Images from Al-Shaddadi Prison in the southern countryside of Hasakah province showed empty corridors littered with orange detainee uniforms following the takeover on Thursday, January 22.

Saladin, born in Tikrit in 1137, rose to prominence as the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. After becoming vizier in Egypt, he replaced the Fatimid Caliphate and established a Sunni-led state centred in Cairo, which remained his capital.

The Encyclopaedia Britannica notes that by the late 12th century, Saladin controlled Egypt, Syria, Yemen, the Hejaz, and parts of North Africa, creating the most unified political entity the region had seen in generations.

From Cairo , the heart of his administration, the Ayyubid state extended north toward Damascus , Jerusalem , and Aleppo , and eastward into Yemen and the Hejaz. These regions were not just territories; they were economic and spiritual centres that gave Saladin both strength and legitimacy.

After taking control of Egypt , Saladin deliberately moved to claim Damascus because it was seen as the symbolic seat of Syrian power.

Of course, Saladin is best known internationally for recapturing Jerusalem in 1187 after the Battle of Hattin. That single event reshaped the Crusades and positioned him, in both Muslim and Western sources, as a figure of military brilliance and political restraint.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art highlights that even chroniclers on the opposing side described him as generous, diplomatic and unusually humane for a wartime leader.

Many regions central to Saladin’s empire, Syria, Yemen, Palestine, and Egypt, remain at the core of today’s global discussions about conflict, humanitarian crises and foreign intervention.

Intense clashes broke out between the Syrian army and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in Deir Ezzor, marking one of the most significant flare-ups in recent months. Both sides exchanged fire using light and medium weapons following alleged infiltration attempts by SDF units. The fighting underscores persistent friction between government forces and Kurdish-led groups in the oil-rich eastern region.

Syrian security dismantles Latakia cells linked to Assad associates

The Syrian Interior Ministry announced that it dismantled several cells in Latakia purportedly tied to associates of the former Assad regime. Authorities allege that these groups were engaged in destabilising activities aimed at undermining national security . The crackdown suggests that internal challenges from loyalist remnants continue to test the authority of the country’s new leadership.

Arab and Gulf nations cautiously engage with Syria’s new leadership

Arab and Gulf nations are showing cautious openness toward President Ahmad al-Sharaa’s administration after years of diplomatic estrangement. This measured re-engagement signals a potential thaw in regional relations, with nations like Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar exploring avenues for political and economic cooperation while maintaining careful distance amid lingering concerns about Syria’s stability and governance.

Syria accelerates destruction of Assad-era chemical weapons

In a move symbolising a break from its controversial past, Syria announced plans to fast-track the destruction of chemical weapons remnants dating back to the Assad era. The initiative, overseen by the current government, is intended to rebuild international trust and demonstrate a commitment to compliance with global disarmament norms. Analysts view this as both a domestic reform step and a diplomatic signal to Western powers.

Germany seeks deportation deal with Syria amid refugee policy shifts

Germany is negotiating a deportation agreement with Damascus to return Syrian refugees lacking valid residence permits. Meanwhile, the Syrian government has offered free flights home for returnees under specific conditions. The proposal has drawn concern from human rights groups, who warn of potential violations and the risks facing those sent back to unstable regions.

A map highlights the countries struck by Israeli forces: Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Oman, illustrating how the conflict has become a regional confrontation rather than a strictly local war.

Israeli operations have hit multiple fronts. In Yemen, airstrikes targeted Houthi command centres and military depots in Sanaa and al-Jawf, leaving at least 46 dead and 165 wounded. The Houthis, who have launched drone and missile attacks toward Israel, vowed retaliation, further heightening tensions.

In Syria, strikes have focused on Iranian-backed militia networks and weapons convoys, with analysts noting a sharp increase in frequency and precision since October 7.

Israel has also carried out targeted operations inside Iraq and Iran, hitting militia and drone facilities tied to Tehran. These attacks have sparked fears that the conflict could spill over into a confrontation with Iran, a scenario that would have profound consequences for the region.

The impact of these strikes is being felt well beyond the battlefield. Oil prices have spiked repeatedly on news of Israeli attacks against Iranian and Houthi targets, reflecting fears of disruption to shipping lanes in the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz.

European diesel prices have also risen as the conflict threatens critical energy flows. Investors are flocking to gold and U.S. Treasuries as safe-haven assets, while Gulf stock markets have dipped on days of heavy strikes.

