County officials said the fighting, which lasted just over an hour, left soldiers and civilians dead, flattened parts of the town’s commercial centre and forced residents to flee. 

Yuai, already repeatedly damaged during past rounds of conflict, has since been largely abandoned and local administration suspended.

Thousands of civilians have escaped into surrounding swamps or crossed into neighbouring Duk County, where officials say at least 7,000 people have arrived in recent days.

The clashes are the latest in a series of confrontations in Jonglei, one of South Sudan’s most volatile regions, as tensions persist between government forces and Machar’s faction despite a fragile peace deal. 

According to the latest situationer from the International Crisis Group , war in Sudan spilled into South Sudan in December after Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces (RSF) briefly seized the Heglig oil fields along the border, an area critical to South Sudan’s oil exports. 

The incident heightened instability in border areas that are vital to Juba’s economy, which depends heavily on oil revenue. Control of Heglig ultimately ensured the continuation of crude exports despite the violence.

Additional violence involved local armed groups. The SSPDF clashed with the “Red Belt” vigilante group in Bor, and a former senior general announced the formation of a new rebel movement, raising concerns over further fragmentation.

Despite the unrest, the government pledged to hold elections by December 2026, a plan rejected by Machar’s main faction amid delays in key preparations. 

South Sudan is staging a comeback, with its oil sector fuelling recovery. Guinea is booming, powered by rich deposits of bauxite and iron ore and a surge in energy projects.

In Ethiopia, growth remains strong, driven by construction, agriculture, and energy expansion.

Rwanda continues to attract attention through its vibrant tech start-up ecosystem and thriving tourism industry, while Uganda is positioning itself for an economic boost from new oil production and robust coffee exports.

The IMF attributes these successes to smart policy reforms and improved debt management, which are enabling these economies to stay steady even as global demand weakens.

On May 24, 1991, Eritrean forces captured their capital, Asmara, a victory which effectively marked the end of decades of war and ultimately secession from Ethiopia. This was the first such case in post-colonial Africa. Just six days earlier, the Somali Republic, which was created in 1960, split as Somaliland (a former British colony) declared independence from Somalia (a former Italian colony). 

Eritrea seceded from a union with Ethiopia, which had been imposed on it in 1962, but Somaliland seceded from a greater Somalia to which it had consented.

Ethiopia’s own government ultimately facilitated Eritrea’s recognition as a sovereign state by the international community.

Thirty-four years after its secession, Somaliland is still in search of international recognition in the face of fierce opposition from Somalia. And then, suddenly, Ethiopia suggested on January 1, 2024, that a quid pro quo may be possible after all: diplomatic recognition in return for access to the sea. If the deal were carried through as planned, it would be the most consequential international event in the Horn of Africa in decades. The hope was that Ethiopia’s recognition would pave the way for similar actions by other states, eventually leading to the birth of the world ’s newest state, the Republic of Somaliland.

So, to recap the two scenarios:

Inter-state and inter-ethnic conflicts continue to define the Horn of Africa.

Blinded by post-colonial logic

Even if Ethiopia and Somaliland had been able to execute as planned without any negative repercussions, their solution would have fallen short of addressing the seemingly intractable problem of the Horn of Africa. But why is the region so chronically unstable, and what can be done about it for the long term? All parties have an interest in the prosperity that a more stable region would generate.

The challenge, as so often, is about history. Ethiopia, alone among the states in the Horn of Africa, was never colonised.”. But its borders were nevertheless a product of struggles and arrangements made in capitals thousands of miles away. The ultimate consequence of the partition of the Horn of Africa was that cohesive nations of people who should have been governing themselves found borders separating them into different states. Conversely, those who should have been separated found themselves on the same side of the line as people with conflicting cultures, histories and traditions. 

This is the fundamental root of the political instability of the Horn of Africa.

What came into being in the region in the post-colonial period was Ethiopia, a state in search of a nation, and Somalia and Djibouti, nations in search of a state. Eritrea is neither a state nor a nation—it is an entity in search of both.

The political concept of state denotes administrative structure and control, and the sociological concept of nation denotes collective identity. 

Over the years, several proposals have been put forward for addressing the challenge of political instability in the Horn of Africa. One element that these proposals had in common was the need to maintain existing colonial borders, even if the countries in the region were to form some kind of union. The logic of avoiding the inevitable disputes and wrangling over a redrawing of boundaries is understandable. But is it compatible with a solution to the underlying problems?

What if our fixation with national borders with customs points, and fences is merely entrenching the errors of the past? What if we look instead at governance and decision-making and consider a framework that can support the needs of people without simply recreating existing problems in new locations? In fact, this formula is consistent with what is seemingly being practised in Ethiopia at the moment—ethnic federalism. But this approach also transcends it. The autonomy of different ethnic regions should be disproportional or asymmetric, reflecting the distinctive historical experiences of various regions. Some areas have greater cohesion and more unity, others need more independence.

It should be noted that such a concept is not new to Eritrea: Eritrea enjoyed a special status between 1952 and 1962. It was granted a federal status in an otherwise unitary Ethiopia. After a decade, however, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia abrogated the federal treaty with the support of the US, which, because of the Cold War, had a significant geostrategic interest in the region.

Such a special status should be extended not only to Eritrea but also to other regions in the Horn of Africa, including particularly Somaliland. If this type of asymmetric constitutionalism is implemented, the result could be the United States of the Horn of Africa. In theory, this would also become a stepping stone toward the realisation of the long-dreamt United States of Africa.

Author’s note: In this essay, I have referred to the Horn of Africa as Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea. The Greater Horn of Africa clearly also encompasses Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, and Uganda.

The opinions and thoughts expressed in this article reflect only the author's views.

Seifudein Adem is a visiting professor at the Institute of Advanced Research and Education at Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan. He has taught in Ethiopia, the US, Japan and China and is the author of several books on international relations.

Machar, who has been under house arrest since late March, is accused of being involved with the White Army, a loosely organised militia largely composed of fighters from the Nuer ethnic group, and using “political and military structures” to influence or direct their operations during the attack.

In addition to Machar, seven individuals aligned with his Sudan People ’s Liberation Movement/Army-in Opposition (SPLM-IO) have also been formally charged and suspended from their government posts.

Among them are Petroleum Minister Puot Kang Chol and Lt. General Gabriel Duop Lam, Deputy Chief of Staff of the army. A further 13 suspects remain at large.

President Salva Kiir, whose political relationship with Machar has been uneasy since the 2018 peace deal ended South Sudan’s five-year civil war, has suspended Machar as first vice president following the charges.

Machar’s spokesperson dismissed the charges as a “political witch-hunt”, arguing that the judicial system in South Sudan is not independent but instead “politically directed courts”. The SPLM-IO has warned that the move threatens to undermine the 2018 Revitalised Peace Agreement and could risk reigniting armed conflict.

Roads to Machar’s residence in Juba have been blocked by soldiers and tanks, heightening concerns about the potential for escalation. International actors, including the United Nations and the African Union, have urged restraint.

Israel is in talks with South Sudan about resettling Palestinians from Gaza, part of its push for mass emigration after a 22-month offensive against Hamas. Six sources confirmed the discussions to the Associated Press, though it’s unclear how advanced they are. If enacted, the plan would move people from one war-torn, famine-threatened region to another, raising human rights concerns. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has framed the idea as “voluntary migration,” in line with former U.S. President Donald Trump’s vision, and has floated similar proposals with other African nations. Netanyahu told i24 TV that allowing civilians to leave would let Israel strike Hamas harder, though he did not mention South Sudan specifically.

AU calls for a permanent ceasefire

The African Union (AU) has urged South Sudan to uphold a permanent ceasefire and fully implement the revitalised peace agreement. Following a three-day mission to Juba, AU Peace and Security Council members met with President Salva Kiir and other leaders to discuss the accord’s progress and preparations for the December 2026 elections, which will end the transition period. The AU commended political leaders’ commitment to peace, called for inclusive dialogue, and pledged continued support to ensure stability and successful elections. The visit coincided with renewed regional efforts to reinforce South Sudan’s fragile peace deal, which has faced setbacks since independence in 2011.

