The new rule applies to women aged 18 to 52, and does not require a medical certificate. Officials estimate that 350,000 to 400,000 women will benefit.

However, it excludes the much larger informal workforce of roughly six million women, including domestic workers, daily-wage labourers and gig workers, a gap experts say should be addressed.

Still, the move is being widely described as a landmark step, particularly because it covers private-sector employees regardless of their job type or contract.

Countries such as Spain, Japan, South Korea and Indonesia already offer menstrual leave, and in India, states like Bihar and Odisha provide limited leave for government workers. Karnataka’s decision, however, represents the broadest rollout yet in the country.

Karnataka Labour Minister Santosh Lad called the measure “one of the most progressive policy decisions” for women. The IT industry’s trade association, Nasscom, said many companies in the state already offer menstrual leave, and that complying with the government order would not be difficult.

Worker groups welcomed the move. Pratibha R, who leads the local Garment and Textile Workers’ Union, noted that many garment workers receive only 11 days of leave per year.

But the policy has stirred debate. Some women say discussing menstruation at work is still uncomfortable in a society where the topic remains taboo.

“How can one go and seek menstrual leave when we don’t even speak about it?” asked Anunita Kundu, a software manager.

Bhutan continues to face deep challenges in increasing women’s participation in national leadership. Women currently hold only 7% of parliamentary seats, a stark reminder of the gender gap that persists in political representation. Policymakers and civil society groups have called for bold reforms to encourage more women to step into decision-making roles, especially in governance and public administration. Experts stress that representation in leadership not only reflects equality but also strengthens the nation’s democratic resilience and policy inclusiveness. Without significant structural and institutional changes, women’s voices may continue to be underrepresented at the national level.

Weak support systems keep women out of politics

A recent survey underscores the socio-cultural and institutional barriers preventing Bhutanese women from entering politics. Many potential candidates face limited access to campaign funding, mentorship, and family support, compounded by persistent social expectations about gender roles. Analysts note that without a robust support system, including training programs, inclusive party policies, and childcare infrastructure, few women will be able to overcome these barriers. The findings renew calls for both government and civil society to create enabling conditions for women’s political participation and leadership development.

Sherubtse College students lead call for gender equality during SDG Week

In an inspiring show of youth activism , students from Sherubtse College took the lead during Bhutan’s SDG Partnership Week, championing gender equality and women’s empowerment. Through discussions, art, and campus-wide forums, students emphasised that gender inclusion is critical to achieving Bhutan’s development goals and aligning with global sustainability targets. Their advocacy also highlights the growing role of young Bhutanese voices in shaping the country’s social progress narrative, as more students push for gender-sensitive education, workplace equality, and awareness campaigns across institutions.

RENEW opens two new centres to support women and families

In a significant step toward combating gender-based violence and strengthening social welfare, RENEW, a leading Bhutanese non-profit organisation, has launched two new community service centres. These facilities aim to provide safe spaces for survivors of abuse and offer counselling, legal aid, and vocational training for women and families in need. The initiative is part of Bhutan’s broader commitment to promoting equality and community resilience. It also reflects the growing collaboration between local NGOs, government agencies, and international partners to address gender inequality at both the grassroots and national levels.

Wu is expected to replace A Kesavadas Nair, whose two-term limit ends this month.

The stunt sparked public backlash and criticism from party officials, prompting an apology from state veterans club chairperson Lee Kong Hing.

"I have no intention to insult women, and I respect women,” Lee said in an interview with Sin Chew Daily. “I used sanitary pads as a tool and hope that everyone does not misinterpret my intention.” 

DAP secretary-general Anthony Loke called the act “inappropriate” and “insensitive,” stressing that internal party concerns should be addressed through proper channels.

The stunt also reinforced the stigma on menstruation, especially in a developing country like Malaysia, where poverty is a hindrance to affording menstrual products, said Deputy Communications Minister and Wanita DAP chief Teo Nie Ching.

“Yet, here they are wasting large quantities of sanitary pads just to mock their political rivals," she said. 

Lee explained that he had considered three props and chose sanitary pads for their airtight quality, symbolising what he described as the silence of 19 state DAP committee members on the matter.

"After the incident, some leaders called to express their concern, and a few women also called me. They didn't think the item was harmful to women," he said.

Malaysia is home to 16.9 million women, accounting for 46.7% of its population, according to 2024 World Bank data.

Despite repeated commitments, Gumbonzvanda stressed that women and girls remain disproportionately affected by poverty, unpaid care work, gender-based violence, and exclusion from decision-making. “These disparities are not accidents , they reflect fiscal and financial systems that systematically ignore or reinforce patterns of discrimination, especially for women in marginalized communities, including women with disabilities,” she said.

Gumbonzvanda emphasised that investing in gender equality is not just a moral imperative but an economic one. “The economic case of action is overwhelming. Closing gender gaps in employment could add trillions of dollars to global GDP,” she noted.

Yet current investments fall far short. “We continue to underinvest in half of the world ’s population, a devastating waste of human potential and economic opportunity,” she warned. “The urgency has never been greater. Intersecting crises, debt burdens, climate impacts and economic instability are deepening gender inequalities at alarming rates.”

With just five years left to achieve the SDGs, UN Women is calling on governments, development banks, and the private sector to step up their commitments. “The private sector must scale up gender lens investing, supporting women-led enterprises and inclusive supply chains,” Gumbonzvanda urged. “Without transformative financing for gender equality, we will fail not only SDG5 but the entire 2030 Agenda.”

What they said

Muizz Olatunji, president of the students' union, defended the broader dress code policy on X (formerly Twitter), describing it as a means to uphold a “respectful and distraction-free environment, encouraging students to dress modestly and in line with the institution's values.” Human rights advocate Haruna Ayagi of the Human Rights Network told the BBC that the university could face legal action for violating students' bodily autonomy. “Unwarranted touches on another person's body is a violation,” he said.

Disclaimer: The image for the article was AI-generated

The system, adopted last week after wide consultation, is the first of its kind in Zimbabwe.

It brings together all the country’s gender-related goals under one national framework. Officials say the goal is to make better decisions by using accurate and consistent data.

For years, Zimbabwe struggled with poor gender statistics.

Ministries often submitted incomplete reports shortly before deadlines, making it hard for the government to understand real progress in areas such as land ownership, access to education, and women’s role in the economy.

The new system will measure gender gaps in six main areas: economic resources, health, education, human rights , political participation, and the environment.

These indicators are based on global and African gender equality standards but adjusted to fit Zimbabwe’s local context.