Economists warn that if the conflict continues to expand, global growth projections could be downgraded, and inflationary pressures could persist longer than expected. For businesses and governments alike, the stakes are high: any escalation risks disrupting energy supplies, shipping routes, and trade flows that connect Asia, Europe, and Africa.

The map of countries targeted by Israel is no longer just a visual of military strikes; it is a warning sign of a region edging toward a broader conflict with potentially global economic consequences. Whether diplomacy can catch up to the pace of escalation will determine how deep and far-reaching the next phase of this crisis becomes.

Qatar may halt LNG exports to the EU over the new Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), which mandates large firms to address environmental and human rights issues in their supply chains or face fines. The law, applying to EU and non-EU firms with over €450M turnover, phases in through 2029. Qatar, heavily reliant on fossil fuel exports and criticised for labour abuses, sees the rules as a threat. Al-Kaabi said without changes, Doha would seek other markets, questioning the directive’s climate goals and rejecting net-zero targets. As one of the world’s top LNG exporters, Qatar could pivot to markets like Pakistan and Syria, while the EU may need to increase U.S. LNG imports or reconsider nuclear power.

Why workplace safety matters

As Qatar advances its National Vision 2030, industries such as construction, oil & gas, logistics, healthcare, and manufacturing face growing pressure from regulators, employees, and global partners to improve workplace safety. ISO 45001, the international standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, provides a structured approach to identifying hazards, managing risks, and ensuring continuous improvement—offering not only compliance but also a competitive edge. Rapid development in areas like Lusail, The Pearl, and Ras Laffan has heightened occupational risks, making ISO 45001’s globally recognised framework critical. Released in 2018, the standard aligns with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001, enabling integration of quality, environmental, and safety management systems.

Qatar backs Syria’s economic revival

Qatar’s UCC Holding is spearheading a $4 billion foreign-investment deal with four international partners to transform Damascus International Airport into a regional hub. The project, under a Build–Operate–Transfer model, will expand capacity to 31 million passengers across five phases, introduce 32 modern gates, and add world-class facilities. Seen as a key step in Syria’s reconstruction, it aims to boost connectivity, trade, and tourism while meeting ICAO and IATA standards.

Storms, cancellations, and tourism slump disrupt air travel in Qatar, other countries

In 2025, the US, Canada, UK, Germany, Australia, and Qatar face a major travel shake-up as storms, airline cancellations, and declining tourism disrupt the global air industry. Violent weather is grounding flights in US hubs like Dallas and New York, while Canada battles wildfire smoke and delays in Ontario and British Columbia. In the UK and Germany, summer storms are driving delays and reduced bookings, straining airports and tour operators alike.

Qatar is steadily enhancing its legislative framework

Minister of Justice and Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs H E Ibrahim bin Ali bin Issa Al Hassan Al Mohannadi has said Qatar is strengthening its legislative framework to support sustainable development, uphold the rule of law, and promote transparency. Over the past year, Cabinet decisions have advanced legislative modernisation, ensured justice, and built strong institutions. According to the Council of Ministers Secretariat General, initiatives have focused on empowering national talent, accelerating digital transformation, engaging youth, and advancing food security and sustainable urban planning—all aimed at achieving sustainable development within a modern legislative and executive framework.

For the first time since the collapse of Bashar al‑Assad’s 14-year regime in December 2024, Syria will hold parliamentary elections from September 15 to 20. Voting will take place under an interim constitution to fill 150 assembly seats. Of these, 100 will be elected by provincial electoral colleges, while the remaining 50 will be appointed by interim president Ahmed al-Sharaa. The elections mark a crucial step in reestablishing a permanent government in Syria, which is still reeling from a 14-year civil war and the Assad family’s 53-year rule.

41% US tariff bad for rebuilding Syria — analysts

Despite limited trade ties with Washington, a rebuilding Syria is still expected to feel the pinch of the steep 41% tariff imposed by US President Donald Trump, analysts said . Just over six months since the fall of the Assad government and the establishment of a transitional administration, Syria is seeking foreign direct investment — an option undermined by the new US tariff. Syria runs a trade deficit with the US: It exported $11.3 million worth of goods to Washington in 2023, while importing only $1.29 million in American products.