3,000 Ugandans receive cholera vaccine from South Sudan

At least 3,500 Ugandans from Elegu Town Council in Amuru district have received cholera vaccines in South Sudan’s Nimule Town amid efforts to contain an outbreak that has killed five since July 2. The cross-border campaign, coordinated by Amuru health authorities and Nimule Hospital, aimed to curb transmission across the border. Officials said the initiative followed limited government support and resources in Amuru. Patrick Louis Lamot, Elegu’s Port Health focal person, said both sides agreed on joint strategies to combat public health threats, with vaccination as a key measure. He noted a recent drop in cholera cases but said it is unclear if it was directly linked to the vaccines.

Central Banks of the UAE and South Sudan sign MoU on payment

The Central Bank of the UAE and the Bank of South Sudan have signed an MoU to boost cooperation in security printing, payment systems, and capacity building. The agreement, witnessed by UAE Minister Sheikh Shakhbout bin Nahyan Al Nahyan and South Sudan’s Vice President Benjamin Bol Mel, was signed by officials from both banks. Under the deal, the UAE will support South Sudan in banknote security printing through its subsidiary Omlat, and develop a two-phase payment card system via Al Etihad Payments. The MoU also covers knowledge exchange, technical support, and staff training through the Emirates Institute of Finance.

South Sudan denies Israel talks over forced transfer of Palestinians

South Sudan has denied reports it is in talks with Israel to resettle Palestinians from Gaza, calling the claims “baseless” and not reflective of its policy. The Associated Press had reported discussions on an Israeli proposal to transfer Palestinians to South Sudan. The foreign ministry’s statement follows international criticism that such transfers would amount to forcible expulsion and violate international law. Critics fear the plan could block Palestinians’ return to Gaza and enable Israeli annexation. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has promoted “voluntary migration” for Gaza’s population, and similar proposals have reportedly been floated with other African nations. Egypt has rejected any forced transfers, while South Sudan—still recovering from civil war—already hosts large refugee populations.

Yoaso Mototio, a geologist at South Sudan’s Ministry of Mining, acknowledged the widespread presence of unregulated mining operations. He stated that the ministry lacks the capacity to properly oversee the sector due to missing geological mapping and the country’s porous borders.

“The ministry, of course, knows there is illicit mining going on… But our biggest challenge is that our minerals or the natural resources are not geologically mapped,” Mototio is quoted by Radio Tamazuj .

South Sudan’s 2012 Mining Act allows the government to hold an optional equity of up to 15% in large-scale mining projects. However, Mototio estimates that as much as 40 tons of gold are exported from the country each year without government monitoring or benefit to the state.

According to the report, the Mining Act and accompanying regulations introduced in 2015 have not been effectively enforced. As a result, the benefits of mining continue to bypass local communities.

The World Bank estimates that about 92% of South Sudan’s population of 11 million people live in poverty. CSCNR chairperson James Boboya emphasised the disconnect between gold extraction and community welfare.

“Gold is being taken out, and money is being made — but the communities remain poor,” Boboya said.

He also highlighted the risks faced by artisanal miners, many of whom work under hazardous and unregulated conditions , often returning without earnings and facing food insecurity.

The announcement was made by US Secretary of State Marco Rubio who said the action takes effect immediately.

It is the first time the US has blocked visas for all passport holders from one country since Donald Trump returned as President in January.

Rubio said the visa ban will stay in place until South Sudan fully cooperates and starts accepting the return of its citizens on time.

He however indicated the U.S. preparedness to review this decision when South Sudan fully shows commitment to working with them.

The move is part of tougher immigration steps being taken under the Trump administration.

Speaking at a press conference in the capital, Juba, Information Minister and government spokesperson Michael Makuei Lueth assured the public that the situation remains "normal and under full control."

“This is in accordance with intelligence and security reports, which indicate that Dr. Riek Machar, the First Vice President of the Republic of South Sudan and Chairman of the SPLM-IO, has been in contact with his supporters and military bases,” Lueth stated, adding that, “As a result of these contacts, several events unfolded in March, including the assembly and attack by the White Army on the Nasir garrison.”

President Salva Kiir Mayardit ordered Machar’s house arrest as a security measure to safeguard the peace agreement and maintain stability, according to Lueth.

“In order to save the agreement and exercise his constitutional powers, President Salva Kiir directed that Vice President Riek Machar be placed under house arrest, pending investigation,” he said. “Machar will remain under house arrest while investigations determine whether he is guilty or innocent.”

The government defended its actions against criticism that the move violates the peace deal, asserting that national security must take precedence over political agreements.

“People say this is a violation of the agreement. Does the agreement authorize anyone to take the lives of others? Does it allow unlawful actions under its cover? No. The agreement is governed by law, and we must abide by that law,” Lueth argued.

The situation adds further strain to South Sudan’s already fragile political situation over the past months.

Officials said the air strikes are part of a broader military campaign aimed at neutralizing armed rebel groups accused of destabilizing parts of the country. The operations are reportedly focused on areas in the Upper Nile and Jonglei regions, where clashes between government forces and rebel factions have intensified in recent weeks.

Ugandan army chief Muhoozi Kainerugaba confirmed the move, saying, “As of two days ago, our Special Forces units entered Juba to secure it. We shall protect the entire territory of South Sudan like it was our own.”

The Ugandan army spokesman, Felix Kulayigye, also confirmed the deployment, explaining that the troops were sent in to protect the government. “We had instructions to deploy, and we deployed the troops there,” he told AFP.

South Sudan has struggled with violence and political instability for years. In 2013, Uganda sent soldiers to support President Salva Kiir during a civil war. The troops officially left in 2015, but tensions have remained high.

A peace deal in 2018 between Kiir and his rival, Vice President Riek Machar, ended the war.

However, fighting has flared up again, especially in Upper Nile State. Kiir’s supporters blame Machar’s forces and a group known as the White Army, a militia made up of young fighters from Machar’s Nuer ethnic group.

The United Nations has warned that South Sudan is experiencing “an alarming regression” that could undo years of peace efforts.

The International Crisis Group has also raised concerns, saying the country is “slipping rapidly toward full-blown war.”

Sudan launches case against United Arab Emirates at World Court

Sudan has filed a case against the United Arab Emirates at the International Court of Justice, accusing it of violating its obligations under the Genocide Convention by supplying arms to the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, the court announced on Thursday, March 6. Read more here .

Scores of Nigerian Muslims arrested for eating during Ramadan

Islamic authorities in northern Nigeria have arrested several Muslims for eating and selling food publicly during Ramadan, enforcing mandatory fasting in Kano. Reading more here .

South Sudan situation deteriorating at alarming pace - U.N. rights body

Rising violence and political tensions in South Sudan endanger its fragile peace, the UN warned after officials linked to the vice president were arrested. Read more here .

Asia

Israeli tourist and local woman gang-raped in India, police say

A man was killed, and an Israeli tourist and an Indian woman were gang-raped by three men near India's Hampi UNESCO site on Thursday, police said Saturday. The attack followed a dispute over money while the victims were stargazing with others. Read more here .

China hits back at Canada with fresh agriculture tariffs

China imposed tariffs on $2.6 billion in Canadian food and agriculture products, retaliating against Ottawa’s October levies. The duties, set for March 20, match Canada’s tariffs on Chinese EVs, steel, and aluminum. Read more here .

Myanmar junta chief announces election for December or January

Myanmar's junta will hold elections in December 2025 or January 2026, state media reported, marking the first set timeframe since the 2021 coup that sparked nationwide unrest. Read more here .

Latin America

Majority of Brazil Supreme Court chamber upholds Rumble suspension

A majority of Brazil's Supreme Court backed suspending U.S. video platform Rumble for defying court orders, with two justices joining Alexandre de Moraes. Read more here .

At least 31 die in Bolivia after truck rams into bus

A truck collided with a bus in southern Bolivia on Monday, killing at least 31 people and injuring 22, police said. Read more here .

Mexico vows retaliation as Trump trade war erupts

Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum on Tuesday condemned U.S. President Donald Trump's 25% tariffs on Mexican imports and vowed retaliatory measures, though details were not provided. Read more here .

“I have said it time and again that our country will not go back to war. Let no one take the law into their hands,” Kiir stated.

The attack occurred as a UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) team attempted to evacuate soldiers from clashes in Upper Nile State. The helicopter came under fire, leaving one crew member dead and two others seriously injured. A South Sudanese army general and several officers were also killed, with UNMISS stating the incident could constitute a war crime.

Tensions have risen in recent weeks due to clashes between forces aligned with Kiir and First Vice President Riek Machar, straining their fragile power-sharing agreement. Kiir’s allies have accused Machar’s forces of inciting unrest in Upper Nile State alongside the White Army, an armed Nuer youth group linked to the vice president’s ethnic community.