The country’s statistics agency, ZIMSTAT, will lead the data collection, working with other ministries. Officials aim to set a national baseline by August. The first gender equality report is expected in early 2026.

The project was developed with help from the UN Economic Commission for Africa. A joint oversight team made up of government agencies, civil society , and international experts will track progress and guide improvements.

Zimbabwe now joins a growing number of African countries investing in detailed, long-term systems to monitor gender equality.

Based on interviews with 2,927 residents in 13 municipalities, the survey notes:

The study also revealed that 32% report genital infections linked to unsanitary public toilets, a frequent issue in state schools and 25% suffer pain severe enough to cause absence from school or work.

According to Fratmat.info , stigma remains pronounced, as 66.4% of women from the Northern Mande ethnic group report menstruation-related discrimination. While male respondents acknowledged menstruation as natural, 67% of Muslim men, compared with 30% of Christian men, described it as “dirty” or “impure.”

Public support for government intervention is overwhelming after the study revealed that 100% of participants backed free or subsidised sanitary products, yet 67% say the state plays “no role at all” in menstrual hygiene management.

CPDEFM says the findings “sound the alarm for urgent social and institutional action” to safeguard the health and dignity of Ivorian women and girls.

“I’m not worried about women in the film industry,” Davis told AFP. “We’re used to adversity… and now we’re becoming the change we want to see.”

The election of Pope Leo XIV on May 8 was historic, as he became the first American to ascend to the highest office of the Catholic Church. 

He succeeds Pope Francis, who passed away on April 21, Easter Monday. Pope Leo XIV holds dual citizenship in the United States and Peru.

“I think first of all, nobody was really expecting an American pope to be announced in this conclave… He had similar experiences to us at Villanova. I think that was a pretty surreal moment,” one student told AFP.

“I'm in my dorm with my door open, and just all across the floor, I hear people start, like, yelling. Everyone's like, so excited. I ran out of my room because I knew one of my friends was down the hall, and we just looked at each other. We're like the new pope is from Villanova,” another student recalled the excitement on campus.

The election of Pope Leo XIV has also prompted questions regarding the future direction of the Church, particularly concerning the inclusion of women in leadership roles—a key initiative of Pope Francis.

According to the Vatican , women’s representation in the Church workforce increased from 19.2% to 23.4% after a decade of Francis’ papacy.

Pope Leo XIV, who also obtained a Master of Divinity (MDiv) from the Catholic Theological Union (CTU) in 1982, is expected to uphold this legacy.

“He did have female theologians as his professors. And so I think even just experientially that's a given… I think in terms of Pope Francis appointing women to key leadership positions, I don't think that will change,” a member of the Villanova faculty noted.

Ongmakagne’s announcement distinguishes her from a field of already-declared male candidates, making her a symbol of new energy and a potential change agent.

She will be contesting against the incumbent President, Paul Biya, now 92, seeking an eighth term after more than four decades in power.

Although she is not yet a known figure in Cameroon’s political sphere, Ongmakagne brings a background in business and fashion leadership to the race. She described her transition from the creative world to the political arena as a call to service and national transformation.

“I believe in a united, prosperous Cameroon, where everyone has their place. We need a new dynamic, a new era where the doors are open. I believe in a Cameroon that can catch up with the world and embrace globalisation,” she said.

In her video address, Ongmakagne framed her campaign as a “fight of light against darkness,” invoking a vision of peace , dignity, and national unity.

She called on Cameroonians to join her in ending fear and oppression, urging citizens to be active participants “in putting an end to the oppression and fear.”

While Ongmakagne is the first female to declare her candidacy for the 2025 race, she follows in the footsteps of  Edith Kabbang Walla , who was the only female candidate in the 2011 election and the first Cameroonian woman to announce a presidential bid.

“My husband now looks up to me to take care of a large chunk of expenses, including buying furniture and other assets,” Bhobho said at a market where she delivers crops for farmers in her community.

The tricycles, called Hamba—meaning "go" in Ndebele—are powered by solar-charged lithium-ion batteries. Mobility for Africa, a local start-up, piloted the project in 2019 by leasing the vehicles to groups of women for $15 a month. Today, women like Bhobho can own them through a lease-to-purchase program.

“I used to depend on my husband for everything, even money for bread,” she said.

Bhobho now owns land, has opened a small grocery store, is paying off a car, and has moved her children from an underfunded rural public school to a better-equipped private institution. She earns up to $300 a month, a salary comparable to that of government workers such as schoolteachers.

Beyond financial gains, she has gained self-esteem. “Even my husband and in-laws have more respect for me now. No one used to listen to me, but now I have a seat when important decisions are being made,” the mother of three said.

According to Carlin Thandi Ngandu, the community engagement coordinator for Mobility for Africa, the program aims to ensure that 70% of its beneficiaries are women in Zimbabwe. 

The program involves 300 women across Zimbabwe, with only women owning and operating tricycles. 

The tricycles are particularly beneficial in rural areas, as they can navigate narrow paths inaccessible to cars and reach remote homesteads and vegetable gardens. The affordability of the tricycles makes them accessible to locals, allowing them to contribute to their families and communities. 

However, women face challenges such as rough terrain and resistance from men who struggle with seeing women lead in traditionally male-dominated spaces. 

“Some men don’t like seeing women in charge, but we are proving that we can contribute just as much, if not more, to our families and communities,” says Bhobho.

Beyond business, the tricycles are revolutionising healthcare access, particularly for women and children. Josephine Nyevhe, a volunteer community health worker, uses her tricycle to bring medical services closer to rural families and serves as a village ambulance.

“I am on 24-hour standby. I get calls during odd hours and have to rush people to the hospital. Sometimes it’s a pregnant woman who would have otherwise given birth at home in unsafe conditions,” she said.

The latest protests in Dhaka were sparked by several high-profile cases of sexual harassment, with demonstrators demanding stronger protections for women. Dhaka University student Jannatul Promi highlighted the pervasive sense of insecurity among young women.

“Since I don't live in the university dorm, I don’t feel safe staying on campus after evening. I constantly worry about how I will get home. Our society has become like this now – women cannot feel safe going out alone at night. And considering the recent incidents we have witnessed, it becomes even harder to feel courageous. Change is absolutely necessary. That’s why we feel that we must continue our movement. That’s why we have boycotted our classes and exams,” she told the AFP.

