committee for the Defence of Human Rights of Guayaquil, 592 detainees have died in the Litoral Penitentiary so far in 2025, surpassing the total number of inmates killed in prison massacres nationwide between 2021 and 2024. Between January and September alone, an estimated 8% of those deaths were linked to tuberculosis and chronic malnutrition, highlighting the scale of the humanitarian crisis unfolding inside the facility.

Abdala emphasised that Uruguay's concentration of wealth provides what he called a clear “capacity for contribution”, warning that without urgent action, the impact of child poverty will become “structural” and be passed down through generations.

According to PIT-CNT, child poverty has reached 32.2 per cent among children under six and continues to rise. The proposal for a targeted wealth tax was formally presented in late November at the University of the Republic's ParaInfo auditorium, where union leaders, members of the Broad Front and government representatives gathered to discuss the growing crisis.

The government , however, has dismissed the initiative, stating that discussions on new taxes are “over” since the fiscal framework has already been defined in the national budget. Despite this stance, the proposal has triggered significant public and political debate, placing renewed attention on inequality and the social responsibilities of Uruguay's highest earners.

The protest highlighted growing concern among environmental groups and civil society organisations, who argue the changes significantly weaken safeguards designed to protect forests, rivers and Indigenous territories. One demonstrator captured the sentiment of the rally, saying to Viory: “We are here today in the hot sun, always remembering that we are in a climate crisis and we cannot let vetoes as important as Lula's be overturned. We cannot let bills like this pass. We cannot let laws that make environmental law more flexible.”

At the heart of the dispute is Congress’s decision on Thursday to cancel 52 vetoes that Lula had applied to the 2025 Environmental Licensing Law . The vetoes were intended to maintain strict requirements obliging companies to prove that proposed projects would not cause environmental harm before receiving authorisation. Environmental advocates warn that removing these provisions amounts to a sweeping rollback of protections and reduces mandatory consultations with Indigenous and Afro-Brazilian communities.

Supporters of the new law, however, argue that it streamlines bureaucracy, accelerates infrastructure and development projects, and strengthens Brazil’s competitiveness. They insist the updated framework maintains a balance between economic growth and environmental responsibility, a claim strongly rejected by protesters, who say the decision represents a profound step backwards for climate and environmental governance in Brazil.

Speaking at the event, Pañuelos Negros founder Asuncion Benedict defended the group’s demands. "The three causes are the moral and economic recognition of the veterans, of all the veterans, of the war against subversion, the moral and economic recognition of the civilian victims and of the armed forces, of the war against subversion. And especially in this event, we ask for the release and vindication of the political prisoners or captive patriots or prisoners of war, prisoners of subversion, as we call them," she said.

Their march, however, drew swift condemnation from human rights organisations, social movements, and citizens who mobilised to reject any attempt to legitimise figures associated with state violence during the dictatorship. Many of those opposing the protest described it as a direct affront to the memory of the victims, emphasising that they would not tolerate what they see as efforts to rehabilitate perpetrators.

The counter-demonstrators invoked the memory of the disappeared and victims of torture, framing their presence as a defence of historical truth and justice . Tension rose at several points as chants and banners from both sides confronted each other across the plaza.

Security forces remained deployed throughout the afternoon to prevent clashes, while traffic around the area was partially restricted as the demonstrations unfolded.

Speaking at the Santa Rosa immigration complex, Jeri said Peru’s borders have “long been known for their vulnerabilities” and stressed that the situation requires “serious reflection” as a matter of state policy . He explained that the government will pursue a coordinated, multisector response to strengthen security across border provinces, including those adjacent to Chile.

Jeri said the first step will be the declaration of a state of emergency, allowing the Army to support the National Police in securing border areas and preventing irregular activities “by individuals of other nationalities who may enter with different intentions.”

He also emphasised that only travellers with proper documentation will be allowed to enter, adding that tightening border controls is essential to ongoing efforts to tackle crime. Preventing people from entering “irregularly,” he said, is key to addressing the country’s broader security challenges.

The announcement comes shortly after Chilean presidential candidate Jose Kast visited the Chile–Peru border, where he pledged to expel Venezuelan migrants from Chile if elected. It also follows a period in which Peru has adopted increasingly forceful measures in response to rising crime rates nationwide.