South Sudan is the world’s youngest nation; it ended a five-year civil war in 2018 with a peace deal between Kiir and Machar.

Esther Ikere, a senior official at the Ministry of Gender, Child, and Social Welfare, said the government understands the seriousness of the issue and is working hard to protect children.

She said they are taking steps to make sure children are not recruited, that those who were forced to fight are helped, and that the reasons why children end up as soldiers are addressed.

“Children who should be in classrooms, playing, and dreaming of their futures have instead been forced to bear the burdens of war. They have been robbed of their innocence, their education, and their fundamental rights,” she said . “We must acknowledge the immense harm this has caused.”

The country has experienced years of conflict, and many children have been forced to fight. Some were kidnapped, while others joined armed groups because they had no other options. Many have suffered physical and emotional pain, and their childhoods have been stolen from them.

General Ashhab Khamis Fahal, a senior official in South Sudan’s army, said military leaders have been informed that recruiting children is not allowed.

“It is their responsibility to make sure that there is no form of child recruitment among the forces,” he said. “We are committed to making sure children are protected.”

The United Nations also urged South Sudan to focus on education and training for young people so that children are given better opportunities instead of being pulled into war.

Anita Kiki Gbeho, the UN’s deputy representative in South Sudan, said the UN will continue working with the government to stop child recruitment.

“We are all working towards the same objective, to build a future where no child is forced to bear the burden of armed conflict,” she was quoted by local news outlet Anadolu Ajansı .

Allan Kudumoch Agon, a 21-year-old former child soldier, spoke at the event. He shared his painful experience of being taken from his home as a child and forced into war. “At the age of eight, I was forcibly taken away from our house into the bush,” he said. “This was just the beginning of my encounter with adversity.”

Allan said the experience has left deep scars. “Being a child soldier left me with disgust and burdens that may last forever,” he said. “My prayer is that no child should ever have to go through this situation. Let all of us in this program allow children to be children.”

The government, the UN, and other groups are now working together to ensure that no child is forced into war again.

This move, spearheaded by the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) under Elon Musk, aims to reduce federal spending but has raised concerns about the potential humanitarian and geopolitical repercussions.

Africa stands out as a region heavily reliant on USAID funding , especially in the health sector. In 2024, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo each received approximately $1.20 billion in aid, primarily directed towards health programmes, including HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment.

South Sudan, Somalia, and Nigeria also ranked among the top recipients, with significant portions of their aid allocated to healthcare initiatives. The abrupt cessation of funds threatens to disrupt essential services, such as HIV treatment programmes, potentially leading to a resurgence of the epidemic in these regions.

The suspension has already led to the closure of numerous health clinics and the halting of critical services. For instance, in South Africa, USAID-funded organisations were ordered to halt work for 90 days, forcing clinics to close and leaving patients without access to necessary treatments. This sudden withdrawal not only endangers public health but also undermines years of progress made in combating diseases across the continent.

Beyond Africa, the discontinuation of USAID affects numerous countries worldwide. In 2024, USAID distributed nearly $32.5 billion in aid, with significant allocations to nations like Ukraine, Jordan, and Ethiopia. The suspension of this support destroys various development projects, from infrastructure enhancements to educational programmes, potentially destabilising regions that have been strengthened by U.S. assistance.

Recalling his time in detention, Magok described harrowing abuse. “I saw him in Al-Jadida, one of the biggest prisons in Tripoli,” he told the AFP. “He came with a big stick, removed the cross from my neck, and hit me on the head.”

Magok detailed further torture, including electric shocks and beatings. “For someone who tried to escape, they touch you on the leg. So that the next time you're not going to try to escape again, they use electric shock and electric wire. They tie your legs and put them on the chair. They have cables, electric cables,” he explained. “It’s a way of frightening you. You feel like you’ll never be free again.”

He also recounted witnessing Najim shoot prisoners and hearing the screams of those executed in closed rooms. “When someone is dead, they call us to bring the body bag,” Magok said.

Najim was arrested in Turin but was released and flown back to Libya two days later, with Italian authorities blaming a flawed International Criminal Court (ICC) arrest warrant for their inability to detain him. A special court is now reviewing Magok’s complaint.

The National Communications Authority communicated on January 27 that the objectionable content, which was linked to nationwide violent protests, had been taken down, thus allowing the platforms to function normally again.

The escalation of violence associated with social media content in the region highlights the necessity for a measured response.

“The rise of violence linked to social media content in South Sudan underscores the need for a balanced approach that addresses the root causes of online incitement while protecting the rights of the population,” Napoleon Adok Gai, the director of the National Communications Authority said .

Earlier in January, accountability for targeted attacks in El Gezira, Sudan, particularly against civilians, was attributed to the Sudanese army and its affiliates, following their military success over the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces.

Rights organisations have raised concerns regarding these ethnically motivated assaults, revealing a pattern of violence caught on video and disseminated via social media platforms.

In response to the backlash, the Sudanese army repudiated these incidents, describing them as individual violations rather than systemic abuses.

Before the fridge was introduced, vaccinators had to travel daily to Magwi to collect vaccines.

Long journeys under harsh conditions often meant vaccines were at risk of spoiling, and many children missed their shots.

“Now, mothers can get vaccines anytime because the fridge keeps them here, safe and ready,” Alex Onek James, a vaccinator said .

This saves parents from having to walk long distances to the town or spend money on motorbike taxis to vaccinate their children.

“It was tiring and expensive, now, everything is nearby. Even tetanus vaccines for us mothers are available,” Joyce Achan, a mother of four told Gavi .

The fridge has also helped introduce new vaccines, like the malaria vaccine, which requires four doses.

Since South Sudan began rolling out the malaria vaccine in July 2024, more families have been eager to vaccinate their children.

Many mothers say the vaccine is a relief, as treating malaria in private clinics can be expensive.

Health officials have seen clear benefits. Martin Okot, County Health Director for Magwi County, said the fridge has reduced missed vaccinations.

“Before, many mothers didn’t return for follow-ups because of the distance. Now, more children are being immunised, and trust in the system has grown,” he said.

This came after Sudan’s government and the Basher Pipeline Company (Bapco) lifted a force majeure, which is a legal term for a situation where something outside their control had stopped the work.

“The reference is made to the kick-off date of operation and production resumption in Dar Petroleum Company (DPOC) Block three and seven. And the letter from South Sudan’s Ministry of Petroleum (MoP) and Bapco pertaining [to] the lifting of Force Majeure that was declared in February 2024 and the indemnity letter issued {by} MoP and coordinated task force formed by the parties,” parts of the statement was quoted.

“In this regard, the Ministry of Petroleum and partners are hereby directing DPOC to kick start the resumption of crude oil production and operation as early as 8th of January 2025,” it added .

The lifting of the blockade allows oil to flow from South Sudan to Port Sudan on the Red Sea. Sudan’s government said the decision was made after security conditions improved.

South Sudan has faced tough times in recent years. Fighting and reduced oil exports because of the war in Sudan have hurt its economy.

Before the conflict, South Sudan was producing 150,000 barrels of oil a day. This oil was sent through Sudan as part of an agreement made when South Sudan became independent in 2011.

The war in Sudan has also forced thousands of people to flee to South Sudan. Since April 2023, more than 810,000 new refugees have arrived. Many of these are South Sudanese people who had been in Sudan, along with refugees from other countries.

Over half of these refugees are now living in the Maban region. Another 135,000 have settled in the Ruweng Administrative Area. Many are also moving to cities, which is creating both challenges and opportunities for local communities.

More than two-thirds of the population lives on less than $2.15 per person per day, underscoring the severity of the crisis. 

“Weak governance, multiple shocks, lack of economic opportunity, high food prices, and conflict have all contributed to increased poverty and vulnerability,” said Charles Undeland, World Bank country manager for South Sudan. “South Sudan’s challenges are many, but there are real opportunities to improve people’s livelihoods through better resource management and fostering a stable, secure environment where citizens can farm, work, and invest for a better future.” 

Since gaining independence in 2011, South Sudan, the world’s youngest nation, has faced significant humanitarian challenges. Earlier this year, it was reported that seven million of the country’s 12.4 million people were at risk of crisis-level hunger, with nine million in urgent need of humanitarian aid. 

Over 70% of the population lacks access to basic healthcare, and about one in ten people have no access to electricity. 