Maleka Banu, general secretary of Bangladesh Mohila Parishad, the country’s oldest feminist organisation, warned about the growing influence of anti-women forces in society. “ At present, we are seeing many anti-women forces gaining a lot of momentum. And they are becoming much bolder. They are attacking women on the streets for many excuses, whether it be mob attacks, personal attacks, silently or openly,” she stated. She also criticised the government’s response, urging authorities to take decisive action rather than merely expressing concern. “You can certainly express concern, but that alone is not enough from the state. Effective measures need to be taken, and a clear message must be sent.”

The rise in extremist activities has led to growing instances of harassment in public spaces. Nishat Tanjim Nera, an anti-rape protester and student, shared a troubling incident she witnessed on public transport. “ One day, I saw a man following a girl in the metro. Then the man told the girl, ‘Your dress is not appropriate.’ When I asked him, ‘Who gave you the right to say this?’ he left. I believe that in the present, women are suffering from a lack of security,” she said.

The term Musiehjah, derived from the Vai language, translates to “women’s house” - a space where women gather to discuss, mediate, and strategise for a better future.

"Musiehjah is not merely a structure; it is a legacy, a beacon, and a sanctuary that encapsulates stories of struggle, sacrifice, and triumph," Sirleaf stated, adding, "It stands as a monumental tribute to the resilience, courage, and indomitable spirit of African women who have fiercely championed justice , climate action, political participation, inclusion, and diversity."

She further elaborated on the vision behind the centre, emphasising its role as a hub for knowledge-sharing and mentorship.

"For me, it means a place where women can go for training, for learning, for knowledge," she explained. "A place where we can bring women who have already achieved, who challenge the status quo - where their stories can be told, their successes shared, and their legacies preserved."

Sirleaf also acknowledged the importance of creating a permanent home for such initiatives, rather than constantly traveling abroad for leadership meetings.

"We have travelled to other countries for meetings, including Kigali, with the support of the Rockefeller Centre," she said. "But we also feel that we shouldn’t be going from place to place. We need a home - a place where we can document and celebrate the journeys of African women leaders."

She concluded with a powerful vision for the future, expressing hope for increased female leadership across Africa.

"This is not just for me," she affirmed. "I want this centre to go beyond me—to stand as a living symbol for every woman who has ever stood up and said, 'I believe in democracy, I believe in freedom and rights, and I will challenge wrong.’ Give us 10 years—five women presidents."

Natasha recounted her ordeal before a gathering of international legislators, “I come with a heavy heart from Nigeria,” she began. “But first, I’d like to apologise to honourable members - I am not here to bring shame to my country. I am here to seek help for the women of Nigeria.”

She explained that on March 6, 2025, she was suspended from the Nigerian Senate for submitting a petition of sexual harassment against Senate President Godswill Akpabio. She had hoped for a fair and transparent investigation, but instead, she was penalised and silenced.

“My suspension came with severe conditions : my security was withdrawn, my official vehicles and other entitlements were taken away, my salary was cut off, and I was barred from appearing near the National Assembly. For six months, I am not allowed to present myself as a senator, either locally or internationally,” Natasha detailed.

She condemned her suspension as an orchestrated attempt to sideline women in Nigeria’s political landscape, adding, “If a female senator can be treated this way in full public view, imagine what ordinary Nigerian women face every day in workplaces and universities.”

In response, the President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), Tulia Ackson, acknowledged Natasha’s concerns and assured that the organisation would take steps to address the matter while also hearing from the Nigerian delegation.

“Dear colleagues, there was a matter that arose during the first session which we had this morning, the matter that was raised by our colleague from Nigeria, Senator Natasha. We have heard her concerns, and as an institution, the IPU will be taking the concerns raised, not only taking her side but also giving a chance to listen to the other side as is customary for the IPU,” Ackson stated.

She emphasised the need for a balanced approach, noting that while Natasha’s concerns had been heard, it was essential to allow the Nigerian delegation to also present its perspective before action would be taken.

Senate denies suspension over harassment claim

Meanwhile, the Nigerian Senate has clarified that Senator Natasha Akpoti’s suspension was not linked to her sexual harassment allegations against the Senate President. Instead, the upper chamber stated that she was suspended for violating Sections 6.1 and 6.2 of the Senate Standing Orders 2023 (as amended).

"It is a reminder to the president that we all want to arrive free, alive, and with our rights," said one demonstrator.

Activists are urging the new leader to take decisive action on gender violence, equality, and justice for women across Mexico.

Despite the physical and mental toll, she finds strength in providing for her family. “Sometimes I don’t even feel like waking up. But when I remember my responsibilities, I push through. The moment I start my bus, I find my courage.”

Balancing work and home life remains a challenge. “No matter what you do, you’re still expected to cook, care for the children , and prepare for the next day,” Okoli explained. “I work until midnight and then start again early in the morning.”

More women are joining the industry, she noted, with many approaching her for driving lessons. “It’s not about enjoying driving—it’s about survival, about putting food on the table.”

Why was she suspended?

The controversy began on February 20, 2025, when Akpoti-Uduaghan arrived at the Senate chamber to find her seat reassigned and her nameplate removed. Protesting the move, she engaged in a heated exchange with Akpabio, which escalated into a formal petition on March 5, accusing him of misconduct.

Despite a court order on March 6 barring the Senate from investigating her for alleged misconduct, the legislative body went ahead with the suspension.

The ruling by  Justice Obiora Egwuatu of the Federal High Court in Abuja had directed the Senate to justify its probe within 72 hours, but the order was ignored.

Senate dismisses allegations, demands apology

Dismissing her sexual harassment claims as “frivolous,” the Senate demanded that Akpoti-Uduaghan issue a written apology to Akpabio.

Meanwhile, Atai Afe Annang, a sociopolitical group from Akpabio’s home state, Akwa Ibom, called for her recall from the Senate, arguing that her actions were inappropriate.

Obong Blaise Awakama, the group’s leader, stated, "We are not satisfied with just a suspension. She should be properly advised, reoriented, or even replaced. No female senator should be used as a tool to defame him. If this is an organized political plot to remove him, we won’t stand idly by.”

Akpabio's denial

Akpabio has firmly denied the allegations, stating, “Since February 20, I have received numerous calls from Nigerians regarding this issue. I want to make it clear that I have never sexually harassed Senator Natasha Akpoti-Uduaghan,” he said at the start of Wednesday’s plenary session.

Legal experts condemn suspension

Legal analysts have slammed the Senate’s decision, calling it unconstitutional and illegal. They argue that suspending an elected lawmaker for exercising her right to free speech and petition sets a dangerous precedent and disregards judicial authority.

The suspension has sparked widespread debate on gender discrimination, legislative overreach, and political suppression in Nigeria’s democracy.

