Recent figures show that the worldwide total reached approximately 101.7 million colonies in 2024, marking a 46.6% increase compared with 1990 levels. The expansion reflects rising demand for pollination services and honey production, particularly in developing economies.

Asia accounts for the largest share, with around 45.2 million colonies, nearly half of the global total, and the fastest long-term growth rate at over 95% since 1990. China, the world’s leading honey producer, has been a major driver of this increase, supported by large-scale commercial beekeeping and agricultural intensification.

Europe remains the second-largest region, with about 25.4 million colonies, though growth has been more modest at just over 13%. Despite stable overall numbers, several European countries have reported periodic colony losses linked to factors such as pesticide exposure, habitat loss and climate change, according to FAO assessments.

Africa has seen a notable rise, with colony numbers climbing nearly 38% to 18.5 million . FAO data suggests that traditional and smallholder beekeeping systems continue to underpin growth across the continent, where honey production plays a key role in rural livelihoods.

In the Americas, colonies increased by around 20% to 11.6 million. However, the United States and parts of Latin America have faced well-documented challenges, including colony collapse disorder and disease, which have offset stronger gains elsewhere in the region.

Oceania, while accounting for the smallest share at roughly 1.1 million colonies, recorded a 44.7% increase over the same period.

The FAO notes that while global colony numbers are rising, this does not necessarily indicate improving bee health . In several advanced agricultural systems, higher colony counts are often maintained through intensive management practices, including artificial feeding and replacement of lost colonies.

Pollinators such as honey bees are critical to global food production, contributing to the reproduction of around 75% of crop species worldwide, according to FAO estimates. Their economic value is measured in hundreds of billions of dollars annually.

China is projected to remain the world ’s largest cotton producer, accounting for 29% of global output, or around 7.7 million tonnes, according to USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) estimates for the 2025/26 marketing year.

The country’s dominance is driven by highly mechanised production in regions such as Xinjiang, which has become the centre of China’s cotton industry. USDA data shows China consistently ranks as both the top producer and consumer of cotton globally, reflecting strong domestic demand from its textile sector.

India is expected to produce 5.1 million tonnes, representing 19% of global supply, maintaining its position as the second-largest producer. However, yields remain sensitive to monsoon variability, a factor that continues to shape output volatility, according to Trading Economics agricultural data trends.

Brazil, now firmly established as a global agricultural powerhouse, is projected to contribute 4.2 million tonnes (16%), benefitting from large-scale, export-oriented farming and rising productivity. USDA data indicates Brazil has steadily increased its share of global cotton exports over the past decade.

The United States is forecast to produce 3.0 million tonnes (12%), ranking fourth globally. While not the largest producer, the US remains the world’s leading cotton exporter, supplying key markets in Asia, particularly China, Vietnam and Bangladesh.

Trading Economics data highlights that US cotton production is influenced by weather patterns, especially drought conditions in major producing states such as Texas.

Beyond the top four, several countries contribute smaller but still significant shares:

These producers play important roles in regional supply chains, particularly in Asia and Europe .

While these huge sums are deployed daily for military activities, hundreds of millions of people still lack access to basic food.

According to the UN World Food Programme, ending global hunger by 2030 could cost around $93 billion per year, which is less than 1% of what the world has spent on military budgets over the past decade.

Yet, the U.S. alone spends roughly $2.7–$3 billion per day on defence when annual budgets are broken down into daily figures.

In simple terms, a fraction of global military expenditure could fund large-scale hunger reduction programmes.

In fact, the same conflicts that drive military spending often worsen hunger directly by displacing populations and disrupting agriculture.

A UN Development Programme report warns that rising military budgets are “diverting resources from the very foundations of stability,” including food systems and development.

The Boston Consulting Group notes that investment in sustainable agriculture can be four times more cost-effective than direct food aid, yet it receives only a small share of global funding.

So could the U.S. “solve world hunger” by redirecting war spending?

