Iran maintained that its nuclear programme is civilian, stating it is used for energy and medical purposes and is within its sovereign rights.

Uranium enrichment is not unique to Iran. Several countries have operated enrichment facilities, including Argentina, Brazil , China, France, Germany, India, Japan, the Netherlands, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The US position has often been based on concerns about security and stability, arguing that other countries with such capabilities are allies or partners. Iran, however, is located in a region with multiple neighbouring states.

Djibouti this week opened a major ship repair yard , a move aimed at strengthening its position along one of the world’s busiest shipping corridors. The facility is expected to provide maintenance services for commercial and military vessels passing through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, a key chokepoint linking the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Officials say the project forms part of a broader strategy to transform Djibouti into a leading logistics and maritime services hub, reducing reliance on foreign repair facilities while boosting employment and economic diversification. The country’s ports already play a central role in regional trade, serving as the primary maritime gateway for landlocked Ethiopia and handling thousands of ships annually.

Energy flows and economic fragility

At the same time, Djibouti’s economic outlook remains closely tied to regional stability. Recent tanker movements into the country highlight its role in energy supply chains, particularly for neighbouring Ethiopia, which depends heavily on Djibouti’s port infrastructure. However, the International Monetary Fund has warned that the broader Horn of Africa remains vulnerable to external shocks, including instability in Gulf energy markets and disruptions to shipping routes. The Bab el-Mandeb Strait itself carries a significant share of global oil shipments, making any disruption to the corridor a major concern for international energy markets.

Rising tensions in key shipping routes

Concerns have intensified as conflict linked to Iran and its regional allies increasingly affects major maritime chokepoints. The Strait of Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb, both vital for global energy flows, have come under renewed scrutiny amid escalating hostilities. Recent developments in the Iran conflict have seen attacks on commercial shipping and the rerouting of vessels away from high-risk areas, raising costs and delays for global trade. Security analysts warn that if disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz intensify, the Bab el-Mandeb could become even more critical, placing Djibouti at the centre of shifting global shipping patterns.

The Horn of Africa as a new frontline

The region’s strategic importance is further underscored by its growing military significance. Djibouti hosts multiple foreign military bases , including the only permanent United States base in Africa, making it a focal point for international operations. Analysts say the Horn of Africa is increasingly being drawn into broader geopolitical rivalries, including tensions involving Iran, Israel and Gulf states. Military infrastructure, trade routes and alliances are turning the region into an “active front” in wider conflicts. Recent warnings suggest that strategic sites in Djibouti and neighbouring areas could become targets in the event of further escalation, particularly as proxy conflicts spill into maritime domains.

Figures drawn from multiple media and defence sources indicate that more than 1,300 ballistic missiles and nearly 3,900 drones were deployed by Iran in roughly the first five weeks of the conflict, underscoring the scale of its initial offensive.

The bulk of Iran’s launches occurred in the opening phase of the conflict. In the first week alone, hundreds of missiles and over a thousand drones were reportedly fired, reflecting what analysts describe as a “shock-and-saturation” strategy aimed at overwhelming air defence systems.

Data compiled by Al Jazeera shows that in the first 24 hours, Iran fired 167 missiles and over 500 drones at targets in the region, including the United Arab Emirates.

This intensity was consistent with broader patterns observed in the early days of the conflict, when large salvos were used to expand the battlefield and test defensive systems across multiple countries.

However, the pace of launches dropped significantly in subsequent weeks.

Sustained U.S. and Israeli airstrikes targeting missile infrastructure and launch sites led to a dramatic reduction in Iran’s firing rate , in some cases by up to 90% compared with the early days of the war.

By mid-conflict, Iran was launching roughly 20 to 30 missiles per day on average, alongside continued drone attacks, according to defence analysts tracking the war.

Despite the reduction, attacks continued across the region, with Gulf states reporting interceptions of missiles and drones targeting energy infrastructure and military bases.

One of the most notable trends has been the scale of drone warfare. Drones accounted for the majority of Iran’s launches during the first five weeks, reflecting their lower cost and ability to evade defences when used in large numbers.

Even as launch rates declined, Western intelligence assessments suggest Iran retained a significant portion of its arsenal and operational capacity.

Recent reporting indicates that only part of Iran’s missile and drone inventory has been destroyed, with mobile launch systems and underground storage allowing continued attacks despite heavy bombardment.

Kuwait’s Interior Ministry said it had arrested members of a Hezbollah-affiliated terrorist cell accused of planning operations that threatened national security. Authorities described the operation as a major success in preventing destabilising activities inside the country. The group was reportedly linked to external networks and had been under surveillance before being apprehended. The case highlights Kuwait’s ongoing efforts to counter extremist threats and maintain internal stability amid a volatile regional environment.

Seven hostile drones shot down

In a separate development, the Kuwait National Guard announced it had intercepted and downed seven hostile drones within 24 hours, signalling a sharp escalation in aerial threats. Officials did not disclose the origin of the drones but indicated they were considered hostile and posed a direct security risk. The incident reflects a broader pattern of increasing drone activity across the Gulf, where such technology is being used in asymmetric warfare.

Kuwait condemns Iranian attacks

Kuwait strongly condemned continued Iranian missile and drone attacks targeting the United Arab Emirates and other Gulf states, aligning with broader Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) positions. In a statement, Kuwaiti authorities criticised Tehran’s actions as destabilising and called for respect for regional sovereignty.

Dispute over UN reporting

Kuwait also rejected aspects of recent United Nations reporting , arguing that the assessments failed to clearly and explicitly condemn Iran’s role in the attacks. Officials said the omission undermines international accountability and called for stronger global responses to escalating security threats in the region.