Addressing the role of powerful nations in climate debates, Boric directly criticised former US President Donald Trump for denying the existence of the climate crisis. In his speech, Boric stated: "These are times when voices arise that choose to ignore or deny the scientific evidence about the climate crisis. Not long ago, the President of the United States, at the last UN General Assembly, said that the climate crisis does not exist, and that is a lie."

Boric also drew attention to the disproportionate effects of climate change on vulnerable populations, including women, indigenous groups, and local communities, particularly in the Global South. He emphasised that addressing climate change requires acknowledging these inequalities and ensuring that solutions are inclusive and just.

The event, hosted in the Amazon, underscores the global significance of preserving critical ecosystems while addressing climate change. Countries from the Global South have consistently called on the Global North to take responsibility for historical emissions and to commit to tangible measures that mitigate ongoing climate impacts worldwide.

COP30 runs from November 10 to 21, offering a platform for nations to advance dialogue, forge commitments, and confront the climate emergency with renewed international solidarity.

The map shows how school grades are awarded from “worst” to “best,” with ranges like 0–10, 1–5, 0–20, and even 1–100 appearing in different nations. While superficially this might look like a quirky oddity, it actually reveals deeper truths about how schooling and standards operate in Latin America .

For one, when students and transcripts cross borders, for university admissions or migration , these differences complicate things. A “7” in one country might be equivalent to a “C” in another, while a “14” on a scale of 20 might translate differently again.

According to a global overview of grading systems, South America frequently uses numerical scales like 1–10 or 0–20 instead of the letter-grade models seen elsewhere.

In particular:

These variations matter not just academically, but socially: they mirror differences in school resources, quality of instruction, and the rural-urban divide across Latin America.

For example, a recent review points out that the educational systems in South America are characterised by “inconsistencies and largely correlate to the economy of the countries” — meaning that how you’re graded may depend heavily on where you live and the school you attend.

What the map shows at a glance

The global and contemporary link

This diversity of grading scales comes at a moment when higher education and student mobility are more international than ever. For example, with the rise of online learning, cross-border student exchanges and global credentials, universities must interpret these varied grading systems.

Meanwhile, more broadly, Latin America is facing intense pressure to improve educational outcomes.

A recent study analysing data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022 for nine Latin American countries found significant “efficiency gaps” between public and private institutions, meaning that even given the same resources, outcomes varied sharply.

Grading systems, and their interpretation, become one piece of this larger puzzle of equity, access and quality in education.

“When this chancellor was imprisoned, she was released and decided to request asylum in Mexico. It was evaluated here in Mexico, just as all such requests are evaluated, and she went to the Mexican embassy in Peru, where she still remains,” Sheinbaum explained.

“This is where, due to this, the current president of Peru, through his chancellor, decided to break diplomatic relations with Mexico, which from our perspective is completely disproportionate,” she added.

“Yesterday, the Mexican ambassador, the head of the embassy, asked the Foreign Ministry and was told that the consular relationship was not being broken, only the diplomatic embassy relationship,” she said. “We will wait, however, to receive official notification, because we only know it through the statements.”

Peru’s Foreign Ministry announced the diplomatic severance on Friday, citing Mexico’s repeated interference in its internal affairs.

“The truth is they have tried to turn the perpetrators of the attempted coup d’état into victims,” de Zela said, noting that Peruvians remain committed to democracy .

He criticised Mexico for standing alone in failing to recognise Peru’s democratic order, calling its actions “wrong and unacceptable.” Despite the diplomatic rupture, de Zela clarified that consular relations would continue, ensuring protection for Peruvians in Mexico and Mexicans in Peru.

The robotic system she employs allows for millimetric precision, helping patients walk pain-free just 24 hours after surgery. Vélez’s work not only represents a leap in surgical innovation but also breaks gender barriers in a field historically dominated by men.

“Orthopaedics has always been led by men,” Vélez told Viory, “but I’ve led a group of women, and I hope there will be many more of us in Latin America .”

Strategically located in the city of Barranquilla, close to Central America , the Caribbean, and the southern U.S., Vélez sees the city as a growing hub for medical tourism. Her work gives patients access to U.S.-standard robotic care at home or nearby.