New Senate bill aims to keep US forces in Syria

A draft US Senate measure would bar further reductions to American troop levels in Syria without Pentagon certification that mission goals against ISIS remain intact. The provision follows White House-backed plans to consolidate forces at a single base in Hasakah. It comes amid stalled efforts to integrate Kurdish-led SDF forces into Syria’s national army and renewed clashes near the Tishreen Dam. The Senate is expected to vote on the $853 billion defence bill after its September recess.

Deepening Syria-UK ties post-Assad discussed in talks

British National Security Adviser Jonathan Powell met with Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa in Damascus on August 5, as London continued to step up its engagement with Syria following the fall of the Assad regime. According to state-run SANA, the two discussed ways to strengthen bilateral ties and promote regional stability. In July, the UK announced the restoration of diplomatic ties with Syria after a 14-year break.

ISIS claims 3 new attacks on Syrian Democratic Forces

The Islamic State (ISIS) has claimed responsibility for three separate attacks targeting the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) across Deir Ezzor. The August 5 attacks in both the eastern and western countryside of Deir Ezzor left two fighters dead and four others injured. One of the attacks struck a diesel tanker, but casualties from that incident remain unconfirmed. SDF is a Kurdish-led military alliance that played a key role in the US-backed campaign to drive ISIS out of northeastern Syria.

Syria has launched a security operation in its eastern border region amid concerns that Iran may activate allied militias to carry out attacks. The move follows intelligence warnings that Iranian-linked groups, some formerly tied to the IRGC and active in cross-border smuggling, could be mobilised to target U.S.-led forces or regional troops as tensions with Israel escalate.

Syria hosts Turkish business delegation for investment review

Syria has received a delegation from the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce as part of efforts to revive cross-border economic ties. Two board members from the chamber visited Damascus for a field study on investment opportunities. The delegation met with Syrian industrialists, the Damascus Chamber of Commerce, and Turkey’s ambassador to Syria, according to Syrian Arab News Agency . Istanbul Chamber President Shekib Avdagic said the visit aimed to explore the potential for reintegration of Syrian entrepreneurs who had lived in Turkey and are now returning home to resume business.

Syria receives first EU passenger flight in over a decade

Syria has received its first passenger flight from a European Union country in more than ten years, as Romanian airline Dan Air launched direct service between Bucharest and Damascus. The inaugural flight landed in the Syrian capital with 138 passengers, including Syrian government officials, signalling a cautious step toward normalising civil aviation ties severed by years of conflict and sanctions.

Access to Binance as sanctions ease

Syria has regained access to global cryptocurrency markets after Binance, one of the world’s largest crypto exchanges, launched operations in the country following the easing of U.S. and EU sanctions. The platform announced on Thursday that Syrian users can now trade digital assets, including Bitcoin. The development comes after the U.S. lifted key economic sanctions on May 23, followed by the European Union removing its restrictions shortly after.

Syria open to peace with Israel during meeting with U.S. religious figures

Syria’s Islamist leader, Ahmed al-Sharaa, has expressed openness to a “very positive future,” including the possibility of peace with Israel, during a meeting with visiting U.S. religious leaders at the presidential palace in Damascus.

Burkinis, made up of two words, “burka” (a full-body Islamic covering) and “bikini”, are full-body swimsuits that allow Muslim women to bathe while respecting the principles of modesty.

It typically includes long sleeves, full-length pants, and a head covering, whereas bikinis, on the other hand, are western-styled fashion two-piece clothes that typically cover only the breasts, groin, and buttocks and leave other body parts, including the stomach, back, shoulders, arms, and legs exposed.

The swim dress code is the first set of national dress guidelines released by the authorities since President Bashar al-Assad was removed from power in December.

According to the statement , the new rules are designed to respect public decency and reflect what officials describe as the feelings of different groups in society.

According to the order, women’s swimwear must cover more of the body, citing the burkini as an example.

Also, under these new guidelines, women are expected to wear loose clothing outside swimming areas, while men must avoid being bare-chested in public spaces such as hotel lobbies or restaurants.

The new policy further urges people to avoid wearing very tight or see-through clothing in public areas around beaches and pools.

However, an exception has been made for private clubs, hotels rated four stars or higher, and luxury resorts.

In those settings, Western-style swimwear is still allowed but must stay within what officials call the limits of public taste and morality.

This is the first time Syria’s new leadership has issued official rules about how people should dress in public.

Since Islamist-led rebels took power, posters have appeared in some areas asking women to dress modestly, but there had been no formal national policy until now.