GCC issues unified response

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) echoed Kuwait’s stance , issuing a collective condemnation of what it described as “heinous” Iranian attacks against member states. The unified response underscores growing alignment among Gulf nations as they face shared security challenges, particularly in relation to missile and drone threats.

Africa’s exposure to global disruptions is closely tied to its reliance on imports and limited intra-continental trade, Kuagbedzi said, arguing that recent crises have underscored the urgency of reducing that dependence.

“Well, I think that we have to deepen African trade,” he said, referencing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which was created to boost trade among African countries but has yet to reach its full potential.

He warned that continued reliance on external suppliers for essential goods leaves African economies vulnerable when global supply chains are disrupted.

“We cannot continue as a continent to depend on, you know, others for our, you know, supplies in terms of crude oil, in terms of our cereals, in terms of sugar, in terms of everything that we actually import into this country.”

Economists have long argued that such dependence amplifies the impact of global shocks. Analysts, including Dani Rodrik, have pointed to the need for diversification and stronger domestic industries.

"Economic growth and development are possible only through the accumulation of capabilities over time, in areas ranging from skills and technologies to public institutions," wrote in his book, " The Globalisation Paradox ".

Nelson, during the discussion with Abigail Johnson Boakye, intimated that Africa must move beyond exporting raw materials and instead invest in value addition. “I think that we need to diversify our economic basis by adding more value to the raw materials,” he said, pointing to Ghana’s plan to stop exporting raw gold by 2030 as an example of policy direction.

He added that heavy reliance on imports has implications for employment and economic growth. “Once you continue to import, you are creating unemployment in your country, and you are creating a corresponding employment in that country.”

For Nelson, strengthening intra-African trade is central to reducing vulnerability.

“We should try as much as possible to trade within ourselves. We should try as much as possible to deepen our economic and financial relations. And we should also try as much as possible to build our economies based on African solutions that can solve African problems.”

Watch the full interview attached above.

The data estimates 3,693 missile and drone launches attributed to Iran targeting countries across the Gulf and Israel. The figures highlight the growing reach of Iran’s regional military posture and the uneven distribution of attacks among neighbouring states.

The United Arab Emirates recorded the highest number of launches, with 1,797 missiles and drones, accounting for 48.7% of the total. Analysts say this reflects the UAE’s strategic role in regional security dynamics and its involvement in conflicts where Iranian-backed forces have been active.

“The UAE was the country most affected by Iran's retaliatory attacks,” the data indicates.

Regional breakdown of launches

According to the dataset:

Iran’s growing reliance on drone warfare and missile technology is believed to have reshaped the strategic landscape in the Middle East . The use of relatively low-cost drones alongside ballistic and cruise missiles allows Tehran and allied groups to project power across long distances while maintaining a degree of deniability.

Many of the attacks counted in the data are believed to involve Iran-backed militias or proxy groups operating in conflict zones such as Yemen, Iraq and Syria.

Saudi Arabia and the UAE have previously reported repeated drone and missile interceptions, particularly linked to Houthi forces in Yemen, who Western governments say receive support and technology from Iran.

Available data shows the aviation crisis was particularly severe in Iran, where multiple airports experienced near-total shutdowns.

The worst-affected airports were concentrated in Iran, where cancellations reached unprecedented levels.

According to Cirium’s flight schedule analysis:

Aerospace Global News reports that the cancellations stem largely from temporary airspace closures, security concerns, and operational restrictions affecting airline scheduling.

Cirium analysts noted that a cancellation rate above 50% is already considered severe disruption, making the near-total shutdown seen in Iranian airports particularly striking.

While Iran recorded the highest cancellation rates, several airports in neighbouring countries also experienced significant operational disruptions.

Key airports impacted include:

Despite being one of the region’s largest global transit hubs, Hamad International Airport in Qatar still recorded over 2,000 flight cancellations, highlighting how even major aviation centres were not immune to the disruptions.

The Middle East sits on one of the busiest aviation corridors in the world , linking Europe, Asia, and Africa through major hubs including Doha, Dubai, and Kuwait.

When large-scale disruptions happen in the region, the impact spreads quickly across global aviation. It affects long-haul international flights, cargo operations, aircraft scheduling, and airline crew movements.

Airlines are often forced to reroute flights to avoid restricted airspace. That means longer routes, higher fuel consumption, increased operating costs, and extended travel times for passengers.

According to The Times of Israel , Iran has launched about 810 ballistic missiles and roughly 1,245 drones during the opening phase of the war, one of the largest sustained missile and drone campaigns seen in the Middle East in years.

The data illustrates the scale of Iran’s retaliatory strategy after U.S. strikes targeted Iranian military and nuclear facilities, triggering the 2026 regional conflict.

The largest wave of attacks came during the first two days of the war.

On Day 1 (Feb 28), Iran launched approximately 350 ballistic missiles alongside 294 drones , according to figures reported by the IDF and defence researchers tracking the conflict.

The barrage intensified on Day 2 (March 1), when Iran deployed around 175 missiles and 541 drones, marking the highest number of drones launched in a single day during the first week.

Security analysts say the opening salvo reflected Iran’s attempt to overwhelm air-defence systems through a strategy combining ballistic missiles with large numbers of drones.

After the initial surge, the number of launches began to decline as the conflict progressed.

Missile launches fell to 120 on Day 3 and 50 on Day 4, before dropping further to 40, 32, 28 and 15 missiles over the following days.

Drone activity showed a similar trend. After peaking on Day 2, launches fell to 200 drones on Day 3, then 85 on Day 4, followed by 45, 38, 30 and 12 drones over the next four days.