These legislative measures have significantly boosted female representation, which stood at just 1.6% in the first legislature and 15.4% in the last pre-transition assembly.

A representative of the Constitutional Council told Tchad Info , “Women are the linchpin of society. It is only right that they have the place that is theirs by right in our institutions.”

Despite this progress, challenges remain. Experts emphasize the need for continued awareness campaigns to encourage political parties and voters to support women's political participation. Critics argue that while numerical representation is crucial, it must be accompanied by meaningful inclusion in strategic debates and policymaking.

"It is challenging, but progress is being made," says Rashida Mahmud Abdirahman, a lawyer advocating for women’s participation in sports, told the AFP.

Amuna Adam, co-founder of the Ubah Fitness Centre, recalls the backlash she faced when starting the initiative. "When we started this centre, many people were saying this is a Westernised idea; it is against Islam and such, so we have been facing a lot of challenges," she explains.

For Hafsa Omer, captain of a local sports team, the journey has been equally difficult. "It was tough for us to be told, 'You are girls, you are not supposed to play.' The culture and the religion were not allowing us to play. Some of our parents did not even allow us to play," she shares. However, she notes a gradual change in attitudes, particularly among families. "We need to exercise our bodies for health purposes, so they eventually accepted, but the community still finds it surprising when girls play sports."

Abdirahman highlights the societal stigma many women face when participating in sports. "If a girl plays football, basketball, swims, or goes to the gym, many in society view it as shameful. They ask, 'What are you doing? You're a girl.' It is challenging, but progress is being made. Now, we have a football team, a basketball team, and several places where girls can exercise," she says, while acknowledging that obstacles remain.

The initiative, launched by filmmaker Mohamed Fawi, aims to nurture Sudan’s first filmmaking community while empowering women to share untold stories. “After the war began, I felt compelled to contribute from within Sudan,” Fawi said.

“The most fitting approach was to create a project for women, as many workshop participants focused on women’s issues.”

One participant, Zeinab Alfadel, explained the process: “We were trained in filming, scriptwriting, and directing. Afterwards, we moved on to production and editing, culminating in the release of our films.”

For Eithar Khairy, another filmmaker, the experience was transformative. “It was challenging but rewarding. The idea came from Miss Bakhita, who suggested making a documentary during the ‘Cinema by Women Workshop.’”

The "Women's Cinema Project," as it’s called, has trained 11 women so far, creating a platform for voices long overlooked in Sudan.

"This job is my whole life. It helped me escape many vices, including begging and prostitution. I earn a decent living and provide dignity for my children ," Nah told the AFP. 

Nah’s journey began after losing her mother early in life. Raised by her blacksmith brother and later married to another blacksmith, she embraced the craft, honing her skills to manufacture pots, agricultural tools, plumbing parts, and even mechanical components. 

Her customers, like Silamakan Traore, a mechanic who has relied on Nah for 20 years, praise her expertise. "She made a new flange for my dynamo after the old one broke. Her work is precise and reliable," he said. 

Despite injuries and hazards, including burns from molten aluminum, Nah remains steadfast. "These are the risks of the job, but with motivation, you can overcome anything," she says, noting that she balanced her craft with raising children, who now proudly celebrate her accomplishments. 

Her second son, Mohamed Camara, calls her an inspiration. "She is an example for all women. Despite being a mother, she has never let that hinder her. We’re proud to inherit her craft and legacy." 

“The Prime Minister of Togo is a woman. The outgoing Assembly was chaired by a woman, and many women are represented in government ,” she observed.

Togo has prioritised gender inclusion through legal frameworks that enable women to access education, professional training, and leadership opportunities. These initiatives are targeted programs that encourage women to participate in politics and governance .

She said, “Togo can be pleased to have recognised the extent and importance of the contribution of women to development very early on. Several reforms in this direction have been initiated. A legal arsenal allows Togolese women and women to be able to access all levels of positions, to have the necessary education , the necessary training and the skills to assume positions of responsibility.”

Dossou d'Almeida credited these measures for fostering a more inclusive government, with women holding key ministerial positions and contributing to national decision-making. She noted that such efforts have inspired women across the nation to step forward and engage actively in political and administrative roles.

Togo’s achievements in women’s leadership include the historic appointment of  Prime Minister Victoire Tomegah Dogbé  in 2020, the first woman to hold the office. Dossou d'Almeida herself succeeded Dogbé as Minister of Grassroots Development and Youth before transitioning to her current role in the National Assembly.

As the Tihar festival approaches, garlands spill from rooftops and porches, filling the village with vibrant purple, red, and orange. The deep purple globe amaranth, known as makhmali, is in especially high demand during the five-day celebration.

"Women have jobs because of the makhmali flowers," said Saraswoti Bista, a 56-year-old local farmer. "They can just stay home and weave garlands. There is good profit."

Sanju Bista, a 45-year-old farmer, explained how the seasonal garland work complements their typical potato and rice crops. "The jobless women are now employed. All the women of Gundu planted makhmali and thumke flowers and made income from the garlands. This has given them confidence," she said.

Nepal produced an estimated 2.5 million makhmali garlands in 2024, a 10% increase from the previous year, according to the Floriculture Association Nepal. The country is set to export 200,000 garlands, valued at $1.4 million, to markets worldwide.

However, the flower industry faces challenges. Heavy flooding worsened by climate change resulted in over $1.1 million in losses for the floriculture sector last year. But for the women of Gundu, the garland trade remains a reliable source of seasonal income and empowerment.

Chants of "Erdogan assassin! AKP assassin!" echoed through the crowd, directed at Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), which has been in power since 2002. Protesters accused the government of failing to protect women and turning a blind eye to gender-based violence.

Among the demonstrators was Gulizar Sezer, the mother of femicide victim Sedef Guler. "Where is the state? Where is justice?" Sezer cried out. "The state is as guilty as the criminal who killed my child. I will hold it accountable until the end."

Hülya Gülbahar, a prominent women's rights activist and lawyer, highlighted the shortcomings in enforcing Turkey’s Law No. 6284, which provides protection against domestic violence. “If Law 6284 was properly implemented, thousands of women’s lives would have been saved," Gülbahar said, emphasizing that impunity for perpetrators remains a "systematic state policy."

According to The Monument Counter, a platform that tracks gender-based violence in 2023, the number of femicides reached 416.

Despite being home to global corporations like Toyota Motor and Sony Group, Japan has made limited strides in appointing female leaders to top positions.

Ryusuke Ishii, a manager at the Japan Research Institute, points to the tendency of companies to hire executives from outside their organisations rather than promoting from within as one reason for the “lack of progress.”