“This offensive of threats seeks to strip our people of their revolution, their power, and return us to the shadows of imperial domination,” Maduro said. “Whatever the threat may be, and whenever it comes, I always tell the people: nerves of steel . Calm, prudence, and maximum unity in action.”

The president also dismissed international criticism, labelling him a dictator, referencing his working-class roots in the barrios of Caracas and distancing himself from elites trained abroad. “I wasn’t trained at the School of the Americas, Harvard, or Langley,” he said. “I was trained in the high schools and neighbourhoods of Caracas - El Valle, 23 de Enero, Catia, Propatria, El Cementerio.”

Maduro concluded with a plea for de-escalation, calling on both regional leaders and the people of the United States to reject militarism and support peace. “Enough of threats, enough of militarism, enough of fascism. Respect the people’s right to peace,” he said. 

The United States has deployed warships and fighter jets in the region since August, citing efforts to combat transnational narcotics operations.

Community members gathered in the streets holding banners and chanting against Rio’s governor, Claudio Castro, whom they accused of ordering excessive violence . Witnesses say several victims had already surrendered before being shot. “We are not defending criminals, we are defending justice,” said resident Claudia Vitalino. “Police officers do not have the power to kill people, they need to learn that,” she told Viory.

Others demanded transparency from the authorities, calling for the release of autopsy reports and police camera footage. “Where is the evidence to say that all those bodies lying in the street were really criminals?” asked resident Reis. “The police are made to protect only the rights of the bourgeoisie, not us.”

Authorities have yet to release a full report on the operation or confirm the number of deaths.

Footage by Viory from the scene showed elderly protesters waving banners denouncing Milei and accusing the government of stripping away hard-earned rights. “They want to take it all, all the rights. The rights we've fought for so many years,” said one protester. “I'm 67 years old and I've been through it all, and we keep fighting in the streets just the same,” he added.

Tensions have continued to rise since Milei’s La Libertad Avanza coalition secured victory in last week’s elections . Many demonstrators voiced concern that the government’s response to social unrest had grown increasingly repressive. “Now that he won, it’s going to get worse. But why do they repress us?” asked another retiree at the scene.

The protest was the latest in a growing wave of opposition to the president’s economic policies, which include major public spending cuts aimed at controlling inflation and addressing Argentina’s long-standing debt crisis. However, critics argue these measures disproportionately impact the country’s most vulnerable populations, including pensioners.

Organisers have called for a nationwide mobilisation next week, hoping to rally more than 100,000 people across multiple cities to demand the restoration of pensions and essential services.

“It was a massacre with several premeditated killings, those where there is intent to kill,” said Alex Castro, a resident of the community. “Mothers have lost their children , wives their husbands, and children their parents. The only thing we ask for is peace.”

Neusa, another resident, expressed frustration at the state’s repeated use of violence while failing to invest in long-term solutions. “The State knows how to make us cry, because we are mothers. But the State doesn’t come with projects,” she said. “Everything that happened today should not have happened,” she said.

The community is still reeling, with reports that several bodies remain in the forested areas surrounding the favela. Residents have taken it upon themselves to organise searches, with some travelling by motorcycle deep into the woods to recover the dead.

Claudia, who witnessed one of the killings, described how a man who had already surrendered was executed. “He said, ‘I surrender.’ That’s what he did. And they shot him anyway,” she said. “Not even criminals should be killed. This shouldn’t be happening in our favela.” 

The operation has once again put Brazil’s militarised policing strategies under scrutiny, especially in poor, predominantly Black communities that say they are treated as enemy territory.

“They want to end violence in the favela, but who robs more?” asked resident Adailton. “They rob more than we, the poor. They even want to cancel our 13th salary, but instead of filtering their own thefts, they come to oppress us.”

So far, authorities have not released an official death toll or detailed account of the operation.

His lawyers argue that some of the charges overlap and contend that enforcing cumulative penalties violates his rights. They filed an 85-page motion asking for the sentence to be reduced or the ruling reviewed, citing the dissenting vote and what they describe as “accusatory excess”.

Bolsonaro remains under house arrest and awaits the outcome of the appeal process. The next step will be a full court decision on whether the appeal will be accepted by all eleven Justices of the STF. Analysts say even if the appeal is denied, the political impact of the ruling will continue to reverberate throughout Brazil’s upcoming 2026 elections .