According to the report, even those not living in poverty are highly vulnerable to falling below the poverty line due to ongoing shocks such as conflict and economic instability. Nearly 99% of South Sudanese households face high vulnerability, largely driven by limited human and physical capital, which perpetuates chronic poverty.  

“Food insecurity is a widespread issue in South Sudan, exacerbated by rising inflation,” said Frank Adoho, World Bank Senior Economist for South Sudan. “High food prices restrict access, particularly in rural areas where over half of households rely on markets for their food. Insecurity, population displacements, and low agricultural investment have reduced food production, contributing to high rates of food insecurity. Investing in agriculture and infrastructure could help improve food delivery and reduce import dependency.”  

The World Bank also highlighted the need for increased investment in data and statistical capacity to bridge knowledge gaps, which currently hinder effective policymaking. 

Dr Augustino Ting Mayai, Director General of the National Bureau of Statistics, emphasised, “The challenge facing policymakers in South Sudan is to design sustainable, well-targeted policies to combat extreme poverty and food insecurity. Effective policymaking relies on credible data, and South Sudan’s weak statistical system complicates these efforts.”  

South Sudan’s protracted civil war from 2013 to 2020, sparked by political tensions between President Salva Kiir and former Vice President Riek Machar, resulted in tens of thousands of casualties and the displacement of over 1.6 million people. The conflict further deepened the country’s poverty crisis, leaving millions in urgent need of sustained relief and long-term development efforts.

The South Sudan government has reached an agreement with Sudan's paramilitary group, the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), to restore operations along a critical 237-kilometre segment of the Greater Nile Oil Pipeline. This collaboration is pivotal, enabling the export of South Sudan's crude oil to the Port of Sudan. Historically, this pipeline facilitated the transport of more than 150,000 barrels of oil daily. However, it had ceased operations due to armed conflicts, resulting in severe economic repercussions—most notably, public salaries have gone unpaid for ten months, and prices for essential goods have surged. A recent joint workshop has confirmed plans for oil flow resumption; operations are anticipated to resume within 45 days, with initial shipments projected to arrive in three months. 

Ethiopia grants $738 million loan to South Sudan for major cross-broader project

Ethiopia has granted a $738 million loan to South Sudan to facilitate the construction of a major cross-border infrastructure project—a 220-kilometre road connecting the two nations. The terms stipulate that loan repayment will be sourced from South Sudan's crude oil sales to Ethiopia, effectively binding economic cooperation to infrastructural development. This initiative aligns with a prior agreement established in May 2024 and aims to bolster connectivity between South Sudan's Paloich, Maiwut, and Pagak regions and the Ethiopian border. The construction will be managed by Ethiopian contractors and includes a grace period of four years, followed by a ten-year repayment schedule. 

Kenyan president Ruto to visit South Sudan

Kenyan President William Ruto is scheduled to visit South Sudan to engage in critical discussions with President Salva Kiir concerning the Tumaini Initiative. This initiative is designed to facilitate peace talks between the South Sudan government and opposition factions that have yet to sign the peace agreement. This diplomatic mission comes in response to President Kiir’s request for Kenya to spearhead mediation, succeeding the Community of Sant’Egidio's previous role in Rome. The Presidential Press Secretary, Lily Martin Manyiel Ayuel, has underscored the importance of this visit in reaffirming Kiir’s commitment to the Tumaini Initiative amidst speculation of its potential abandonment. A prior meeting between Ruto and South Sudan officials addressed concerns regarding the initiative’s operational mechanisms, suggesting it should serve as a complement to the 2018 Peace Agreement rather than serve as a replacement, although acceptance of these terms by the opposition remains uncertain.

South Sudan grapples with hunger and cholera outbreaks

South Sudan is currently grappling with an acute humanitarian crisis characterised by escalating rates of hunger and cholera outbreaks. UN agencies, including the World Food Programme (WFP), World Health Organisation (WHO), and UNICEF, have called for heightened international support, noting that over half the population faces crisis-level hunger. Factors impeding aid include limited funding, geographical obstacles to isolated communities, and high food prices, exacerbated by economic instability and ongoing conflict. Moreover, the influx of refugees from Sudan, combined with severe flooding, has destroyed agricultural yields and displaced significant segments of the population. Currently, the WFP’s outreach has only reached 38% of those in dire need, often necessitating the provision of half-rations.

US embassy in South Sudan advocates for press freedom

The US embassy in South Sudan has highlighted the necessity of protecting journalists from harassment and detention. This statement coincides with the observance of the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists. The embassy has reiterated the demand for a thorough investigation into the controversial death of journalist Christopher Allen during South Sudan's civil conflict in 2017. According to Reporters Without Borders, South Sudan’s ranking has significantly plummeted to 136th on the World Press Index, a stark decline from 118th in 2023, signalling an increasing climate of impunity for crimes committed against journalists worldwide.

South Sudan, ranked as the third most fragile country globally and highly susceptible to climate change, depends heavily on agriculture, which provides 70% of jobs and up to 95% of household income. However, only 4.5% of the country’s arable land is currently being farmed. 

The AfDB's investment will focus on deploying climate-smart technologies, enhancing key value chains such as sorghum, rice, sesame, and fisheries, and promoting digital agricultural and climate advisory solutions.

The initiative, set to run from September 2024 to December 2030 in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), will also prioritize skill development for women and young people, creating new job opportunities. The program aims to benefit 567,155 people across Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Eastern Equatoria, Central Equatoria, and Jonglei, with half of the beneficiaries being women and youth aged 18 to 35.

Central Bank Governor James Alic Garang described the upgrade as a significant step forward in the nation’s financial infrastructure. "The Bank of South Sudan is pleased to announce the launch of an electronic interbank trading platform, Refinity, for commercial and retail banks in South Sudan," the statement read. 

Garang highlighted that this development is part of a broader vision to streamline banking processes, enhance efficiency, reduce risks, and increase transparency across the financial sector.

Maria Peter Mawien, a professional banker, praised the Central Bank's efforts, noting that while some critics focus solely on exchange rates, they overlook the broader functions and advancements within the bank. "We are not a young nation anymore; we are starting from where others are at the moment," Mawien said.

Mawien further explained the long-term benefits of the new system, stating that as more banks adopt this tool, individuals and businesses will experience significant advantages. "For example, individuals can instantly receive their paychecks and use them the same day, while small businesses can manage cash flows more efficiently without processing delays," added Mawien. 

Customers of banks and credit unions that sign up for the service will be able to use their financial institution’s mobile app, website, and other platforms to send instant payments quickly and securely.

Luol Deng, president of the South Sudan Basketball Federation (SSBF), addressed the crowd, calling the team’s Olympic journey a breakthrough moment. "When we first started, nobody thought that South Sudan had a place, not only in Africa but in the world, to compete. Now, people are starting to see our potential, and because of you, we are on our way," Deng said.

"For years and years and years, South Sudan has not had the opportunity and has not had the chance to be able to show the rest of the world our talent, to show the rest of the world our unity, and to show the rest of the world what's really in our heart. And right now, South Sudan is the heart of Africa and we will keep on representing it. What I always tell my players and my message to my players is that what makes us so unique is that we are playing for something different than just basketball," he added.

Despite falling short of a medal after group stage defeats by the United States and Serbia, the performance of the Bright Stars in Paris has brought immense pride to South Sudan, the world’s youngest nation, and a neighbour to war-torn Sudan.

Freelance journalist Omer Mohamed Omer was arrested by the Sudanese Armed Forces for publicly criticising the governor on Facebook. The arrest highlights the dangers faced by journalists in the war-torn country, where journalists have faced increased risks, including killings, arrests, harassment, and sexual assaults since the outbreak of the civil war. Sudan Tribune reports that the Sudanese Journalists Network and the Committee to Protect Journalists have both denounced the arrest and called for Omer's immediate release.

Ceasefire talks

The United States announced an invitation for Sudan's warring factions to hold ceasefire talks in Switzerland next month. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said the US asked Sudan's army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) to begin negotiations on August 14. Blinken emphasized the US commitment to ending the conflict. According to The New Arab , the RSF commander, who has been fighting the army for over a year, welcomed the invitation and confirmed participation in the talks.