However, there are signs of improvement. The number of female board members in Japan has doubled since fiscal 2019, now exceeding 3,000. This growth underscores efforts by Japanese companies to elevate more women into influential roles, although CEO appointments remain scarce.

Japan's push for greater female leadership gained momentum in 2013 when former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe emphasised the importance of empowering women as a driving force for the country’s economic growth. During a speech at the United Nations, Abe vowed that the Japanese government “will cultivate the power of women as the greatest potential for the growth of the Japanese economy.” He added that "a society in which women shine" would invigorate the nation.

Now, the Japanese government faces an uphill challenge of reaching its target of having women in at least 30% of executive positions by 2030.

Despite the profession being male-dominated, Souissi has defied cultural expectations. "Our society doesn't accept women in this profession (fishing), but I decided to carry on and fight against this idea because I love this profession. I love the sea, I love fishing. You could say that the sea has been my hobby ever since I was a little girl," she told the AFP. 

Aside from the cultural challenges, Souissi and other small-scale fishers face another challenge, unsustainable fishing practices. "Plastic nets are a nuisance for me and for all fishermen. To this day, we continue to fish with these nets,” she noted.

Efforts to support fisherwomen are emerging as the Tunisian Society for Sustainable Fishing is beginning to empower and integrate more women through workshops to venture into the sector.

"We're here because we want to create additional sources of income for the people of the Raoued region, especially today by tackling a number of issues, such as climate change and the severe depletion of natural resources, as well as poor practices that have affected the fishing industry. This can only be overcome by solutions such as integrating women into the fishing industry," said Ryma Moussaoui, a coordinator with the Tunisian Society for Sustainable Fishing.

A recent student by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) disclosed that

Tunisian fisherwomen also struggle with access to banking, administrative benefits, and training, and are often viewed as "high-risk borrowers." 

Gisele, who had suffered from memory lapses for years, only uncovered the abuse through a police investigation. She has asked for the trial to be open to the public to raise awareness about the use of drugs in committing sexual violence.

Supporters gathered in the streets to voice their admiration for Gisele's courage. Nadège Peneau, a 46-year-old specialist educator from Orange, expressed her deep respect for Gisele, "I have total admiration for her. I think what she's doing is very courageous. Thanks to her... she carries the voice of so many children and women, and even men because that happens too... Yes, of course, I think she has immense courage to be able to (testify, editor's note) like that, in an open way."

Another activist, Maud Fontanel, who works with Family Planning in Avignon, emphasised the need to shift the shame surrounding sexual assault from victims to perpetrators. "It's important to reiterate that shame has to change sides because we know what happens when someone is sexually assaulted. The blame and responsibility are put back on the victim. We'll also make excuses for the aggressor, that's what we call rape culture, and it's very important to get this message across that shame should be on the aggressor's side and not the victim's," she was quoted by AFP.

The victim’s ex-husband, Dominique Pelicot, 71, has admitted to all charges against him.

Amina Sohail, 28, a motorcycle taxi driver and courier, shared how the economic strain in her household pushed her to start working with the AFP. She said, "The atmosphere at home was stressful. My parents were struggling to manage, and that’s when I decided I must work," she said.

Amina added that her decision transformed her outlook on herself and her immediate environment. "My vision has changed. I’m confident and will work openly like any man, no matter what anyone thinks."

Hina Saleem, a 24-year-old receptionist, also defied societal expectations after her father fell ill. Faced with pressure from her uncles to marry for financial security, Hina received support from her mother when she found a job opportunity. "At first, my mother was confused, as I was the first girl in the family to seek work. But given the economic conditions, she stood by me."

Meanwhile, Farzana Augustine, a 43-year-old cook, reflected on the social stigma surrounding her work, saying, "If someone asks my children what their mother does, they don’t say I work - they say 'mama stays at home.'"

In more conservative families, however, women are still discouraged from entering the workforce.

Pakistan, which became the first Muslim-majority country to elect a woman as prime minister in the 1980s, has over the years seen women rise to positions of power in business and government. However, much of society remains governed by traditional values, where family approval is often required for women to work outside the home. According to the United Nations, only 21% of women in Pakistan participate in the workforce, with many employed in informal sectors, particularly in rural areas.

Later in March, far away in Latin America, Mexico specifically, a similar protest was replicated when over 180,000 women and allies protested against violence, murder and other forms of vices threatening the lives of women in the country.

Data from the Mexico National Institute of Statistics and Geography revealed an alarming rate of violence perpetrated against women in three years. In 2021, nearly 10 women were murdered in the country every day, culminating in 3427 women that year alone.

Later in 2022, state prosecutors reported that rape and its related violence have reached a peak and were more prevalent amongst girls within the 10-14 age bracket. A total of 4,197 such cases were filed. 

The year 2023 was no different. The Secretary of Security and citizens reported that over 2500 women had become victims of homicide and more than 800 of them were femicide victims

These instances are not only limited to Kenya and Mexico. Almost like a plague, it is a phenomenon prevalent in many countries the world over. The recent murder of Rebecca Cheptegei brought a rude reminder of the continued existence of impunity and injustices against women. Without any intentions of invoking emotions, here are some athletes who are victims of femicide.

Agnes Tirop, Kenya

In 2021, the gruesome murder of Agnes Tirop triggered a rave agitation for the protection of women. Her life was snuffed by none other than Ibrahim Rotich, her husband. Tirop’s lifeless body was found in her home with stab wounds. Aside from that, it was reported that her car windows had been smashed. It had only been five weeks after winning the women's 10km marathon in Germany. The Kenyan President at the time, Uhuru Kenyatta, remarked, "It is unsettling, utterly unfortunate, and very sad that we've lost a young and promising athlete. It is even more painful that Agnes, a Kenyan hero by all measures, painfully lost her young life through a criminal act perpetuated by selfish and cowardly people."

Damaris Muthee Mutua, Kenya/Bahrain

A Kenyan-born Bahraini athlete who was a two-time world championship bronze medalist was murdered in 2022. The autopsy report revealed her cause of death as strangulation, allegedly, by her boyfriend Koki Foi, also an athlete with Ethiopian descent. Mutua, a mother of one, held 2 nd place in a 10km race in Angola. “She was an upcoming road runner. People would describe her as someone with very good discipline. Earlier this month, she was third in a very tough half-marathon race in Angola. She was found dead just when her career on the road was picking up," Elias Makori, managing editor for sport at Nation Media Group, told BBC Sport .