A temporary constitution passed earlier this year increased the influence of Islamic law in the country, although leaders have avoided giving clear answers about how far that influence will go.

The tourism ministry’s announcement also included general beach safety advice, such as avoiding strong sun and watching out for jellyfish, but the focus of the rules has been on public behaviour and clothing.

In downtown Homs, dozens of Syrians previously barred from celebrating the holiday are preparing to rejoice freely for the first time in 14 years.

On the evening of Wednesday, June 4, many Syrians crowded the bustling streets of Homs to shop for clothes, fireworks, and snacks in preparation for the upcoming holy celebrations.

Yasmine Al-Nimr, a mother of two who was previously displaced from the Al-Waer neighbourhood of Homs, told AFP, "This is the first Eid in 14 years that we've come to downtown Homs and strolled around Deblan Street and Hamra Street and the markets. It's the first time we feel like it's Eid in 14 years. We're hearing the Eid call to prayer in the streets; it finally feels like Eid in Homs. We haven't had an Eid since we fled Homs (during the war )." Adding "This is the first time I'm buying (Eid gifts) for my girls, who I brought with me from the liberated north, and I brought them here to Homs to buy them clothes. You wouldn't believe my happiness. You wouldn't believe how happy I am to be shopping for clothes in Homs.”

"Eid is different from last year and the years before. We've lived happy days since the liberation. The markets are different between Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr, but even Eid al-Adha is different this year. Eid al-Fitr was nice. So we're hoping that there are good things to come. Happy Eid to everyone," Tamer Al-Sufi, a 59-year-old shop owner in Homs, also added.

Eid al-Adha, one of the two major Islamic festivals alongside Eid al-Fitr, is celebrated on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijja , the twelfth and final month of the Islamic calendar. The festivities typically continue for the next three days, known as the Days of Tashreeq.

The festival commemorates the Prophet Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his son in obedience to God’s command.

It will be marked from the evening of Thursday, June 5, to Friday, June 6, this year.

Turkey is strategically repositioning its conflict dynamics with Israel, seeking negotiations with the United States instead of continuing confrontations in Syria. Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan has underscored that Syria should remain a sovereign locale for its people rather than a stage for international powers. Previously, Turkey offered to combat the Islamic State within Syria, tying this proposal to the cessation of U.S. support for Kurdish forces, which aligns with President Trump’s interests in reducing U.S. military involvement in the region, Haaretz reports.

Mass protests continue

The political landscape in Turkey remains fraught, particularly as opposition leader Ozgur Ozel steers ongoing protests advocating for the release of jailed Mayor Ekrem Imamoglu, viewed as President Erdogan’s significant adversary. Following Imamoglu’s detention on corruption charges perceived as politically motivated, large-scale protests have mobilised thousands, including university students. According to US News , Ozel has called for ongoing demonstrations and has emphasised the urgency for early elections ahead of the next scheduled general vote in 2028. A symbolic petition rallying for Imamoglu’s release has attracted over 7 million signatures, reinforcing his status as a viable presidential candidate.

Weight loss surgery goes wrong

British woman named Danielle Peebles has faced severe health ramifications following weight loss surgery in Turkey. Initially aimed at improving her health ahead of her grandson's birth, the operation resulted in paralysis from the neck down due to complications arising from nutritional neuropathy linked to vitamin deficiencies. Peebles, who had opted for the surgery amid prolonged NHS waiting times, experienced initial recovery but subsequently required hospitalisation upon her return to the UK. Despite grim diagnoses about her mobility, she has engaged in rigorous rehabilitation and managed to regain some movement, illustrating significant risks associated with overseas weight loss procedures, as a growing number of cases highlight severe post-operative complications as reported by NDTV .

Turkey holiday prices may drop as inflation hits tourism sector

Holiday prices in Turkey could fall as hotels aim to avoid a repeat of 2024’s low occupancy rates. Popular spots like Bodrum and Antalya saw fewer visitors last year as locals opted for cheaper trips to Greece. Some resorts even shut early to cut losses. Tourism expert Hamit Kuk warns that inflation and poor economic management continue to strain the sector, making it hard for businesses to manage rising costs, Express reports.