Reallocating hundreds of billions of dollars could dramatically reduce hunger. But ending it entirely would require sustained global coordination, institutional reform and long-term investment beyond emergency feeding.

But although the world can afford to end hunger, is it willing to prioritise it?

Malawi’s Ministry of Agriculture is facing growing scrutiny after reportedly deciding to withhold updated national crop production estimates , a move that has sparked debate among farmers, economists and policy observers. Crop forecasts are a critical indicator for Malawi’s food security planning and market stability, particularly in a country where agriculture remains the backbone of the economy. Analysts say limited transparency around production data could affect planning for imports, food reserves and agricultural policy. Agriculture contributes significantly to Malawi’s GDP and employs a majority of the population, making any uncertainty around crop performance a matter of national concern.

Mining company under question over sector role

Malawi’s emerging mining sector has also come under the spotlight after questions were raised regarding the role and operations of a mining company active in the country. The scrutiny reflects broader concerns over transparency, regulatory oversight, and the economic impact of mining projects, as Malawi increasingly looks to mineral extraction as a driver of economic growth. Officials and analysts have stressed the need for stronger governance in the sector to ensure mining revenues contribute to national development.

Former MBC chief arrested

In another major development, Malawi Police arrested former Malawi Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) chief Aubrey Kasakula, marking a significant legal development involving one of the country’s most recognisable figures in public broadcasting. Authorities have not released full details surrounding the arrest, but the case has drawn widespread attention due to Kasakula’s long-standing role in the national broadcaster. The arrest forms part of a broader trend of heightened law enforcement actions involving former public officials and executives.

Business leadership transition

Meanwhile, the Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (MCCCI) is set for a l eadership transitio n after its president, Wisely Phiri, declined to seek a second term. Phiri’s decision opens the race for new leadership within one of Malawi’s most influential business organisations, which represents the interests of the private sector and plays a key role in policy dialogue with the government. Business leaders say the transition comes at a crucial time as Malawi seeks to strengthen economic recovery and attract investment.

JCM Power donates a K383 million school

In a development highlighting corporate social investment, JCM Power handed over a school worth K383 million to a local community. The project is expected to improve access to education in the area and forms part of broader initiatives by private sector actors to support community development alongside energy and infrastructure projects. Education advocates say partnerships between companies and communities can play an important role in improving learning infrastructure in rural areas.

The controversy surrounding former official Juan Cardama has escalated into a major political dispute in Uruguay. Cardama is accused of alleged irregularities and possible fraud linked to state management and public funds , though the legal process is still ongoing. While some lawmakers argue there are sufficient grounds to investigate potential misuse of resources, others warn against turning the process into political persecution. Commentators describe Parliament as a “war zone”, reflecting the intense institutional and partisan confrontation sparked by the case. The debate now centres not only on whether Cardama committed wrongdoing, but also on how the investigation should proceed and under what majority rules.

Senate researcher suggests majority backing for a Cardama investigation commission

A Senate pre-investigator recommended to legislators that a majority vote should be sufficient to create a commission to investigate the Cardama case, rather than a qualified majority. The suggestion reflects growing political pressure to examine alleged irregularities tied to state contracts and public funds. Lawmakers are now debating whether to establish the special commission, with supporters arguing it will enhance transparency and critics warning it may fuel political polarisation. The move signals rising institutional scrutiny of corruption allegations.

Government expands drought aid measures to 12 departments

Uruguay’s Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (MGAP) announced it is extending emergency assistance measures for drought relief to 12 departments, as parts of the country face serious water deficits affecting crops, livestock and rural livelihoods. The package includes support for water access, feed assistance and flexible loan conditions for affected farmers. Officials stressed the need for coordinated regional responses and early planning to mitigate ongoing climate stress. Local governors welcomed the announcement but urged faster implementation in the hardest-hit areas.