Rebecca Cheptegei, Uganda

Cheptegei was set ablaze by her boyfriend following a disagreement. She sustained 75-80% burns on her body and succumbed to her injuries some hours after the incident. Prior to this, the 33-year Olympian held the Ugandan women’s title for a marathon record of 2:22:47 at the Abu Dhabi marathon in 2022. At the just-ended Paris Olympics, she participated in the 10,000m race and finished 44 th . Cheptegei had two children.

“We have learnt of the sad passing on of our Olympic athlete Rebecca Cheptegei OLY following a vicious attack by her boyfriend. May her gentle soul rest in peace and we strongly condemn violence against women. This was a cowardly and senseless act that led to the loss of a great athlete. Her legacy will continue to endure,” Donald Rukare, president of the Uganda Olympics Committee, wrote.

As Chief Justice, Maya will lead the Constitutional Court and oversee the judiciary in South Africa, marking a historic milestone in the nation’s legal history.

Early Life and Education

Mandisa Maya was born on March 20, 1964, in St Cuthberts, Tsolo, Eastern Cape. Her upbringing in a family of teachers laid a strong foundation for her educational journey. She completed her high school education at St John’s College in King William’s Town and Mthatha in 1981. Maya earned her B.Proc from the University of Transkei, an LLB from the University of Natal, and an LLM from Duke University, where she was awarded a prestigious Fulbright Scholarship in 1989. Her academic credentials also include fellowships from Georgetown University and the Commonwealth Foundation.

Legal Career

Maya’s legal career began in 1987 as an attorney’s clerk at Dazana Mafungo Inc in Mthatha. She then served as a court interpreter and prosecutor before moving to Washington DC as a Legal Policy Counsel and Lobbyist. Returning to South Africa, she held roles as an Assistant State Law Adviser, law lecturer, and advocate. 

Her judicial career features significant milestones: she was the first woman to serve as both Deputy President and President of the Supreme Court of Appeal and was the first black woman appointed as a judge of that court. Maya’s career also includes acting roles in Namibia and Lesotho, and she has been the President of the Supreme Court of Appeal since June 2017.

Contributions and Influence

Mandisa Maya has made significant contributions to the legal field, both nationally and internationally. She is the Vice President of the International Association of Women Judges and the founding president of its South African chapter.

Her judicial decisions have had a profound impact on South African law, including her ruling in the 2020 AfriForum case regarding the use of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction and her influential dissent in the 2011 Minister of Safety and Security case. Maya’s appointment as Chief Justice underscores her exceptional leadership and commitment to advancing justice and equality.

What they said

Speaking on the passage in Parliament, the Speaker of the House Alban Bagbin said, “Honourable members, the ‘ayes’ have it. The Affirmative Action Gender Equality Bill 2024 now the Affirmative Action Gender Equity Act duly read the third time and passed.” He added that "We need to do more to be able to create this free and just society we are looking for to liberate more of our women." Shamima Muslim, a gender and political activist, said the passage marked the first steps towards "correcting historical and systemic barriers to participation for women and other marginalised groups. It is a welcome decision that demands further consistent action to achieve the noble ideal of building a just and equitable country," Reuters quotes

The report highlights a concerning trend: perceptions of respect and dignity for women have significantly declined in Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. In 2021, only about a quarter of men and women in South Africa believed women were treated with respect and dignity. In Kenya, 50% of women felt respected, while in Uganda, the figure was 52%. In Zimbabwe, only 60% of women felt they were treated with respect, a drop from 71% in 2013.

As regards the issue of safety, in South Africa, just 27% of women felt safe walking alone at night in their local areas. In Zimbabwe, only 35% of women reported feeling safe, followed by 40% in Kenya and 45% in Uganda. Tanzania was the exception, with 61% of women feeling safe at night, nearing the global average of 64%.

The report reveals a sharp decline in the perception that women are treated with respect and dignity across the continent over the last decade. While Tanzania showed an increase in respect for women from 54% in 2013 to 70% in 2021, this trend was not observed in other countries. 

The steepest decline was noted in South Africa, a country grappling with a high rate of femicide. 

President Cyril Ramaphosa described gender-based violence as a "second pandemic" in 2020 and recently signed a bill to establish a council dedicated to combating the issue.

Originally released in 1976, "Sweet Mother" quickly captured the hearts of millions across the continent. Its timeless celebration of motherhood earned it the title of Africa's favourite song in a BBC poll back in 2004. Surpassing other iconic tunes, it secured a place in history with over 27% of the votes.

Prince Nico Mbarga, the name and man behind the song is barely known in Nigerian music before the release of the song. His style has been described as a crafted unique blend of West African Highlife and Congolese rhumba, setting him apart in the industry. Despite facing initial rejection from major record labels like EMI and Decca, Mbarga persisted, eventually releasing the now-legendary album independently.

“Sweet mother I no forget you for the suffer wey you suffer for me,” to wit “Sweet mother I will not forget you for the suffering you’ve endured for me,” has over the years become a household sentence invoking emotions in appreciating mothers on the continent.

The success of "Sweet Mother" was unparalleled, with reported sales exceeding thirteen million copies, surpassing even the best-selling records of global sensations like The Beatles. Its popularity transcended borders, reaching listeners in Europe, the Caribbean, and Latin America, cementing its status as a cultural touchstone.

However, Mbarga's remarkable journey was tragically cut short . Twenty-seven years ago, he met with a fatal accident in Calabar, Nigeria, leaving behind a timeless piece of music that continues to resonate with audiences worldwide.

Despite his immense impact on African music, Mbarga's story remained largely untold until now. While his life may have been marked by tragedy, his music remains a beacon of joy and celebration every year on May 12.

Executive Director of FWBK, Osoya George believes that communities should not focus only on women's empowerment without enlightening men.

"Why do we want to empower women without enlightening men? So men are being left behind and that is why they are not solving problems of women's empowerment. We want them to think the same, to know the problem that the other person is facing and how they can come together to solve this problem," he told GSW.

FWBK is also committed to breaking myths and beliefs in the community and promoting gender equality through sports, he added.

He continued that by establishing a safe space for boys and girls to co-exist and learn more about each other, FWBK creates an opportunity for them to develop together.

However, in recent years, gender-based violence against women in Kenya has been well-documented. Between 2016 and 2023, more than 500 women, mostly below the age of 35, were killed by intimate partners or acquaintances, according to Amnesty International Kenya.

"I think the initiative is enlightening them because they are open to sharing. They are not afraid of boys anymore. They take them as people who can solve their problems because they do everything together. The boys also see the girls as their sisters. So I think openness brings courage to these girls," he shared.