Iran’s heavy use of drones reflects a broader military doctrine that emphasises relatively low-cost unmanned systems to complement missile forces.

Iran has spent years developing drones such as the Shahed-series loitering munitions, which have been deployed in conflicts across the Middle East and beyond.

According to estimated figures cited by the Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Kuwait have faced the highest number of Iranian missile or drone targets, followed by Qatar, Bahrain and Israel. The data reflects how the regional conflict increasingly involves countries hosting foreign military bases or strategic infrastructure.

The INSS estimates suggest that the UAE has been the most targeted country, with around 863 incidents, followed by Kuwait with 562.

Both countries host major US military facilities and play critical roles in regional logistics and defence cooperation. The UAE is home to Al Dhafra Air Base, which hosts US and allied forces, while Kuwait serves as a key staging hub for US operations in the Middle East.

According to The Guardian, Iran and its allies have increasingly relied on drones and ballistic missiles in recent years because they are cheaper, harder to intercept and capable of reaching targets across the region.

The INSS data also indicates that Qatar and Bahrain have experienced significant numbers of missile and drone targets, with 162 and 129 incidents, respectively.

Both countries host major US military installations. Qatar’s Al Udeid Air Base is the largest US military base in the Middle East, while Bahrain hosts the headquarters of the US Navy’s Fifth Fleet.

Because of their strategic importance, these locations are often viewed as potential targets during periods of regional escalation.

Israel is also listed among the countries affected, with an estimated 113 missile and drone targets.

The country has long been a central actor in regional tensions involving Iran and Iranian-backed groups. Iran has repeatedly denied directly targeting Israel in some incidents, while Israel has accused Tehran of orchestrating attacks through allied groups across the region.

Other neighbouring countries, including Jordan, Cyprus, Oman and Saudi Arabia, appear in the data with lower numbers of incidents.

Experts say unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become a defining feature of modern Middle Eastern conflicts.

According to Al Jazeera, Iran has significantly expanded its drone programme in recent years, developing systems capable of long-range strikes and supplying similar technology to allied groups across the region.

“Iran’s military strategy is derived from its political structure. Their political aim is to safeguard their own territorial integrity and stop foreign intervention targeted at overthrowing their rule,” a military specialist and former defence official, speaking to Al Jazeera on condition of anonymity, said .

These drones, including models such as the Shahed series, have been used in conflicts across the Middle East and beyond.

Analysts say the relatively low cost of drones compared with conventional missiles makes them attractive for asymmetric warfare.

Now recognised internationally as a symbol of Ukrainian resistance and solidarity, the slogan appears in many linguistic forms across the continent, including “Glory to Ukraine” in English, “Gloire à l’Ukraine” in French, “Gloria all’Ucraina” in Italian, and “Sláva Ukrajině” in Czech.

“Slava Ukraini” is a Ukrainian national salute meaning “Glory to Ukraine.” It is typically answered with the response “Heroyam Slava,” meaning “Glory to the heroes.”

According to the Britannica, the phrase has been used in Ukrainian nationalist movements since the early 20th century and gained wider popularity during Ukraine’s struggle for independence in the early 1900s.

In modern times, it became a widely recognised national slogan following Ukraine’s 2014 Revolution of Dignity, when protesters used it during demonstrations supporting democratic reforms and closer ties with Europe.

Since Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, the phrase has spread globally as a symbol of solidarity with Ukrainians.

The above map illustrates how countries across Europe have adapted the phrase into their own languages.

Examples include:

In Nordic countries, the phrase appears as “Ære til Ukraina” in Norwegian and “Kunnia Ukrainalle” in Finnish.

The widespread translations reflect the strong political and cultural support many European countries have expressed for Ukraine since the war began.

The phrase has appeared at protests, political speeches, sporting events and social media campaigns across Europe.

Several international leaders have publicly used the slogan when expressing support for Ukraine. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has ended speeches with “Slava Ukraini,” including remarks at the Ukraine Recovery Conference in Berlin in 2024 , where she concluded by saying: “Slava Ukraini. And long live Europe.”

Other political figures who have used the phrase include former UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, former New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, and former US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, who have referenced the slogan in speeches or public statements supporting Ukraine during the war.

The phrase has also become widely used by public figures beyond politics. Ukrainian athletes such as Oleksandr Usyk, Andriy Shevchenko, and Elina Svitolina frequently repeat the slogan in interviews and public appearances, while demonstrations around the world have adopted it as a chant of solidarity with Ukraine.

The above map shows that Japan, South Korea, India and China would be among the biggest losers if the Strait of Hormuz were blocked, reflecting their heavy reliance on crude oil shipped from the Persian Gulf.

The Strait of Hormuz, located between Iran and Oman, connects the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea and is widely considered the most critical oil transit chokepoint in the world. According to energy analytics firm Kpler, roughly 20% of the world’s oil supply passes through the strait every day, making it essential to global energy markets.

Any disruption would send shockwaves through global trade, pushing oil prices higher and threatening energy security for countries that rely heavily on Gulf crude.

The waterway is only about 33 kilometres wide at its narrowest point, meaning shipping lanes are particularly vulnerable to military conflict or blockades.

Japan appears to be the most vulnerable major economy in the graphic. Around 75% of its crude oil imports pass through the Strait of Hormuz, equivalent to roughly 1.6 to 1.8 million barrels per day.

The Japan Times has reported that the country remains deeply dependent on Middle Eastern oil despite efforts to diversify energy sources since the 2011 Fukushima disaster. Much of Japan’s crude still comes from Gulf producers such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait.

Because Japan imports nearly all of its oil, any disruption in the strait could immediately affect fuel prices, electricity costs and industrial production.