Well-known Punta del Este businessman charged; daughter under investigation in US

A prominent Punta del Este entrepreneur has been formally charged in Uruguay in a high-profile case that has drawn significant media attention. Authorities also revealed that the businessman’s daughter, currently in the United States, is being investigated by US law enforcement for her alleged involvement in related activities. Details of the case remain under judicial seal, but sources say the charges relate to financial misconduct and possible cross-border elements. The development has raised questions about accountability and international cooperation in complex financial crime cases.

Emails and parties reveal link between Epstein and famous Italian businessman in Uruguay

Investigative reporting has uncovered emails and social events suggesting a connection between Jeffrey Epstein and a well-known Italian businessman who spent significant time in Uruguay. The correspondence and social records indicate that Epstein and the businessman attended overlapping events and had contact over the years, prompting renewed scrutiny of elite networks tied to Epstein’s global activities. Journalists say the links shed light on how powerful figures moved within common social circles, with implications for understanding Epstein’s reach beyond the United States.

Tajikistan is moving toward tougher enforcement against individuals who evade child support obligations. The briefing notes that new penalties may include restrictions on access to certain state services as well as limits on travel for offenders. This signals a stronger domestic policy approach aimed at ensuring compliance and strengthening protections for children and families.

Tajikistan and Switzerland expand agricultural cooperation talks

Diplomatic engagement between Tajikistan and Switzerland is highlighted, with discussions focused on agricultural cooperation . While the briefing does not provide names or specific meeting dates, the emphasis suggests that Tajikistan is seeking stronger international partnerships in agriculture, a key sector for food security and rural livelihoods.

Tajik ambassador meets Iranian Foreign Ministry officials on property management

Tajikistan’s ambassador held talks with officials from Iran’s Foreign Ministry. The discussions centred on the management of diplomatic property , an issue that often reflects broader diplomatic and operational coordination between states. This meeting points to ongoing engagement between Dushanbe and Tehran on formal bilateral matters.

Authorities warn against illegal currency exchange operations

Currency exchange and financial regulation remain in focus, with warnings issued against illegal exchange activity. Exchange rates and regulations indicate continued state attention on monetary controls and enforcement in the financial sector.

According to data compiled from Guinness World Records , the current leader is Pepper X, officially recognised by Guinness as the hottest pepper in the world.

Tested at an average of 2.69 million SHU, Pepper X was developed by American grower Ed Currie, the same breeder behind the Carolina Reaper. For context, a jalapeño typically measures around 5,000 SHU. Pepper X is not designed for casual eating; it exists at the outer edge of biological tolerance.

Close behind is the famous Carolina Reaper, which held the Guinness World Record for nearly a decade. With heat levels reaching 2.2 million SHU , the Reaper became globally known not just for its burn, but for popularising competitive chilli challenges and hot sauce culture.

Other peppers dominating the top tier include the Trinidad Moruga Scorpion (about 2 million SHU) and 7 Pot Douglah, both native to Trinidad and Tobago. These varieties get their names from the claim that a single pepper can heat seven pots of stew, which is a true testament to their intensity.

The list also includes peppers that once held world titles or remain infamous among spice enthusiasts. The Naga Viper, bred in the UK, briefly held the Guinness title in 2011. The Ghost Pepper (Bhut Jolokia) was the first chilli ever verified to exceed 1 million SHU, marking a turning point in chilli research and breeding.

Lower down the ranking but still dangerously hot are the 7 Pot Barrackpore and the Red Savina Habanero, which once set records before newer hybrids overtook them.

Capsaicin, the compound responsible for spiciness, is studied for its effects on pain response, metabolism, and even potential medical applications. That said, Guinness World Records and health authorities strongly caution against consuming super-hot peppers raw, as they can cause severe physical reactions if eaten irresponsibly.

What this ranking ultimately shows is how far chilli cultivation has evolved. Through careful cross-breeding and testing, growers have pushed natural limits, transforming peppers into global icons of extreme flavour and endurance.