Proliferation of weapons

Amnesty International has reported that weapons from Russia, China, Turkey, and the UAE are being imported in large quantities into Sudan and diverted to Darfur, in violation of a UN arms embargo. The weapons are being used in the conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces, despite efforts to control their movement and supply. The influx of arms has caused significant civilian casualties, with a 20-fold increase in mortality rates for communities fleeing West Darfur. The US Secretary of State, Anthony Blinken has invited the warring parties to ceasefire talks in Switzerland, Sky News reports.

Food security

Sudan's agriculture minister has denied famine in the country despite U.N.-backed data. He rejects aid agencies' efforts to override delivery restrictions in conflict-affected areas. The government rejects Security Council orders to open borders for aid deliveries, citing control by militia and potential weapon supply. According to the U.S. News , army restrictions and difficult access due to rains are hampering aid efforts in famine-risk hotspots.

Peace talks

South Sudan President Salva Kiir has visited South Africa to discuss peace talks with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa. The visit aims to address the implementation of the peace agreement and seek input on major issues hindering its execution. Kiir is scheduled to meet with SPLM-IO leader Riek Machar to address concerns that have arisen in the Tumaini Initiative following SPLM-IO's withdrawal from the talks. Sudan Tribune reports that the SPLM-IO expressed dissatisfaction with the proposed creation of the National Leadership Council during the negotiations. Kiir seeks advice and consultation from President Ramaphosa before meeting with Machar to advance peace and stability in South Sudan.

Jacob Manyuon Deng, the regional power programme officer at the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program Coordination Unit (NELSAP-CU), elaborated on the funding details, stating, “The project will be financed by AfDB and EU in two folds.” He further explained, “South Sudan will receive 100% grant funding, while Uganda will benefit from a 100% highly concessional loan from AfDB,” according to a report by local media Radio Tamazuj .

Deng emphasised the project's significance, highlighting its potential to drive “robust socio-economic development and create job opportunities.” He added, “It will significantly support rural electrification programmes in both Uganda and South Sudan, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.”

South Sudan has heavily relied on diesel generators, making the development of hydropower resources crucial for ensuring a reliable power supply. Deng noted, “Encouraging interconnections with Kenya, Ethiopia, and Sudan will help mitigate South Sudan’s current energy challenges.”

With one of the lowest electrification rates globally, only 8% of South Sudan’s population had access to electricity in 2021. Those connected to the power network often face frequent blackouts or forced load shedding, necessitating standby generators to meet electricity needs.

An AfDB appraisal mission is currently underway from 16 to 29 July, which is expected to pave the way for board approval and financing agreements. The mission began in South Sudan and will proceed to Uganda, concluding with NELSAP from 28 to 29 July, as reported by Radio Tamazuj.

Construction of the Uganda-South Sudan Power Interconnection Project is slated to commence in 2025, with expectations for timely completion according to the project's plan.

South Sudan's national basketball team, the Bright Stars, narrowly missed a historic win against Team USA, losing 101-100 in a friendly match in London. The team, led by former NBA star Luol Deng, is making their Olympic debut and has sparked a growing basketball culture in South Sudan, bringing hope to a country plagued by conflict. Despite the loss, the Bright Stars are inspiring new generations and the construction of basketball courts across the country.

Central Bank wins continental award

South Sudan's Central Bank won a continental award for its efforts in advocating for financial inclusion and promoting digital banking infrastructure. The award was presented in London, and officials and government institutions see it as inspiring efforts to shape the country's economy and governance. The Central Bank governor was commended for his dedication to economic development, and the award is seen as an opportunity to attract investors and diversify the economy. The African Leadership Magazine Summit is an annual programme that brings together leaders to discuss Africa's social, economic, and environmental sustainability, the Sudan Tribune reports.

President hails basketball team performance against US

South Sudan President Salva Kiir praised the national basketball team for their performance against the US. The team narrowly lost but made history by qualifying for the Summer Olympics. The players expressed pride in representing their country on the global stage. The US coach admitted underestimating the South Sudanese team and praised their performance. The South Sudan team's head coach commended the players for their resilience.

Shutdown of oil exports

South Sudan is considering shutting down its oil exports due to financial strain caused by a lack of consensus with Sudan. The country's civil servants have gone without salaries for 9 months, and less than 140,000 barrels of oil are being exported. The situation has been worsened by a rupture in an oil pipeline, causing a halt in shipments. According to the Sudan Tribune , this has led to ongoing negotiations and tensions between South Sudan and Sudan, exacerbating economic stress and potential political turmoil in South Sudan.

Scale up actions to build farmers’ climate resilience

The Government of South Sudan, the World Bank, and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) are working together on a $30 million project to help smallholder farmers in South Sudan build climate resilience in the face of floods and extreme weather. The project aims to support good agricultural practices, agroforestry, and natural resource management. It will benefit over 140,000 households and will be implemented over three years. According to ReliefWeb , this initiative is crucial to boost smallholder farmers’ resilience to climate shocks and minimise damage to their crops and livelihoods.

This colossal migration surpasses the famed annual " great migration " between Tanzania and Kenya, which involves around 1.5 million wildebeest, zebra, and gazelle.

"The migration in South Sudan blows any other migration we know of out of the water… The estimates indicate the vast herds of antelope species are almost three times larger than East Africa’s great migration. The scale is truly awe-inspiring," said David Simpson, wildlife NGO African Parks’ park manager for Boma and Badingilo national parks situated in the south of South Sudan.

These parks cover nearly three million hectares in southern South Sudan and are home to many wildlife creatures.

The migration includes four main antelope species; the white-eared kob, with a population of about 5 million, the tiang, the Mongalla gazelle, and the bohor reedbuck.

The survey's findings were based on spotters in aeroplanes, analysis of nearly 330,000 images, and tracking of more than a hundred collared animals over approximately 46,000 square miles (120,000 square kilometres).

However, conservationists warn about the rising threat of commercial poaching. "The message now is hunting is not bad, that was the past message that we used, but too much hunting is bad because it will destroy all the species," warned David Liwaya, a site officer for African Parks.

Poaching is one of the most lucrative illegal businesses globally, with an estimated annual worth of $7–$23 billion and while the most poached animal worldwide is the internationally protected pangolin , endangered animals at risk include African elephants, mountain gorillas, imperial zebra, tigers, giraffes, and rare black rhinos.

It is reported that each year, more than 150 rangers lose their lives defending these wildlife species.

“We budgeted for the construction of the Museum this year. I came to know that the museum is important for keeping legacy and history or objects for the coming generation,” Kitab Biimo told reporters during a national event held in the nation’s capital, Juba.

While speaking of additional plans to learn from fellow African nations; Rwanda, Egypt, South Africa and Uganda on museum management, the government official said that construction of the country’s first museum would have begun earlier had the nation not been embroiled in a civil war.

“We failed to build the Museum all these years because of the conflict,” he said.

Accusations by South Sudan President Salva Kiir against former Vice President Riek Machar of an attempted coup set the nation on course in a protracted civil war spanning from 2013 to 2020, resulting in approximately 50,000 casualties and displacing 1.6 million people.

Currently, a mobile community-based national museum launched by the UN cultural agency UNESCO in 2014 serves as the South Sudan National Museum .

On May 16, 2024, South Sudanese rebel opposition groups and officials signed a peace deal at the Tumaini Initiative peace talks in Nairobi, Kenya. According to Global South World , the agreement was signed in the presence of senior government officials, diplomats, opposition groups, civil society members, and bilateral partners, aiming to establish a foundation for lasting peace in South Sudan.

Humanitarian aid talks

The Sudanese government and SPLM-North have begun talks in Juba to reach a ceasefire agreement allowing humanitarian aid delivery to conflict-affected areas. The South Sudanese government is mediating the sessions, and the goal is to facilitate the delivery of essential supplies to those in need. According to Radio Tamazuj , the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-North) delegation, led by Abdelaziz Adam al-Hilu.delegation emphasised the urgent need for humanitarian assistance, while Sudan's Defense Minister Major General Ibrahim Yassin highlighted the importance of a cessation of hostilities for aid delivery.

Justice delivery boost

The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) organised a three-day workshop for justice actors in Gogrial West County, which focused on strengthening the criminal justice chain. The workshop addressed crucial topics such as criminal law principles, gender issues, and children's rights, and emphasized the importance of integrity and interconnectivity among justice actors. Participants shared their perspectives and committed to collaborative efforts to enhance the legal framework. As reported by Social News XYZ , the workshop provided practical solutions and emphasised the importance of applying the knowledge gained to serve communities with integrity. The High Court President advised justice actors to exercise their duties independently and without political interference. The workshop was commended for enhancing justice delivery.