South Korea follows closely behind Japan in exposure. Around 65% of its crude oil imports transit the Strait of Hormuz, or approximately 1.5 to 1.7 million barrels per day.

India, the world’s third-largest oil importer, would also face major disruptions. Roughly half of India’s oil imports pass through the strait, amounting to 2.5 to 2.7 million barrels per day, according to energy shipping data cited by Kpler.

India’s dependence on Gulf crude has grown alongside its rapidly expanding economy. Analysts note that energy security remains a key concern for the country as demand for fuel continues to rise.

Reporting from The Better India has highlighted how India has been trying to reduce vulnerability by increasing strategic petroleum reserves and diversifying supply sources, including imports from Russia and the United States.

China, the world’s largest crude oil importer, is also significantly exposed. About 48% of Chinese oil imports pass through the Strait of Hormuz, equivalent to around 5.4 to 5.6 million barrels per day.

However, China’s broader supply network gives it slightly more flexibility than other Asian economies. Beijing imports oil from a wide range of producers, including Russia, Brazil and West Africa.

While Asian economies are the most exposed, the entire world would feel the effects of a Hormuz disruption.

Swiss private bank Union Bancaire Privée (UBP) has warned that any closure of the strait could trigger a sharp surge in global oil prices because such a large share of supply flows through the corridor.

UBP analysts say that even a temporary disruption could push oil prices significantly higher and disrupt global supply chains.

The impact would extend far beyond the countries that directly import Gulf crude, affecting everything from transport costs to food prices worldwide.

In contrast, Latin America, Central America and large parts of Africa remained more focused on football-related searches, underscoring the sport’s deep cultural influence in these regions.

The data comes from Google Trends, which tracks the relative popularity of search terms rather than the total number of searches. Countries on the map are coloured according to which term generated greater interest, while colour intensity reflects the proportion of searches for the most popular term within each location during the selected time period.

Spikes in search interest often occur when major international events dominate headlines. As geopolitical tensions rise or diplomatic developments unfold, news coverage and social media discussions tend to drive audiences online in search of context and updates.

Tensions between Iran and the United States escalated sharply at the end of February 2026 after a series of military strikes that pushed the long-running rivalry into open conflict.

On 28 February 2026, the United States and Israel launched coordinated air and missile strikes targeting Iranian nuclear facilities , military infrastructure and senior leadership in what Washington described as a campaign to neutralise Iran’s missile capabilities and prevent it from developing nuclear weapons.

The attacks triggered an immediate response from Tehran. Iran launched missile and drone strikes against Israel and several US military installations across the Middle East, including bases in Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates.

The operation marked a dramatic escalation of a dispute that had been building for weeks during tense nuclear negotiations between Washington and Tehran.

In the days following the initial strikes, the confrontation widened into a broader regional conflict. US and Israeli airstrikes continued to hit Iranian targets, while Iran and its allied groups retaliated with attacks across the Middle East.

Missile strikes and drone attacks have targeted energy infrastructure, embassies and military bases, raising fears that the conflict could disrupt global oil supplies and destabilise the region further. Iran currently reports a death toll of over 1000 people from the strikes.

Still, football continues to dominate searches across many regions. In countries such as Brazil , Argentina and several African nations, the sport regularly drives online traffic during domestic leagues, international tournaments and major transfer periods. With billions of fans worldwide, football remains the most widely followed sport on the planet.

The United States carried out extensive bombing of Japan and Germany in 1945 during World War Two, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

During the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 , U.S.-led forces conducted sustained air operations over North Korea. In Southeast Asia, U.S. aircraft bombed Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia between the mid-1960s and early 1970s. U.S. government figures show that more than two million tonnes of ordnance were dropped on Laos alone during that period.

In 1991, the Gulf War marked a major air campaign against Iraq following its invasion of Kuwait. Reuters archives show that coalition forces led by Washington launched thousands of air sorties during the conflict.

Subsequent U.S. air operations in Iraq occurred in 1993, 1996 and 1998, and again on a larger scale in 2003 during the U.S.-led invasion. Airstrikes continued in Iraq in later years as part of operations against the Islamic State.

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the United States launched airstrikes in Afghanistan, beginning a conflict that lasted until 2021. According to data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED) project, U.S. air and drone strikes continued in Afghanistan for nearly two decades.

Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia are also countries where U.S. forces have conducted drone strikes targeting militant groups.

Drone operations intensified in the 2000s and 2010s, with successive U.S. administrations expanding targeted strike programmes. ACLED data for 2025 indicates that U.S. air operations remain active in parts of Somalia and Syria.

Latest strike action

The most recent U.S. military strike activity is part of a large-scale joint US–Israeli offensive against Iran, launched on February 28, 2026. The campaign has involved coordinated air and missile strikes across multiple Iranian cities and military targets, including air defence systems, missile launchers and key leadership facilities.

U.S. Central Command has confirmed combat fatalities among American forces in the ongoing conflict zone, marking one of the first acknowledged deaths of U.S. service members in direct engagements with Iranian missiles or rockets.

Six U.S. service members were killed when Iranian forces launched missiles targeting a fortified U.S. tactical operations centre in Kuwait.

The above map displays individual guesses as yellow dots scattered across the globe, while correct answers are marked in green. The results reveal widespread confusion, with many respondents placing Iran in regions as varied as Europe, North Africa, Central Asia and even Australia.

Iran is located in Western Asia, bordered by Iraq, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan, with coastlines along the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea. It plays a central role in Middle Eastern politics and global energy markets .