Israel strikes Turkish-scoped Syrian bases

Israel's recent air strikes on Syrian military installations, which Turkey considered for a proposed joint defence initiative, have heightened tensions between the two nations. These strikes targeted three air bases and underline Israel’s mounting concern over Turkey's military manoeuvres in the region, particularly given fears surrounding an increasing Islamist influence along its borders. Despite Turkey’s assurances to the U.S. regarding the non-aggressive nature of its military presence in Syria, Israel's actions suggest apprehension regarding possible Turkish military advancements, including the integration of Russian anti-aircraft systems. Hindustan Times reported that the strikes caused considerable damage and raised alarms about potential escalations in regional hostilities, prompting Turkish officials to denounce Israel's actions as a threat to regional stability while expressing a commitment to avoid direct military confrontation.

The recent developments in Syria have garnered significant international attention, particularly regarding the establishment of a new transitional Cabinet. The U.S. expressed optimism about this move, viewing it as a possible step towards a more inclusive government. According to Yeni Safak , State Department spokesperson Tammy Bruce outlined essential conditions for any potential shifts in U.S. policy, stressing the importance of renouncing terrorism and ensuring the security of minority groups. The newly formed transitional government, consisting of 23 ministers under President Ahmad al-Sharaa, aims to address pressing humanitarian issues amid international scrutiny.

New transitional government in Syria includes a Catholic woman

President Ahmad al-Sharaa's inauguration of a transitional government marks a notable change in Syria's political landscape following the ousting of President Assad. This cabinet, composed of diverse ethnic and religious representatives, signifies a response to international demands for inclusivity amidst concerns of minority rights, particularly after recent violence against the Alawite community. As reported by Vatican News , the appointment of Hind Kabawat, the cabinet's sole female member, as Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, exemplifies efforts towards diversity in governance. Despite these steps, challenges persist, particularly with the Kurdish Autonomous Administration's rejection of the cabinet, citing inadequate minority representation.

Twelve civilians killed in apparent sectarian violence in Syria

At least 12 civilians, mostly Alawites, were killed Monday in apparent sectarian attacks in Syria’s coastal and central regions, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Six, including a local official, died in an assault in Tartus province. According to The National , the attackers, allegedly from a military base tied to Syria’s new authorities near Baniyas, reportedly shouted sectarian slogans before opening fire. Two suspects from a pro-government faction were later arrested, and security forces were deployed to remove the group from the area. Fears of reprisals persist among Alawites, the sect of former president Bashar al-Assad. March saw the worst sectarian violence since his fall, with massacres in Alawite-majority areas.

Syria appreciates international support for the new government

In a show of gratitude, Syria's Ministry of Foreign Affairs acknowledged the support received from the international community following the announcement of the new government. SANA reports that this assistance is seen as a significant motivator for ongoing reforms, reflecting Syria's commitment to working alongside global partners to better serve its populace. Such international backing may also serve as a catalyst for political stability and security within the region.

Iraq and Syria to strengthen ties pledge security cooperation

Regional cooperation is also being emphasised, as evidenced by a recent phone call between Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia Al-Sudani and President Al-Sharaa. The two leaders extended Eid al-Fitr greetings and discussed broader regional security issues. Shafaq reports that Al-Sudani has reaffirmed Iraq's support for Syria's political decisions and underscored the necessity for an inclusive political framework. This dialogue marks a significant softening of relations, with both nations addressing critical concerns, including security cooperation against ISIS and addressing drug trafficking across borders.

Relations between neighbours Syria and Iraq have become more complicated since the fall of Bashar al-Assad, who was a close ally of the government in Baghdad.

The EU also pledged support for Moldova, which faces growing energy challenges due to Russia’s actions.

Conversely, the Union is easing sanctions on Syria, prompted by the country's leadership change after the ouster of Bashar al-Assad. This adjustment includes enhancing humanitarian aid to aid in Syria’s economic recovery. Kaja Kallas, the EU’s foreign policy chief, stated , “This could give a boost to the Syrian economy and help the country get back on its feet.”

The foreign ministers addressed several significant issues, including the ceasefire in Gaza, the situation in Iran, and the conflicts in eastern Congo.

They also discussed the changing dynamics with the new administration in the United States, focusing on the need for European unity in response to a more transactional American approach. Kallas remarked, “We are stronger when we are united — that was a view that everybody shared.”

During a recent interaction with AFP, Grandi highlighted the dire situation faced by millions of Syrians who are struggling to rebuild their lives after years of conflict.