Warnings of severe floods

On Thursday, May 16, South Sudan issued a warning of severe flooding as water levels in Lake Victoria, a source of the Nile, reached a record high. Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, Pal Mai Deng, reported receiving information from neighbouring Uganda indicating that Lake Victoria's water levels have risen by 13.6 meters, the highest in the Nile Basin region in 128 years. According to a report by Xinhua , this surge has also elevated the water level in a dam in Jinja, Uganda. On Thursday, South Sudan issued a warning of severe flooding as water levels in Lake Victoria, a source of the Nile, reached a record high. Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation, Pal Mai Deng, reported receiving information from neighbouring Uganda indicating that Lake Victoria's water levels have risen by 13.6 meters, the highest in the Nile Basin region in 128 years. This surge has also elevated the water level in a dam in Jinja, Uganda.

Low forex trade

South Sudan's forex reserves are at a historic low, leading to inflationary pressures and a weakening currency. According to Zawya , declining oil revenues and geopolitical tensions are contributing to the economic woes. The country is struggling with high inflation and debt distress and faces challenges from the conflict in neighbouring Sudan. The upcoming general election is adding to the economic strain. The Bank of South Sudan (BoSS) has suspended the use of US dollars in the local economy to address the forex demand and inflation.

In the presence of senior government officials, diplomats, opposition groups, civil society, and bilateral partners in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya on Thursday, May 16, the South Sudanese government and rebel leaders signed the declaration of commitment to the Tumaini Initiative which means "hope" in Swahili.

This week, Kenya hosted high-level mediation talks initiated by President William Ruto earlier this month, aiming to establish a foundation for lasting peace in South Sudan as well as discuss the modalities of holding general elections scheduled for December.

Conflicts in South Sudan began in December 2013 when President Salva Kiir, from the Dinka ethnic group, accused his former deputy Riek Machar, from the Nuer ethnic group, of attempting a coup. This accusation escalated into violence between soldiers affiliated with each leader.

A peace agreement signed in August 2015 was short-lived after renewed violence. Further negotiations led to another agreement in June 2018, with a pledge to form a unity government.

Despite these peace agreements signed in 2015 and 2018 amidst international sanctions, conflicts in South Sudan have persisted over the years.

According to the Sudan Tribune , in 2015, South Sudan entered into another agreement with QNB outlining a repayment plan for the outstanding loan. The loan was restructured in 2016 and further supplemented in 2018 at South Sudan's request for additional funds, with a repayment period of 15 years commencing in 2019.

Despite these arrangements, South Sudan failed to meet its repayment obligations, leading to QNB initiating legal proceedings against the landlocked nation.

The backdrop of South Sudan's challenges includes a protracted civil war spanning from 2013 to 2020. President Salva Kiir's accusations against former Vice President Riek Machar of an attempted coup triggered the conflict, resulting in approximately 50,000 casualties and displacing 1.6 million people.

“The chairman and commander-in-chief and the first vice president, H.E Dr Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon, have agreed with Salva Kiir to postpone the election. He proposed the extension and because everyone, including our internal partners, sees that there is no possibility for elections, Salva has agreed in principle for the idea,” the official is quoted.

Speaking on condition of anonymity, the opposition official did not specify the exact timing of the agreement but indicated that the two rivals had "agreed in principle" to delay the elections. They are currently refining the terms of the postponement, including extending the transitional period.

According to the official, Dr Riek Machar proposed the extension, recognizing the impracticality of holding elections at the present moment, and President Salva Kiir has tentatively agreed to the idea. This move signals a potential shift in the political landscape of South Sudan, with both parties seemingly willing to collaborate on critical issues.

The senior official further revealed that Machar and Kiir will assemble a team of experts from their respective parties, along with civil society organizations, to fine-tune the details of the agreement. This includes determining the timeframe for elections and addressing concerns such as unilateral actions taken by the president.

South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in July 2011 but has been embroiled in a protracted civil war, delaying planned elections initially set for 2015. Despite the signing of a peace deal in 2015, brokered by regional powers, including neighbouring countries, the agreement collapsed within a year, prolonging the country's political instability.

The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) and Save a Life International have partnered to support 60 people in Maiwut, South Sudan, by providing training for a bakery business. The initiative has helped to provide employment and economic opportunities for returning residents and has been well-received by the community. According to Social News XYZ , the project is also part of the UNMISS Quick Impact Projects (QIPs) programme, aimed at addressing urgent public needs.

Sudan’s conflicts destabilise South Sudan's economy

South Sudan's reliance on oil revenue, internal strife, and vulnerability to external disruptions have exacerbated economic challenges. The conflict in Sudan has led to significant financial losses for South Sudan and disrupted its oil infrastructure, leading to economic crises and delayed salary disbursements for the armed forces. Reports from the media agency Sudan Tribune add that the conflict also has implications beyond its borders, impacting regional stability and the economy.

Calls for young people to join the fight against paramilitary forces

The Sudanese military leader has called for young people to join the fight against paramilitary forces, claiming thousands of volunteers have registered and are undergoing training. However, this has sparked fear of increased casualties and placed a burden on women. According to a VOA report, some South Sudanese have expressed concern that the call to enlist would expose more young individuals to danger without adequate training.

South Sudan VP warns of conflict spillover threat from Sudan

The Vice President of South Sudan Riek Machar has warned about the threat of conflict spillover from Sudan. During an iftar gathering held at his residence on April 5, Machar said there is an urgent need for intervention to mitigate rising tensions, emphasizing that the repercussions of the conflict in Sudan extend far beyond the economy, media agency Arab News reported.

Ban on Illegal Trading in Foreign Currency

The Central Bank of South Sudan has banned illegal trading in foreign currency to tackle economic challenges. Central Bank Governor James Alic Garang mentioned that the 45-day grace period for informal currency traders to get licenses has ended, but the bank is still open to assisting compliant clients. According to local media Sudan Tribune , law enforcement agencies are directed to enforce this directive, and all authorized dealers are required to comply with displaying buying and selling rates.

Garang noted that the grace period of 45 days provided for all informal currency traders to obtain licenses for their operations had ended, however, he indicated that the bank remained open to receiving clients willing to comply with registration requirements.

"Informal forex trading without proper authorisation is now deemed illegal in South Sudan. We have taken all necessary regulatory steps, and henceforth, any sale of foreign currency without a license will be unlawful," Garang told reporters .

The crackdown on illegal forex trading marks the final efforts initiated by the Bank of South Sudan earlier this year.

In February, the bank issued a notice urging unauthorised forex dealers to register formally as currency exchange agents and adhere to relevant laws.

"We have done everything in our power as the regulator. From today onwards, unauthorised selling of foreign currency is prohibited. We expect transactions to take place within licensed premises, similar to other legitimate businesses," Garang added.

The practice of open street forex trading has been prevalent in South Sudan since gaining independence from Sudan in 2011. However, the central bank has been proactive in enforcing regulations to formalise the sector and ensure compliance with legal requirements.

In November 2023, the central bank mandated all informal currency traders to obtain licenses, requiring a $50 registration fee and a $1,000 capita l deposit to maintain operations.

Meanwhile, the exchange rate between the South Sudanese Pound (SSP) and the US Dollar (USD) stood at 130.26 SSP per 1 USD as of April 5, 2024.

The new tracking measures will be implemented through the Electronic Cargo Tracking Note (ECTN), the mandatory shipping document for importing cargo to 25 African Countries, South Sudan Minister of Finance and Planning Dr Bak Barnaba Chol announced.

The process will be run by Invesco Uganda Ltd under the supervision of the Customs Revenue Division of South Sudan Revenue Authority.

An agent service charge of $350 will be required from all importers and exporters.

“The sole purpose of the ECTN is to help the government of South Sudan to maximise its revenue collection by remedying the challenges of underestimation, undervaluation, diversion of cargo and round-tripping,” Dr. Chol was quoted by the East African .

Kenyan clearing and forwarding agents have proposed that the payments should be made to South Sudan agents rather than Kenyan brokers to prevent extra transportation costs.

“We strongly objected to any suggestion of using Kenyan agents in processing and collection of the ECTN service charge as it will lead to massive delays in clearance of South Sudan cargo, leading to high demurrage and truck detention charges which at the end will be borne by Kenyan agents Kenya,” International Freight and Warehouse Association (Kifwa) chair Roy Mwanthi was quoted.