The findings came at a time of heightened tensions between the United States and Iran in early 2020, following military escalations that brought the two countries to the brink of broader conflict.

It is 2026, and the US-Iran tensions are still blazing hot.

On Feb. 28, 2026, the United States and Israel carried out coordinated strikes across Iran . The operation, referred to by Washington as Operation Epic Fury and by Israel as Operation Lion’s Roar, targeted military infrastructure, command centres and missile installations.

Blasts were reported in Tehran and several other cities, with Iranian air defence systems and missile launchers among the sites hit. U.S. and Israeli officials described the action as pre-emptive, aimed at weakening Iran’s nuclear and missile capabilities following stalled negotiations over its nuclear programme.

Iranian state media reported that Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei was killed in the initial wave of attacks, a claim later confirmed by multiple outlets, making it one of the most consequential moments in the conflict.

The initiative, first linked to post-ceasefire governance discussions around Gaza, has expanded into a broader proposal for a new international body aimed at conflict resolution and reconstruction.

Trump’s team describes it as a platform to promote stability and long-term peace. Critics argue it risks bypassing existing multilateral institutions, particularly the United Nations .

Countries invited and early acceptances

According to officials familiar with the process, invitations have been sent to dozens of governments across Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and the Americas.

A limited number of countries have confirmed acceptance. Argentina’s president, Javier Milei, publicly welcomed the invitation, describing it as an opportunity for closer diplomatic cooperation. Hungary has also confirmed participation , with Prime Minister Viktor Orbán signalling support for Trump’s approach to peace negotiations. Vietnam has likewise accepted, with its leadership confirming involvement through diplomatic channels.

Several other countries, including India, Australia, Pakistan, Egypt , Turkey, Jordan, Greece, Cyprus, Canada, and Albania, have acknowledged receiving invitations but have not formally committed.

Rejections and reluctance from major powers

Some governments have already drawn clear lines. France has indicated it does not intend to join at this stage, citing concerns about the board’s purpose and structure. Brazil has also taken a cautious stance, with officials questioning whether the initiative complements or competes with existing international frameworks.

Canada’s position has been more nuanced. While Ottawa has not ruled out participation, officials have pushed back on reports that membership could involve large financial contributions, stressing that any involvement would need to align with Canada’s diplomatic priorities.

Other major powers, including the United Kingdom and Germany, are reported to be in internal discussions but have yet to make public commitments.

The proposal has generated additional controversy following reports that Russia’s President Vladimir Putin received an invitation . The Kremlin confirmed it was reviewing the offer, a move that has unsettled European diplomats, given Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine.

According to briefings from U.S. officials and reporting by international media, the Board of Peace is intended to:

Some reports suggest membership could involve fixed-term participation or long-term seats tied to significant financial contributions, a feature that has drawn criticism from several governments.

Sudan’s humanitarian emergency has worsened significantly as insecurity across Kordofan triggers large-scale civilian displacement. According to the briefing, escalating violence has forced families to flee their homes in search of safety, placing immense strain on already overstretched local communities and aid networks. Kordofan, long a flashpoint in Sudan’s conflicts, has seen renewed fighting disrupt livelihoods, agriculture, and access to basic services. The displacement adds to Sudan’s broader crisis, with millions already internally displaced since the outbreak of war, raising alarm among humanitarian agencies over shelter shortages, food insecurity, and the risk of disease outbreaks.

Disinformation becomes a strategic weapon in the conflict

The briefing highlights the growing use of disinformation as a deliberate tool of war in Sudan. Competing narratives, fabricated reports, and manipulated media are being deployed to confuse civilians, undermine trust, and shape both domestic and international perceptions of the conflict. Analysts warn that this information warfare complicates humanitarian access and peace efforts, as false claims can inflame tensions, justify attacks, or obscure responsibility for abuses. The spread of disinformation also poses risks beyond Sudan’s borders, influencing diplomatic engagement and international responses to the crisis.

SAF air raids intensify civilian suffering

Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) air raids have intensified , contributing to rising civilian casualties and widespread destruction. The briefing notes that aerial bombardments are deepening the humanitarian toll, with markets, residential areas, and vital infrastructure increasingly at risk. Such attacks exacerbate displacement and fuel accusations of violations of international humanitarian law. Human rights groups have repeatedly warned that the use of air power in densely populated areas is accelerating civilian harm and undermining prospects for de-escalation.

RSF claims territorial gains as fighting escalates

The Rapid Support Forces (RSF) have claimed new territorial gains amid the escalating conflict, signalling shifting dynamics on the battlefield. These claims suggest ongoing offensives and counteroffensives that are reshaping control across contested regions. While independent verification remains difficult due to access constraints and information warfare, the reported advances underline the fluid and volatile nature of the conflict, with civilians often caught between rival forces and changing frontlines.

International pressure mounts for a humanitarian truce

Amid the intensifying violence, international efforts to secure a humanitarian truce in Sudan are gaining momentum. The briefing points to renewed diplomatic engagement aimed at pausing hostilities to allow aid delivery and civilian protection. Regional actors and global partners are pressing both SAF and RSF to agree to temporary ceasefires, warning that failure to do so risks further catastrophe. These initiatives reflect growing global concern that Sudan’s war, if left unchecked, could destabilise the wider region and deepen one of the world’s most severe humanitarian crises

What began in Tehran’s Grand Bazaar has quickly expanded far beyond the capital. Demonstrations are now reported in major cities, including Mashhad, Shiraz, Isfahan, and Kerman, with unrest affecting nearly all 31 provinces.

People from across Iranian society have joined the protests. Shopkeepers, students, oil workers, retirees and low-income families are taking to the streets, driven by anger over soaring prices, a collapsing currency and long-standing political failures.