But if sanctions are lifted, this will improve the conditions in the places also where people return. It will be an additional factor to encourage people to return. Why? It's simple. Because to invest in services, in infrastructure, to invest in the economy, to create jobs, sanctions make it impossible. Sanctions were created for another situation. So they have to be reviewed and hopefully lifted," he stated.

"Today, January 20th, President Donald Trump will be sworn into office, and a page will be turned. I have great hope that the Trump administration will sincerely engage in diligent work to bring Austin home," she said.

Austin Tice, a freelance journalist for outlets including AFP, The Washington Post, and CBS, was detained at a checkpoint in Syria in August 2012 while covering the country's civil war.

Debra Tice also disclosed the initial outreach efforts by the new US administration.

"His people have already reached out to me. I haven't experienced that for the last four years, and so I'm very much looking forward to their help and involvement, and I think they're going to be quick at it," she said.

She added that Syria’s new leadership was also committed to finding her son, Austin. "I have been privileged to meet with the new leadership of Syria," she told journalists in Damascus after meeting Syria's newly appointed leader, Ahmed al-Sharaa.

Last month, US officials reported that Syria’s new leadership had cooperated in the search for Austin Tice, including conducting investigations at key locations.

Roger Carstens, the US special presidential envoy for hostage affairs, reiterated the government’s commitment to resolving Tice’s case during a recent visit to Damascus, marking the first by US officials since Syrian Islamist-led forces toppled former President Bashar al-Assad.

"We feel it's our duty as the US government to press on until we know with certainty what happened to him, where he is, and to bring him home," Carstens said.

The call for sanctions relief comes from recent political changes in Syria. In December 2024, Islamist-led rebels succeeded in toppling the long-standing regime of Bashar al-Assad. The new Syrian leadership, represented by Foreign Minister Asaad al-Shaibani, has sought international support to rebuild the war-torn nation.

Disinformation campaigns in Syria have surged following the recent ousting of the Assad regime, raising concerns about a potential return to civil war. Researchers, like Zouhir al-Shimale from Verify-Sy, note that various factions exploit misinformation to further their agendas and delegitimise rivals, according to DW . Social media posts—often misleading or false—have contributed to public anxiety, especially among groups associated with the former regime, such as Alawites, who fear reprisals.

Germany and France seek a 'new beginning' with Syria

International actors, particularly Russia and Iran, are implicated in these disinformation efforts, aiming to shape narratives in their favour. Current misinformation includes exaggerated claims of violence and persecution, with both local and foreign entities amplifying biased content against Syrian rebels. Such disinformation not only influences domestic perceptions but may also sway international views on Syria’s stability post-Assad, reports 69 News .

Syria puts entry restrictions on Lebanese after border clash

Syria has imposed new entry restrictions on Lebanese citizens following a border skirmish with armed Syrians, according to Lebanese security sources. According to The New Arab , this marks the first diplomatic friction between the neighbours since rebels toppled Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad last month. Previously, Lebanese nationals could enter Syria without a visa, but now only those with residency permits or official permission are allowed. A Lebanese General Security official expressed surprise at the sudden border closure, noting no new measures had been communicated.

German FM says Europe will not fund creation of new Islamist structures

Germany and France are seeking a political "new beginning" with Syria, announcing a visit by their foreign ministers to meet de facto leader Ahmad al-Sharaa and civil society representatives. Baerbock emphasised the importance of inclusive political processes in Syria's future, while al-Sharaa suggested it might take up to four years to hold elections, reports The Jerusalem Post .

Israel strikes Syrian military factories and research centres near Aleppo

Israel has conducted airstrikes targeting military factories and research centres near Al-Safira, east of Aleppo, resulting in significant explosions that damaged radar systems and missile battalions. Syrian media described the attack as a major escalation, with no immediate casualties reported. The strikes follow a previous attack near Damascus that killed 11 people. Since the regime's collapse in December 2024, Israel has carried out 498 strikes across Syria to neutralise potential military threats, reports The New Arab . Israeli officials assert their actions aim to eliminate strategic heavy weapons, despite most Syrian military systems being outdated. Syrian leader Ahmed al-Sharaa condemned Israel's increases in military activity, asserting that foreign intervention is no longer justified and warning of potential escalation.

Two-thirds of buildings were destroyed, and millions were displaced, seeking shelter in refugee camps that also became targets of Israeli airstrikes.