George disclosed that alongside the organisation’s focus on creating self-sustainable agriculture where the children in the programme can fund their education by selling their produce, the organisation also established an initiative to help girls make reusable ‘period panties’ to enable them to attend school during their menstruation period after it was discovered as a reason for low performance among girls within the community.

“When we found out the girls were not performing so well, and each day of the month, they were missing in their classes. We came up with the initiative to help them come to school. We did it locally with the raw materials,” he said.

Watch this interview:

The report expands its analysis to include two critical indicators - safety from violence and access to childcare services - which can significantly impact women's options in the workforce. When these measures are considered, women, on average, have just 64% of the legal protections available to men, a significant drop from the previous estimate of 77%, the World Bank reports.

Further assessment of the gap between legal reforms and actual outcomes for women in 190 economies exposes an implementation gap, indicating that although laws suggest women have about two-thirds of the rights of men, countries have established less than 40% of the necessary systems for full implementation.

Among the key findings, only 35 out of 98 economies with legislation mandating equal pay for women have adopted measures or enforcement mechanisms addressing the gender pay gap. This discrepancy underscores the need for a supporting framework, including robust enforcement mechanisms, tracking systems for gender-related pay disparities, and access to healthcare services for women who survive violence.

Chief Economist of the World Bank Group and Senior Vice President for Development Economics, Indermit Gill said, "Women have the power to turbocharge the sputtering global economy. Closing this gap could raise global gross domestic product by more than 20% - essentially doubling the global growth rate over the next decade - but reforms have slowed to a crawl."

According to the report, even countries like Togo which stands out in sub-Saharan economies for enacting laws giving women approximately 77% of men's rights, face an implementation gap, establishing only 27% of the necessary systems for full implementation.

The report calls for governments to take action to accelerate progress toward gender equality in business and the law.

While particular emphasis has been placed on expanding educational opportunities in remote areas to enrol out-of-school children, both boys and girls, the government has also Eritrea has taken significant steps toward gender equality and women's empowerment through the adoption and implementation of relevant legal instruments.

Implementation of legal instruments

The country has ratified various international treaties aimed at advancing the human rights and equality of women. These include the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1994), the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1995), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1999), the African Charter on Human and People's Rights (1999), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2001), and the Beijing Declaration and Global Platform for Action.

Additionally, Eritrea ratified ILO Conventions in 2000. These ratifications and commitments underscore Eritrea's dedication to promoting gender equality and human rights.

National legal framework

More importantly, at the national level, Eritrea takes pride in transformative gains made in advancing girls' education, showcasing a commitment to fostering equal educational opportunities for all.

The country has since 1994 adopted a National Charter which emphatically declares that education is a fundamental right to which every Eritrean is entitled without any form of discrimination. Part of the document reads, “Education is a fundamental right to which every Eritrean is entitled. Therefore, we must expand education to the rural areas of the country where educational opportunity has so far been scant,” the Ministry of Information quotes.

In 2003, Eritrea's dedication to fostering gender equality in education received a significant boost with the introduction of a new national education policy in February 2003. The policy underscored the central importance of gender equality in basic education, explicitly stating that the government is committed to ensuring equitable educational opportunities for all citizens, the UN reported. It read, “the government shall work towards the elimination of gender disparity at all levels of the education system… it commits to ensuring girls’ full and equal access to and achievement in basic and secondary education of good quality.”

In a continuing commitment to advance women's participation in education, Eritrea has taken significant steps, including the criminalisation of underage marriage and harmful traditional practices, Girls Not Brides has reported.

The Macro Policy of Eritrea , established in 1994, firmly asserts the commitment to uphold the equal rights of women, pledging to amend any laws that hinder this right.

The progress

Over the past three decades since gaining independence, Eritrea has witnessed substantial progress in narrowing the gender gap, particularly in the realm of education. A notable achievement is the significant increase in the female youth literacy rate, which has soared from 49.3% in 1990 to an impressive 92.71% in 2018.

A comprehensive report from the 2022/2023 academic year shed light on the enrolment patterns of girls in schools across different regions in Eritrea. The data revealed variations in female enrolment percentages from primary to secondary levels. In the Anseba region, 48.4% of students were girls, while the Southern region saw a slightly lower figure of 46%. The Central region recorded a higher enrolment of 48.9% for girls, whereas the Northern Red Sea region reported 41.46%. The Southern Red Sea region faced greater challenges, with a female enrolment rate of 28.2%. The Gash Barka region presented a unique scenario, where the female enrolment rate in secondary schools stood at 38%, the Ministry of Information report further stated.

In higher educational facilities, female enrolment of women has consistently risen over the years. In the 2022/2023 academic year, females constituted 44.65% of college students. While the College of Engineering and Technology had 519 (33.87%) female students, the College of Sciences had 514 (49.45%) female students.

These proactive measures reflect the government's dedication to fostering an environment where women have equal access to education, further contributing to the nation's pursuit of gender equality and empowerment.

The report titled, “Protecting maternal, newborn and child health from the impacts of climate change” indicates that issues regarding the effects of climate change on people classified as vulnerable have been neglected, underreported and underestimated.

There is a "glaring omission” of these categories of persons by countries in their climate change response plans, the United Nations report further noted.

According to the UN, the rising temperature conditions are increasing the spread of diseases like cholera, malaria and dengue which have severe consequences for pregnant women and children.

Other dire conditions including pregnancy-related complications, preterm, stillbirths and poor child development are among the consequences women and children face as a result of the harsh effects of climate change.

“Climate change poses an existential threat to all of us, but pregnant women, babies and children face some of the gravest consequences of all.

“Children’s futures need to be consciously protected, which means taking climate action now for the sake of their health and survival while ensuring their unique needs are recognized in the climate response,” Bruce Aylward, Assistant Director General for Universal Health Coverage, Life Course at the World Health Organization (WHO) said.

The Call to Action highlights solutions including sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and action on climate finance, alongside the specific inclusion of the needs of pregnant women, babies and children within climate and disaster-related policies. The agencies also call for more research to better understand the impacts of climate change on maternal and child health.

 “We must start by asking the right questions,” Diene Keita, the Deputy Executive Director for Programmes at UNFPA, the United Nations sexual and reproductive health agency was quoted.

The Call to Action was released by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA at an online launch event, alongside an advocacy brief by the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH).

The PMNCH advocacy brief reinforces the Call to Action by outlining specific recommendations for different stakeholders – including governments, global financing mechanisms, donors and foundations, private sector and civil society - for ensuring that the health needs of women, children and adolescents are better addressed in climate policies, financing, and programmes.