Iran’s economy is at the centre of the crisis. Inflation has surged, the rial has fallen to historic lows, and the cost of essentials such as food and medicine has risen sharply. For many households, wages have failed to keep pace, turning daily life into a struggle for affordability.

As the rial continues to lose value and budget pressures deepen, unrest has spread beyond traditional economic centres. Protests have reached university campuses, suburban neighbourhoods and rural towns.

Student demonstrators are no longer chanting only about prices, but also demanding greater freedom and political change, signalling a shift from economic protest to broader opposition to the state.

Unlike previous uprisings, this movement has no single leader. It is decentralised, drawing support from a wide cross-section of society, and has been amplified in part by calls for mass action from figures outside Iran, including members of the diaspora.

Human rights organisations and international observers report hundreds of arrests and about 62 deaths, including children in some documented cases.

As demonstrations intensify, the government has moved to restrict information. Internet and mobile phone services have been disrupted or shut down in multiple regions, limiting communication among protesters and making independent reporting increasingly difficult.

Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, on Friday, January 9, condemned the protests and accused protesters of acting on behalf of U.S. President Donald Trump during a televised broadcast.

Trump has, in turn threathened to have Iran pay dearly if more civilians or protesters are killed during the demonstrations.

He shared with a reporter that Iran has “been told very strongly … that if they do that, they’re going to have to pay hell.”

What happens next will depend on whether the state can contain the unrest or whether economic pressure and public anger continue to push Iran toward deeper instability.

Singapore Senior Minister Lee Hsien Loong has warned that growing US willingness to act unilaterally, including recent military action in Venezuela, poses serious risks to global and regional stability. Speaking at an academic forum, Lee said such interventions lack proper international authorisation and could undermine the rules-based order, a particular concern for small states like Singapore. He cautioned that while major powers may see short-term gains, war carries unpredictable consequences, urged restraint in US-China rivalry, and reiterated Singapore’s support for the one-China policy and opposition to any unilateral change to the Taiwan Strait status quo.

Singapore leads the world in AI adoption as firms chase growth

Amid global AI competition, Singapore businesses are experiencing significant “AI FOMO ,” driving strong adoption as companies pursue growth and digital transformation. Local firms are investing in generative AI tools to enhance everything from customer engagement to operational efficiency, even as challenges with data quality and integration slow progress. Singapore’s government has also backed AI through strategic initiatives to strengthen workforce skills, infrastructure and responsible governance, positioning the city-state as a hub for both innovation and enterprise-level AI deployment.

Singapore commissions its first electric tug ahead of 2026 deployment

In a milestone for green maritime technology, Singapore has completed commissioning of its first fully electric tug , a zero-emission vessel set to begin operations in April 2026. Built in collaboration with PaxOcean Group and ABB, the electric tug supports the Maritime and Port Authority’s goal of electrifying new harbour craft by 2030 and reducing air pollution as Singapore transitions to cleaner shipping solutions. This move underlines the city-state’s push toward sustainable port operations and decarbonisation of its maritime sector.

Nestlé baby formula recall spreads amid toxin fears

Singapore has ordered an immediate halt to the sale of five batches of Nestlé NAN infant and follow-on formula as a precaution over the possible presence of cereulide toxin. The affected products are NAN HA 3 SupremePro (batch 53030017C1), NAN HA 2 SupremePro (batch 51420017C4), NAN HA 1 SupremePro (batch 51460017C2), NAN HA 1 SupremePro (batch 51470017C1), and NAN HA 3 SupremePro (batch 53030017B1). Authorities said there have been no confirmed illnesses so far, and investigations are ongoing.

Climate patterns: 2025 sees record temperatures and heavy rainfall in Singapore

Singapore experienced significant climate anomalies in 2025, with the warmest June on record and unusually heavy rainfall in March, according to Channel NewsAsia reporting. These extremes align with broader regional trends of increasing temperature variability and heavier precipitation linked to climate change. Meteorologists warn that such patterns could have implications for water management, urban planning and heat resilience strategies in tropical cities like Singapore.

The United States military said it carried out a series of airstrikes against Islamic State (ISIS) targets in Somalia between January 1 and 3, in coordination with the Somali federal government. According to US Africa Command (AFRICOM), the strikes hit ISIS positions near the Calmiskaad Mountains, about 70 kilometres southeast of Bosaso in the northeastern Bari region. US officials said the operation inflicted significant losses on the militant group. Since President Donald Trump took office in 2025, the United States has conducted more than 100 airstrikes in Somalia, mainly targeting ISIS and Al-Shabaab. AFRICOM said it would continue joint operations with Somalia as the country intensifies its own campaign against Al-Shabaab in southern and central regions, with support from international partners.

Somalia and African partners call for restraint on Venezuela at UN Security Council

Somalia, together with Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, have called for restraint, dialogue and respect for international law during a UN Security Council session on the political situation in Venezuela. Speaking on behalf of the three African countries, known as the A3, Somalia underscored the need to uphold sovereignty and territorial integrity as outlined in the UN Charter. Somalia is presiding over the council for the month, while the three countries serve as Africa’s representatives on the 15-member body. The A3 warned that escalating tensions could destabilise the wider region and expressed solidarity with the Venezuelan people, reaffirming the African Union’s position in favour of peace and stability.

US confirms links between Somali UN envoy and healthcare firm

The United States government has confirmed that Somalia’s ambassador to the United Nations, Abukar Osman, is associated with a healthcare company previously implicated in Medicaid fraud. In a statement on X, US Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Jim O’Neill said Ambassador Osman is linked to Progressive Health Care Services, a home health agency in Cincinnati, against which US authorities had taken action following a Medicaid fraud conviction. The confirmation followed online speculation about the ambassador’s business interests in the United States, which gained attention after he confronted Israel’s deputy representative at the UN Security Council last month over Israel’s recognition of Somaliland.