Violence spread to the West Bank and along the Israel-Lebanon border. A rare ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah in November offered brief hope, but tensions remained high. In Syria, the Assad regime fell in December after rebels launched a successful offensive.

The year closed with immense loss, including the tragic deaths of twin infants, Wesam and Naeem Abu Anza, killed in an Israeli airstrike. As 2024 ended, the region’s future remained uncertain, with peace still out of reach.

Some of the images in this story may be sensitive and disturbing.

"The Christmas atmosphere this year is very beautiful," said Aya, a Damascus resident, speaking to AFP. "Every year we eagerly await the opening of the Christmas market to go shopping and have a good time. This year, the ambience is even more joyful because Syria was liberated and our problems have finally been resolved."  

The city’s vibrant markets have drawn crowds from diverse backgrounds, with Muslims joining Christians in the festivities. "Muslims are coming to the Christmas market more than Christians," shared Batoul Al-Law, another Damascus resident. "We have always celebrated both Christian and Muslim holidays together, and this has not changed at all since the revolution. On the contrary, you feel that people are now happier and more comfortable."  

The festive celebrations come just weeks after al-Assad fled the country on December 8, marking the end of more than 50 years of rule by the al-Assad family. 

Cambodia to grant Japan visitation rights to China-linked naval base

Cambodia's influential former Prime Minister Hun Sen said on Friday that Japan would be granted visitation rights to the country's Ream Naval Base, a facility the United States is concerned could become a military outpost for China. Read more here .

Twenty years after the tsunami, pain lingers on India’s coast

Two decades after the devastating tsunami of December 26, 2004, Maragathavel Lakshmi still struggles with the trauma of losing her daughter and home on India’s southern coast. The disaster, triggered by a massive undersea earthquake, sent waves up to 40 meters (130 feet) high crashing into villages, including Akkaraipettai in Tamil Nadu state, where Lakshmi lived. Read more here .

Africa

Sudan’s women filmmakers are telling stories of resilience with just smartphones

Far from the frontlines of Sudan’s devastating conflict, a new generation of amateur women filmmakers is emerging in the city of Port Sudan. Equipped only with smartphones, these women have created three short documentaries highlighting themes of education, independence, and community resilience. Read more here .

Indian opposition's Rahul Gandhi faces police probe over parliament scuffle

India's Rahul Gandhi is under police investigation over a scuffle between opposition members of parliament and those from Prime Minister Narendra Modi's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, which injured two lawmakers, police said on December 20. Read more here .

Africa

Syrian mass graves expose "machinery of death" under Assad, top prosecutor says

An international war crimes prosecutor said on December 17 that evidence emerging from mass grave sites in Syria has exposed a state-run "machinery of death" under toppled leader Bashar al-Assad in which he estimated more than 100,000 people were tortured and murdered since 2013. Read more here .

Several children killed in stampede at Nigerian holiday fair

Several children lost their lives in a stampede during a holiday funfair on December 18 in Basorun, Oyo State, southwestern Nigeria, officials have confirmed. Governor Seyi Makinde announced that security forces have arrested the organisers. Read more here .

Kenyan man sentenced to 50 years in jail for killing LGBTQ activist

A Kenyan court has sentenced a man to 50 years in prison after he was convicted of the murder of gay rights activist Edwin Kiptoo nearly two years ago. Kiptoo's killing in early 2023 sent shockwaves through the LGBTQ community in the conservative East African nation. Read more here .

Latin America

Cuba faces severe medicine shortage

Cuba is struggling with a major shortage of medicines, a top health official confirmed. According to María Cristina Lara Bastanzuri, the national director for Medical Technology and Medications, the lack of financing and resources has accounted for the problem. Read more here .

El Salvador says it will keep buying bitcoin despite IMF warning

El Salvador said on Thursday it would keep buying bitcoin, possibly at an accelerated pace, a day after the government reached a financing agreement with the International Monetary Fund that had said it should limit its exposure to the cryptocurrency. Read more here .

Colombia unveils Latin America's largest 3D-printed image of Christ

A new 11-metre statue of Christ has been mounted in Commune 13, a neighbourhood once known for violence in Medellín, Colombia. Called "El Cristo Paisa," the sculpture is the largest 3D-printed statue of Christ in Latin America. It was built using 1,700 3D-printed pieces by a team of young artists and engineers. Read more here .