The move forms part of efforts to reduce illegalities and the transportation of substandard goods by the country which exports over 1.5 million metric tonnes of goods through Uganda from the port of Mombasa annually.

The heatwave is projected to last at least two weeks The EastAfrican reports, and parents have been cautioned to avoid keeping their children outdoors and to report any signs of heat exhaustion or heatstroke.

A joint statement by the Health and Education ministries indicated that learning institutions found violating the directive will have their registration withdrawn.

“The Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry will continue to monitor the situation and inform the public accordingly,” The EastAfrican quoted.

Meanwhile, the Health Ministry had earlier indicated in a statement that the hot spells could result in cumulative physiological stress on the human body, adding that these have been globally noted as top causes of diseases including respiratory, cardiovascular, renal diseases, and Diabetes Mellitus as well as death in some cases.

The Ministry advised that residents reduce the heat load in their homes and hang shades and wet towels to provide room temperature. People are also advised to eat small and hydrate properly among other things.

“Electric fans may provide relief, but when the temperature is above 35 degrees centigrade, may not prevent heat-related illness. It is important to drink fluids,” the advisory added.

According to the WFP, the crisis has deepened because of the “relentless violence and interference by the warring parties” making it challenging to provide emergency food assistance to affected communities who are “trapped”.

“20 years ago, Darfur was the world’s largest hunger crisis and the world rallied to respond. But today, the people of Sudan have been forgotten. Millions of lives and the peace and stability of an entire region are at stake,” WFP Executive Director Cindy McCain said .

The conflict in Sudan, which began in April, has seen forces loyal to army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan who leads   Sudan’s Armed Forces (SAF), clash with those led by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, head of the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF).

Since then, thousands have lost their lives, and according to the UN, over 8 million people have been displaced, making Sudan host to the world's largest displacement crisis.

The humanitarian response has been further strained by disruptions in aid delivery routes, particularly after authorities revoked permissions for cross-border truck convoys, forcing WFP to halt its operations from Chad into Darfur.

With increasing numbers of people seeking refuge in South Sudan and Chad, the humanitarian response is at a breaking point. Executive Director McCain's visit to Renk in eastern South Sudan witnessed the deteriorating situation, where nearly 600,000 people have crossed from Sudan in the last 10 months, arriving at crowded transit camps already facing severe hunger.

While Sudan's government recently agreed to accept humanitarian aid via Chad and South Sudan, the WFP stressed that “Ultimately, a cessation of hostilities and lasting peace is the only way to reverse course and prevent catastrophe.”

The Bank of Uganda has opted to maintain its policy rate at 9.5%, citing subdued inflationary pressures within the economy. Deputy Governor of the Bank of Uganda Michael Atingi-Ego, explained that the decision is influenced by the sustained easing of inflationary pressures, The New Vision reports. This easing is attributed to the diminishing effects of supply-side shocks, a global decline in inflation rates, and the implementation of stringent monetary and fiscal policies. In January, both headline and core inflation recorded slight increases, reaching 2.8% and 2.4%, respectively, compared to 2.6% and 2.3% in the previous month, according to data from the Uganda Bureau of Statistics. Despite this increase, inflation remains below the central bank's target of 5%. The Deputy Governor highlighted that the continuing decrease in inflation is a positive outcome, reflecting the effectiveness of measures implemented to address supply-side challenges and stabilize the economy. The global trend of decreasing inflation has also contributed to the overall favorable economic environment.

Sudanese refugees

The Archbishop of Gulu Diocese John Baptist Odama, and the South Sudan Ambassador to Uganda, Simon Deng, have jointly called upon South Sudanese refugees currently residing in Uganda to consider voluntary return to their home country. The leaders believe that their return could play a crucial role in contributing to the social and economic development of South Sudan, Observer UG reported. “In my archdiocese, there are over 70,000 refugee settlements. We are concerned about peace all over the region. With the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we shall soon be engaging the President, Felix Tshisekedi. Whether in Sudan, Kenya, or Tanzania, there shouldn't be any fighting in East Africa. These are our brothers, and that is what we are all after. We are appealing to all South Sudanese who are in urban settings to voluntarily come back home and contribute to economic growth because there's been peace since the implementation of the peace agreement in 2018 up until now. The next challenge is the election, where South Sudanese will decide who to lead them for the next five years. And that will not be determined when people are not at home. They should come to register and vote. The government is doing everything possible to ensure this crucial step is undertaken in a free and fair manner in a very peaceful atmosphere,” Deng said. According to the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR), as of the end of June 2023, Uganda hosted a substantial number of refugees and asylum seekers, reaching 1,561,634 individuals. Among them, 923,658 were from South Sudan, highlighting the significant presence of South Sudanese refugees in the country. Other refugees originated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Somalia, Burundi, Eritrea, Rwanda, and various other regions.

Chinese visas

The Chinese Ambassador to Uganda, Zhang Lizhong, has noted a noticeable uptick in visa applications to China from Uganda in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Uganda had implemented stringent measures in March 2020, including the suspension of all air travel to Beijing, as part of efforts to control the spread of the virus, which was initially identified in China, The Monitor reports. “It is the only entity entrusted by the embassy to provide services related to Chinese ordinary visas and consular legalisation applications. It operates independently and is responsible for its own profits and losses, which is not an extension of the embassy. We are seeing an increasing number of people coming to China after COVID-19. Before COVID, over 40,000 Ugandans were visiting China annually. Last year, we saw a recovery, and the embassy has received 12,000 applicants. Some of them may have multiple entries, and the actual number of people going to China is larger than the applications in the embassy,” said Lizhong. However, the embassy clarified that individuals holding diplomatic or services/official passports, as well as those applying for Chinese diplomatic, courtesy, or official visas, are still required to submit their applications directly to the embassy. The Chinese embassy has announced that it will no longer accept visas of ordinary categories from ordinary passport holders or legalisations.

Education expenditure

Uganda's education spending has fallen significantly behind that of its East African counterparts and international benchmarks, according to the latest analysis by the World Bank. The findings, unveiled in the 22nd edition of the Economic Update for Uganda's Economy, underscore the need for increased investment in education to fuel the country's development, the Monitor reports. The World Bank's report highlights that Uganda's education budget is predominantly funded through domestic resources. “Public education spending per student at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is consistently below the regional average. As a share of GDP per capita, the per-student government expenditure across all levels of education is below the regional average, including tertiary education. Indeed, expenditures on higher education are the most regressive at any level. Public education spending has grown over the past decade, driven by an increase in expenditures on higher education. Between FY2011 and FY2022, domestically financed public education spending rose by 76 percent in real terms - an average annual increase of 6.9 percent. About 43 percent of these additional resources were directed to tertiary education, especially to finance the establishment of new universities in sub-regions without them. Another 24 percent of expenditures were not classified by education level,” the World Bank noted.

Weak currency

During Wednesday's trading session, the Ugandan shilling experienced a decline, closing at lows of 3830/3840 compared to the day's opening of 3818/3828. The weakening of the shilling was attributed to a notable surge in demand for the US dollar, with inflows being overshadowed by robust interbank and corporate demand, The New Vision reports. Market analysts observed that the heightened demand for the dollar during the session exerted pressure on the shilling, leading to its depreciation against the greenback. The closing rates reflected the impact of this increased demand, signalling a dynamic foreign exchange market influenced by various economic factors. Despite the fluctuations in the forex market, money markets remained relatively liquid during Wednesday's session. Overnight yields were reported at averages of 10.43%, as indicated by Absa. This stability in money markets suggests a balanced liquidity situation, providing financial institutions and investors with a steady environment for short-term transactions.

The Dinka tribe spread over the South Sudan region after defending their territory from Ottoman Turks.

They have come to be known as the tribe with the world’s tallest along with the Tutsi of Rwanda.

The average height of Dinka men is around 6 feet 4 inches, and it is not uncommon to find individuals surpassing this height.

Dinka women also tend to be notably tall compared to global averages. This extraordinary height is attributed to a combination of genetic factors and a diet rich in nutrients, especially milk and other dairy products.

Manute Bol, a former famous basketball player

Primarily agro-pastoralists, the Dinka traditionally rely on cattle herding and cultivation for their sustenance. Cattle are not only a vital source of nutrition but also hold cultural significance for this group of people.

They have a strong connection to their livestock, and the number of cattle a person owns often influences social standing.