Israel’s Somaliland visit sparks regional backlash

Israel’s foreign minister, Gideon Saar, arrived in Somaliland on Tuesday following Israel’s recognition of the breakaway region, prompting strong condemnation from Somalia. Saar described the recognition as “the moral thing to do”, while Somaliland President Abdirahman Abdullahi Mohamed said it would open economic and development opportunities. Somalia’s foreign ministry called the visit an “illegal and unauthorised incursion” and said it reserves the right to take diplomatic and legal measures to protect its sovereignty. The African Union Peace and Security Council, the Arab League and several regional blocs condemned Israel’s move, warning it could destabilise the Horn of Africa. Islamist group Al-Shabaab said it would oppose any Israeli presence in Somaliland.

Ethiopia reaffirms commitment to Somalia’s sovereignty

Ethiopia’s government has reiterated its commitment to respecting Somalia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, saying its position is guided by international law and principles of good neighbourliness. In a statement on Ethiopia–Somalia relations, Addis Ababa said the two countries share deep historical, cultural and social ties that require cooperation to maintain peace and stability in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia rejected claims that its engagements with other parties undermine Somalia and called for dialogue and diplomacy to resolve misunderstandings. The government said it remains ready to work with Somalia on security, trade, economic development and regional integration, stressing that a stable Somalia is in the best interest of the region and the continent.

Ethiopia’s renewed push for access to the Red Sea is sharply escalating tensions with neighbouring Eritrea, with both governments exchanging accusations of military provocations along the border. The briefing warns that “whatever the outcome, war will devastate,” underscoring fears that any miscalculation could trigger conflict reminiscent of past hostilities. The standoff now threatens regional stability, raising concerns among analysts, diplomats, and humanitarian agencies who note that both countries remain deeply sensitive to territorial and security disputes. The dispute is unfolding at a delicate moment for the Horn of Africa, where shifting alliances and competing port access negotiations are increasing geopolitical pressure.

Ethiopia steps up fundamental institutional and legal reforms

The government is advancing far-reaching institutional and legal reforms aimed at strengthening the justice sector and improving governance . According to the briefing, Ethiopia is “implementing reforms to strengthen justice institutions,” changes that could significantly shape internal political dynamics as well as its relationships with regional neighbours, including Eritrea. These reforms, which appear in both the Eritrea and Ethiopia political briefing sections, are described as essential for Ethiopia’s long-term economic development and its aspirations for deeper regional integration. The restructuring of judicial and legal frameworks is also being closely watched as Ethiopia navigates internal fragmentation and post-conflict reconstruction.

National Dialogue Commission intensifies calls for civic and religious involvement

Amid ongoing political fragmentation, the Ethiopian National Dialogue Commission is urging civic, community, and religious organisations to expand their involvement in helping resolve the country’s mounting challenges . The briefing links this appeal to broader concerns about Ethiopia’s political and economic future, noting that “Ethiopia’s political fragmentation is seen as a major economic bottleneck,” and emphasising that the National Dialogue is a “critical step toward reconciliation.” The Commission warns that sustainable peace will require inclusive participation beyond federal and regional elites, particularly from groups that hold significant moral authority among the population. The success of the national dialogue is increasingly seen as pivotal to preventing renewed conflict and unlocking stalled economic recovery efforts.

Ethiopia’s continental influence highlighted as GERD is hailed as a symbol of unity

Ethiopia’s strategic role within Africa is being elevated on multiple fronts. The CEO of the East Africa Law Society has underscored that Ethiopia remains “central to Africa’s transformation,” pointing to the completion of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) as a powerful symbol of national self-reliance and unity. The commentary emphasises that Ethiopia’s internal stability and institutional strength will directly shape regional progress, particularly in areas of infrastructure, energy, and economic integration. This recognition comes as Ethiopia also assumes a leadership role within the UN-ECA Committee on Social Policy, Poverty, and Gender, alongside Eswatini and other African states—a sign of its enduring diplomatic influence despite domestic challenges.

Thailand has closed several border crossings in Tak province after heavy fighting escalated on November 30 between the Karen National Union’s Brigade 6 and Myanmar military forces in Myawaddy, opposite Mae Sot. Both sides exchanged sustained 60mm and 120mm mortar fire and drone-dropped explosives through the night. Five mortar rounds landed in Thailand, injuring two Myanmar nationals, though no direct damage to Thai communities was reported. The Naresuan Task Force ordered a seven-day shutdown of crossing points, with only the Thai-Myanmar Friendship Bridge 1 remaining open. Thai troops and border police have been deployed and warned they will retaliate if further fire crosses into Thailand.

Anutin confirms House dissolution by January 31

Prime Minister Anutin Charnvirakul said Monday that Parliament will be dissolved by January 31, 2026, reaffirming the government’s timeline and denying rumours of delaying tactics tied to a no-confidence motion. He dismissed claims of mismanagement over the Hat Yai floods, saying the government acted decisively to assist affected communities and criticism was based on misinformation. Anutin said politics should pause during the recovery effort and warned that dissolving the House amid an emergency would hinder aid. Responding to a NIDA poll showing his support at 15% in the South, he said he was satisfied with the figure and not competing with Democrat leader Abhisit Vejjajiva.