Safi, a bar owner, said he spoke with HTS officials, who assured him there was no problem with serving alcohol. Despite this, many people remain hesitant to celebrate.

Bars have reopened, but they are not as busy as they used to be. Safi hopes for clear government statements to ease public fears.

At a restaurant nearby, partygoers enjoyed music and drinks, though some still feel unsure about the future. HTS officials visited venues and told people they came in peace. However, locals worry this tolerance may not last. For now, the festive season continues, but uncertainty remains.

Speaking in Geneva, Turk said fair trials are needed for those accused of these crimes, including torture and chemical weapon use.

"We will need to make sure that those who are responsible for these violations, be it on the side of the previous government, the president and others, but also all others who are responsible for violations that they are brought to account and that's going to be a key piece of the transition because we cannot afford that we go back to those periods where indeed impunity reigns,” he told the AFP

He urged Syria’s new leaders to build a strong legal system and consider joining the International Criminal Court to ensure justice.

Assad’s government collapsed after 13 years of war that killed over 500,000 people and displaced millions. Rebels took control of Damascus last week, leading to celebrations across the country.

The UN has urged all parties in Syria to follow international laws and avoid further violence. Turk said Syria’s future depends on a political process that brings healing, justice, and reconciliation to its people.

“The people are very happy. And not only here. Those who live abroad or in Syria as well. We are saved from the cruel Assad; we are very happy. May God make all dictators fall like Assad,” said Medjit Zein, a 40-year-old protestor in Gaziantep, as he expressed his relief and hope for a brighter future.

Turkey, which shares a long border with Syria, has provided refuge to about three million Syrians since the civil war began in 2011. Gaziantep has become a hub for the Syrian diaspora, playing a central role in their survival and integration efforts.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, in a message of solidarity and hope on Saturday, December 7, said, “Our wish is for our neighbour, Syria, to find the peace and tranquillity it has been dreaming of for 13 years… They are tired of war, blood, and tears.” 

Recent diplomatic efforts have been underscored by Syria and Belarus, as they seek to strengthen their parliamentary ties. Key discussions between Syrian Foreign Minister Bassam Sabbagh and Belarusian Parliamentary Chairman Natalia Kochanova revolve around the importance of parliamentary diplomacy. As reported by SANA , they highlighted a robust partnership in addressing mutual challenges like external interference and unilateral sanctions, showcasing a commitment to broader collaboration across political, economic, and humanitarian sectors.

Issues of border crossings

The strategic importance of the over 130 land border crossings between Syria and Lebanon has been brought to light. Primarily serving Hezbollah's operational needs and smuggling activities, these crossings include six official outlets. However, numerous unauthorised crossings operate beyond regulatory oversight, particularly in the Bekaa Valley. Recent Israeli military actions have focused on curtailing arms smuggling through targeted operations at various crossings, notably Al-Masnaa, Jusiyah, and Matraba. The necessity for disrupting the Iranian arms corridor and ensuring international supervision has become apparent, with Syrian military security and Hezbollah's Unit 4400 collaborating closely on smuggling activities, Alma reports.

Human rights abuse

On the humanitarian front, a warning from Human Rights Watch indicates the peril faced by Syrians returning from Lebanon amid the escalating Israel-Hezbollah conflict. Since late September, over half a million people have crossed back into Syria, accompanied by reports of arbitrary detention and abuse upon return, exacerbating the already dire situation for many refugees. The sole operational border crossing has been compromised by Israeli airstrikes, further complicating escape routes and safety measures for returnees, reports Khaleej Times .

US Sanctions

Syria's UN Ambassador Qusay Al-Dahhak has called for an urgent lifting of coercive economic measures imposed by the U.S. and EU on multiple nations, including Syria and Cuba. Stating these measures as violations of international law, Al-Dahhak reaffirmed Syria's support for Cuba against the U.S. blockade and reiterated the nation's commitment to UN resolutions advocating for the cessation of such sanctions, reports SANA .

US airstrikes kill ISIS operatives

U.S. airstrikes targeting ISIS camps in Syria have reportedly resulted in the deaths of up to 35 ISIS operatives, according to U.S. Central Command. CBS News highlights that this action follows joint operations with Iraqi forces against the Islamic State, which, although still posing a threat, is deemed less powerful than in previous years. CENTCOM asserted that the strikes aim to disrupt ISIS's capabilities in planning attacks, with assurances of no civilian casualties reported during these operations.