The Dinka have a rich cultural heritage, with oral traditions playing a crucial role in passing down history, values, and customs through generations. Cattle raids, ceremonies, and communal activities are integral aspects of Dinka life. Wrestling, in particular, is a popular sport that showcases strength and endurance.

Supermodel Alek Wek

Some notable persons around the world said to have originated from the Dinka tribe include Supermodel Alek Wek who is famous for her model works. Manute Bol, a famous basketball player in the National Basketball Association’s history was known as one of the tallest players in the history of basketball. He died in 2010.

South Africa was the first African country t o protect LGBTQ+ people in its constitution in 2006. The country also prohibits discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community. President Cyril Ramaphosa later in 2020 passed a bill that prevents marriage officers from refusing to conduct same-sex marriages, local news agency News24 reported.

Countries including Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Lesotho, Seychelles, and Mauritius have all decriminalised homosexuality in the last decade. Recently in May 2023, the Supreme Court of Namibia ruled to recognize same-sex couples who marry abroad while Gabon's Senate voted in June 2020 to decriminalise homosexuality.

At the same time, several African countries have criminalized homosexuality including Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritania, Somalia, South Sudan, Cameroon, Eritrea, Nigeria, and Chad.

In Mauritania, Nigeria, Somalia, and South Sudan, the maximum penalty for LGBTQ+ people is death while that of Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia is life imprisonment. LGBTQ+ people in Gambia, Kenya, and Malawi get a maximum penalty of 14 years jail term.

The High Court of Kenya in 2019 upheld the law criminalising consensual same-sex sexual activity, adding it is "an effective method to contain the country's HIV epidemic".

The Anti-Homosexuality Bill passed in 2022 in Uganda would sentence anyone who identifies with “lesbianism, gay, transgender, queer or any other sexual or gender identity contrary to the binary categories of male and female” to 10 years in prison.

While Eritrea's bill states that, “A person who performs with a person of the same sex an act corresponding to the sexual act, or any other indecent sexual act, is guilty of homosexual conduct, a Class 7 serious offense, punishable with a definite term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years and not more than 7 years.”

While some African countries have decriminalized homosexuality, homosexuals present in the countries still face many forms of violence. 

According to Human Rights Watch , Egyptian police and National Security Agency officers arbitrarily arrest lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and detain them in inhuman conditions .

Likewise in February 2021, activists working on issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity at protests were arrested and physically assaulted by the Tunisian security forces. Such acts of violence have also been recorded in Rwanda .

“The first group of South Sudanese women admitted to study medicine at the university were three ladies who joined a year ahead of us. This was in a class of about 70 to 80 students. Most of the female medical students were Arabs from North Sudan. It was extraordinary to be a South Sudanese woman studying medicine at the time,” She told the Nation Africa .

“I actually felt bad, but I have come to learn that it was because South Sudanese women have been marginalised for long. Yes, I'm proud and happy that I am the first one, but I don’t believe that should be the case…"I was born and raised in Juba, South Sudan in the 1980s. I was in primary school when the war started. There was a lot of shelling as rebels were targeting military camps. At some point, we had to build trenches in our home so that when the shelling began, we could all hide inside the trenches to protect ourselves,’’ she added.

Motivated to give back to her community, Dr Idyoro Ojukwu in 2006, while serving as the director of the South Sudan HIV/AIDS Commission in Torit, played a pivotal role in establishing the first Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) centre in the region.   Subsequently, in 2008, she worked as a medical officer at Juba Teaching Hospital. In 2009, she embarked on her residency in Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Nairobi, completing it in 2013 , Women Lift Health reports.

According to the Jica 2017 Gender Equality Report , the impact of the war in South Sudan has had profound social, economic, physical, and psychological consequences on women.

The shortage of midwives was a significant challenge in South Sudan before independence in 2011. However, organizations such as IMC and other partners have played a crucial role in addressing this issue by supporting midwifery education in the country, as reported by Frontier .

Kiir emphasized that Somalia's accession is a substantial boost to the regional integration agenda, highlighting the East African Community's noteworthy achievements across its four pillars of integration.

“Somalia is joining a regional economic bloc that has recorded major achievements in all its four pillars of integration,” he said.

President Mohamud told the community, “Our mission is clear; strengthen friendship, contribute to prosperity, and actively shape a brighter future for the population of this Community. Somalia’s membership is not just timely but natural in enhancing the bloc’s trade and investment potentiality…Somalia’s strategic significance will elevate the Community’s global reverence and strategic importance.”

Following the signing of the Treaty of Accession with the bloc, Mathuki clarified that Somalia has a six-month period to complete internal processes, including ratification of the EAC Treaty. Once ratified, Somalia will be eligible to participate in all activities and programs of the regional bloc. This includes having lawmakers in the regional Assembly, appointing a judge to the Regional Court (EACJ), and stationing a defence liaison officer permanently at the EAC Headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania, among other engagements.

In August, the East African Community (EAC) Secretary-General Peter Mathuki announced that Somalia had taken steps to become the eighth member of the bloc. “The EAC conducted a verification mission to assess the readiness of Somalia to join the bloc and the report was deliberated on and shared with all partner states. Negotiations for admitting it will begin on the 22nd of this month to the 5th of September,” Dr Mathuki told the press in Tanzania.

Somalia submitted its application to join the East African Community in 2012, and subsequently, a verification mission was initiated by the EAC on January 25, 2023, aimed at evaluating Somalia's readiness for accession .

South Sudan will begin the legalisation of the activities of black-market currency dealers to curb non-compliance to economic reforms. The Governor of the Central Bank of South Sudan told reporters that the government of the East African nation will issue licenses to the hard currency vendors to formalise their ventures. "All over Juba, we have currency traders, those who buy and sell hard currency. What we are saying is that we will ask them to organise and become more formal and find places and spots in Juba where they can formally do their businesses," he is quoted by local media Eye Radio .

Criminal gang arrests

The South Sudan police force has arrested over 300 South Sudanese youth said to be involved in criminal gang-related activities. A spokesperson for the nation's police force said that the police began a 21-day operation to reduce gang-related crimes in the East African nation on November 18. "We started it last Saturday in Gumbo, whereby in our first operation we managed to arrest 70 suspects, and after that the number went as far as 125 and on November 27 the number has gone to 310, among them are 8 girls," he is quoted by Eye Radio .

EAC chairmanship

South Sudan has been initiated as the new chair of the East African Community (EAC), following the inauguration of South Sudan President Salva Kiir as the bloc’s chair at the 23 rd Ordinary Summit of the EAC Heads of State held in Tanzania on November 24. “The Republic of South Sudan has assumed Chairmanship of the East African Community. H.E. Salva Kiir Mayardit, President of the Republic of South Sudan is the new Chairperson of the East African Community,” the EAC in a statement said.

Unarmed peace forces

The South Sudan Army has deployed 750 soldiers as peace forces to the city of Malakal in the Upper Nile State of South Sudan without any weapons.  The unarmed soldiers arrived at their destination on November 23. “We wait for the committee to be able to come to the command [headquarters] in Juba and then they let us know what to do. I believe it will never take long because the longer they take in one place the more challenges they could start facing,” a spokesperson of the army is quoted by local media Sudans Post .

Government travel expenses

The South Sudan Minister of Finance has announced that the Sudanese government will put stringent measures in place to reduce the travel expenditure of government officials of the East African nation. " We are reducing cost of expenditure, so we will temporarily introduce austerity measures in some of our spending," he is quoted by Eye Radio .

Citing the UN World Food Programme, the report notes that factors including localized conflict-driven displacement have also contributed to the food security situation the state is experiencing.

Warrap which has an estimated population of 1,222,397 people within six counties has experienced harsh climatic conditions since 2019, leading to the loss of livelihood with farms being submerged under flood waters and livestock being killed.

Eye Radio indicates that the World Food Programme Field Office in Kuajok has supported 60% of the population, about 233 beneficiaries including Sudan returnees through the provision of relief items, food and cash.

Through their intervention, farmers have also been introduced to alternative farming methods that are resistant to the current weather conditions in the area.

The agricultural move has not only helped in sustaining families who depend on farming for their livelihoods but also helped improve productivity.

The shift to rice production began in 2021 with 18 participating farmers but by 2022, the number of farmers increased to 700 and in 25 more locations in Warrap state.

Aside from rice, farmers are also growing crops like sweet potatoes and cassava which can still flourish in flooded areas.