PM2.5 hits hazardous levels in 48 Bangkok districts

Bangkok recorded hazardous air pollution levels on Monday morning, with PM2.5 concentrations in the red zone across 48 districts, according to the Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency. Data from its Check Foon app at 6 a.m. showed five provinces nationwide in the red category and 41 in the orange level, where pollution begins to affect vulnerable groups. A three-hour forecast predicts persistent red and orange conditions. The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration reported an average PM2.5 reading of 45 µg/m³ at 7am, above the national safety limit of 37.5 µg/m³. Authorities warned dust levels may worsen and urged residents to wear protective masks.

Anutin sets two-week deadline to restore Hat Yai after flood crisis

Prime Minister Anutin Charnvirakul said Hat Yai has entered its post-flood recovery phase, with power, water and clean-up operations being accelerated to enable residents to return home quickly. After meeting business leaders on November 30, he said utilities are being restored and solid waste removal mobilised with support from military, government and private machinery. The Provincial Electricity Authority has been ordered to fix household electrical damage urgently. Anutin set a target of seven days for residents to move back and 14 days to fully clean the city, adding that officials have the authority to hire contractors to speed debris removal.

Second Army to sue over fake claims of Cambodian troop incursion

The Second Army Area has denied social-media rumours that Cambodian soldiers crossed into Thai territory and seized land around In Sri cliff in Ban Kruat district, Buri Ram, saying field checks found no evidence of any incursion. Border Patrol Police Company 216 and local officials inspected the remote site on Monday and reported no troop movements, terrain changes or construction activity. Satellite imagery also showed no sign of Cambodian military presence. Authorities said the area remains dense forest and poses no threat to border communities. The army is preparing legal action under the Computer Crime Act against those who posted the false claims.

Brazil’s Chamber of Deputies is currently debating a controversial anti-gang bill that has ignited sharp political tensions across the country. The proposed legislation, which aims to strengthen criminal penalties and enhance the government’s ability to dismantle organised crime networks, has drawn criticism from the Federal Police and several government officials. Detractors argue that the bill could open the door to misuse of authority and may undermine civil rights protections. At the same time, supporters claim it is essential to address the growing threat of gang-related violence in major cities. The debate reflects the delicate balance between bolstering public safety and safeguarding democratic freedoms.

Brazil’s new crime commission: A fight for control and credibility

Brazil’s Senate has launched a Parliamentary Inquiry Commission to investigate organised crime. However, this move has not come without controversy. Political analysts and opposition figures have raised concerns about the inquiry's independence, suggesting that political manoeuvring could compromise its integrity. The commission, intended to expose corruption and strengthen national security , risks becoming another political battleground where competing factions vie for influence. Questions about transparency and impartiality are now shaping public opinion, with critics urging reforms to ensure that accountability, not politics, remains at the heart of the investigation.

Criminal crisis unites right, signalling ‘post-Bolsonaro’ era

A deadly police operation in Rio de Janeiro has thrust Brazil’s public security policies back into the national spotlight and stirred a major political realignment. The crisis has united opposition figures on the right, many of whom were previously divided under the influence of former President Jair Bolsonaro. Analysts say this moment may mark the beginning of a “post-Bolsonaro” era , as right-wing leaders increasingly seek to redefine their identity around law and order rather than personality-driven politics. The renewed focus on policing and crime control underscores how security has become one of the defining issues in Brazil’s shifting political landscape

Lula secures ally to lead Senate inquiry into organised crime

In a strategic political move, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s government has successfully secured leadership of a Senate inquiry into organised crime. The decision has sparked debate over potential political interference in what is meant to be an impartial investigation. Supporters of the government argue that Lula’s allies can ensure more effective oversight and results-oriented action. However, opposition groups and civil society watchdogs warn that this concentration of control risks undermining the inquiry's credibility. The development reflects ongoing tensions between executive authority and institutional independence, as Brazil navigates complex challenges at the intersection of politics, crime, and governance .

Uganda’s political opposition is undergoing a notable transformation , with analysts questioning whether the current leadership prioritises political ideals or personal business interests. This debate has grown louder as several opposition figures have been accused of focusing on commercial ventures rather than grassroots mobilisation. Critics argue that the opposition’s evolving character risks weakening checks on President Yoweri Museveni’s long-standing administration, while others contend it reflects a strategic adaptation to a changing economic and political reality.

Uganda’s new political darling is born in Luzzi’s unfiltered truth

As Robert Kyagulanyi, popularly known as Bobi Wine, continues to draw both fervent support and criticism, a new political voice is emerging in Luzzi’s candid and unapologetic commentary. Luzzi’s rise — framed as a rejection of “performance politics” — has resonated with a younger audience disillusioned by both government and traditional opposition figures. Political observers describe this as a potential generational shift, marking the birth of a new populist style grounded in plain-spoken authenticity rather than celebrity charisma.

The Observer vindicated as Katuntu backs Museveni

In a turn that has stirred Uganda’s political debate , seasoned politician Abdu Katuntu has publicly expressed support for President Museveni, a move that many see as validating earlier reports by The Observer newspaper. The publication had previously suggested Katuntu’s growing alignment with the ruling party, a claim dismissed at the time by some opposition circles. His endorsement now appears to confirm the steady consolidation of the ruling National Resistance Movement’s influence, even among former critics.

Police warn NUP supporters over escalating attacks on officers amid campaign tensions

Ugandan police have issued a strong warning to members of the National Unity Platform (NUP) following reports of assaults on law enforcement personnel during campaign activities. Authorities say several officers were injured in clashes linked to rallies in central districts. The police statement emphasised that such acts will be met with firm legal action, while NUP officials have accused security forces of provocation and heavy-handedness. The incident highlights the mounting tension as Uganda inches closer to the next electoral cycle.