Police in Malawi have arrested two health sector officers for allegedly scamming potential job seekers of K600,000 ($360) on November 17. According to the police, the two health officers, Agness Dzumani and Ivy Chinguwo while operating under the pretext of being recruiters for the Bwaila Hospital duped at least three people, Malawi24 reports. The police further said the two have admitted to the scam and will be arraigned before court.

Opposition leader calls Malawians stupid

Former president Peter Arthur Mutharika has called Malawians stupid for voting him out of power, three years after the general elections. While addressing the media at the PAGE House, Mutharika digressed and said “I’m sorry to say this, Malawians you made a choice; ‘munandinena kuti ndine okalamba, opanda mano’ (you called me old, toothless) and that nonsense and all that stupidity,” he is quoted by Nyansa Times . In 2020, Mutharika, who sought his second five-year term lost his presidency to Lazarus Chakwera who gained 58.57%.

Melinda Gates and Michelle Obama visit

Malawi hosted Michelle Obama, former First Lady of the United States of America, global philanthropist Melinda Gates and human rights lawyer Amal Clooney for a girl child empowerment tour aimed at fighting early child marriage in the country. Representing their respective organisations, the three women toured selected schools in the country in a bid to empower and raise awareness about their objective, The Lead News reported. “It is an honour to visit Malawi with Melinda French Gates and Amal Clooney and meet so many incredible women and girls who are working to end child marriage,” said Michelle Obama. Melinda Gates added, “For the past five years, the Girls Opportunity Alliance has been working with leaders on the ground who are changing outcomes for girls in the country – including Ulanda Mtamba and her remarkable team at the AGE Africa program, who are making sure girls can delay early marriage and get the education they deserve.”

Trade unions engage government

As part of global celebrations of decent work, the Malawi Congress of Trade Union (MCTU) has announced plans to start engaging the government to secure salary increments for all their members and employees. Their decision follows the recent devaluation of the Malawian Kwacha by 44%. President for the MCTU, Charles Kumchenga said, “Workers in the country, both in the public and private sector have been hit hard by the unprecedented devaluation of the Kwacha which has triggered the rise in cost of living as the cost of goods and services have drastically gone up," he is quoted by Nyasa Times . Kumchenga further noted that Malawi still grapples with achieving goals for decent work including, meeting minimum wages and eliminating sexual harassment.

Parliament denigrates into chaos

Malawi’s parliament turned chaotic on November 15 following a disagreement over a request by MP of Mzimba North Jeremiah Chihana to release the former bodyguard of erstwhile president Mutharika unconditionally. The request by Chihana was opposed by other members of the house which led to chaotic arguments with members hurling abusive words at each other, Nyasa Times reported. Norman Chisale former bodyguard of Mutharika was arrested in 2021 for allegedly amassing wealth to the tune of $2.2 million, according to Nyasa Times.

Speaking to Nigeria’s The Punch , Ganiu explained that although she gained admission to her dream school, Polytechnic Ibadan, to pursue higher education in 2014, the lack of resources made it difficult to go through with it.

She resorted to doing menial jobs to get some money to pay her fees. Eventually, she had to change her course, Science Laboratory Technology, for which she gained admission, and pursue Mechanical Engineering, a part-time course, to be able to do both side by side.

“I attached myself to mechanical work in order not to be jobless. When I started, my bosses were like, am I sure I want to do this? Before I started this, I used to help my mother to hawk but I said I don’t want to do that again,” she said in the interview.

With determination, Ganiu has completed her course and now has a Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mechanical Engineering.

Narrating some of the challenges she has faced in her profession, the female mechanic said she got victimized because she refused to agree to sexual advances from a lecturer.  

She also noted that her male coursemates also made discouraging comments about her participation in the course but she ignored them.

“One lecturer tried to ask me out and because I said no, I failed in statistics. Some of my mates said I couldn’t use my skills to work in the real world but that only pushed me to press on,” she said.  

In extreme cases, some of her customers complained about her when she worked on their vehicles, many of whom made stereotypical statements.

Ganiu said she hopes to own her garage soon and is working on a project to encourage other women to embark on this same path.

"I think I’m destined to become a doctor, and I’m doing it in a different way. I am not embarrassed doing this work. I see myself having my own garage, encouraging other ladies to join this work because as it is I run a home garage. I already have a project I am working on, it will be like a reality show for ladies,” she mentioned in the interview with The Punch .

Her responsibility as a mediator particularly comes into play during the harvest season in the province where domestic violence is prevalent in many households.

During this period, some husbands and men take the produce of their wives from the farms and sell them. They also take concubines in the process and some of these women destroy families, this is where her role comes in as a mediator.

“They spend their time consuming the sweat of their wives in bars and sometimes they take concubines.

“It's been a while since we were putting a group of women in the commune of Gihanga, province of Bubanza, out of harm's way, who had set themselves the objective of destroying families," she told Burundi Eco .

One challenge she mentioned was how the police reacted to such cases. According to Ngendakuriyo, police sometimes release culprits who are submitted to them without executing any form of punishment.

She has formed 11 women’s associations, bringing in between 10 and 15 women in each group in the commune of Mpanda. These women groups support each other through group trading of local produce including palm oil, rice, corn and others.

Ngendakuriyo also told Burundi Eco that some of these women who work alone request credits from microfinance such as CECM and Eden Microfinance.

As more women seek mediation in the area, leading mediators like Ngendakuriyo have also begun training other mediators to take over from them when they retire to keep the peace and development in the community.

She is also the first woman to command a military hospital in Nigeria, according to local media The Peoples Gazette .

Kale was born on July 31, 1939, to a mother who was a teacher and a father who was a pharmacist.

After obtaining her primary education in Lagos and Zaria and her post-primary education in St. Anne School, Ibadan and Abeokuta Grammar School, she pursued studies in medicine and trained as a medical doctor at the University of Ibadan before specialising in psychiatry at the University of London.

The former major-general worked briefly in England before returning to join the Nigerian Army in 1972.

As a psychiatrist, Major General Kale became recognized in 1973 as a consultant psychiatrist and later became chief consultant in 1982.

She rose through the ranks in the army, becoming a colonel and deputy commander of the Nigerian Army Medical Corps from 1991 to 1994, local media The Peoples Gazette confirms, a position that put her in charge of the health care of all Nigerian Army personnel and their families.

She retired from the army in 1997.

Nigeria has been in a state of mourning since November 8 when her death was announced. Kale died in London.