In practical terms, it is designed to lower barriers to trade and investment, set common rules for doing business, and create a more predictable framework for political and economic cooperation between the two regions.

Two structural details that explain both the ambition and the political pain:

What’s actually in it

At its core, the agreement targets tariff and non-tariff barriers across a large share of goods trade:

The Council’s own framing is that this would create the world’s biggest free trade zone, covering over 700 million consumers, and it points to substantial existing EU-Mercosur trade flows (over €111 billion in goods trade in 2024, plus significant services trade).

Why was it contested?

The opposition has not been about a single clause. It has been a collision between three politically hard issues to reconcile: farm economics, environmental credibility, and trust in enforcement.

EU farmers fear being undercut, especially in “sensitive” sectors

European farming organisations and several member states argued that increased market access for Mercosur products could push down prices for EU producers, particularly in sectors like beef, poultry and sugar. This is why “farmers on tractors” became the recurring image around the agreement across multiple EU countries.

Even where quotas and safeguards exist, farmers and their political allies often focus on the direction of travel, and that is more competition from producers they believe face lower costs and different regulatory burdens.

Environmental groups and some governments worry about deforestation and climate enforcement

Critics argue the deal risks incentivising expansion of beef and soy production, with knock-on effects for deforestation and biodiversity, particularly in sensitive ecosystems such as the Amazon. This line of criticism has been especially influential in France and among environmental NGOs.

In response, the European Commission’s Q&A document stresses that the updated deal makes the Paris Agreement an “essential element” of the relationship, and that this can allow suspension if a party seriously breaches or withdraws from the Paris framework. It also references commitments linked to halting deforestation after 2030 in line with Paris-related national plans.

Standards and “fair competition” arguments: pesticides, food safety, production rules

A persistent theme has been the claim that EU farmers face stricter requirements ( animal welfare , pesticides, traceability, environmental compliance) and that imports should be held to equivalent standards to avoid creating a two-tier system.

The Commission’s Q&A is explicit that EU sanitary and phytosanitary standards are non-negotiable , and it outlines plans for strengthened audits, checks, and an SPS dialogue/committee with Mercosur counterparts. It also flags an intention to pursue stronger alignment on production standards for imports, including certain pesticides.

When it is being signed, and what happens next

Here’s the timeline in plain terms:

After the signature, the agreement still needs to clear the legal and political gates that actually make it real:

Its development has been closely tied to Singapore’s push for digitalisation. The farm’s AI capabilities were built with support from the Infocomm Media Development Authority’s Digital Leaders Programme, which also helped the firm hire data engineers and software developers.

Technology underpins much of the operation, from monitoring crop conditions to optimising energy consumption. Automation has reduced reliance on manpower, a critical advantage in a city where labour is costly and scarce.

Greenphyto has also been backed by the Singapore Food Agency’s Agri-food Cluster Transformation Fund, which supports local farms in adopting new technologies and raising productivity as part of national food security efforts.

Beyond production, demand remains a decisive issue. Drumming up interest in, and sales of, local produce is essential if urban farms are to thrive alongside cheaper imports.

As the company continues to scale up, managing costs will be critical.

Senior Minister of State for Sustainability and the Environment Zaqy Mohamad said it was important for production costs to be controlled so vegetables remain affordable and comparable in price to imported alternatives.

Greenphyto is also positioning itself as a technology exporter. The company has set up offices in Malaysia and the Netherlands to sell its vertical farming system globally.

It is additionally exploring plans to export its vegetables to Malaysia, extending its commercial footprint beyond Singapore’s domestic market.

To broaden its reach further, Greenphyto is planning a technology spin-off, Arber.ai, which will offer consultancy services to help other farms and local small and medium-sized enterprises adopt digital solutions in their operations.

At the top of the production pyramid are China and India, the only countries producing more than one million tonnes of tea annually. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), China alone accounts for over 45% of global tea production, driven by vast green tea output, while India remains the world’s largest producer of black tea , much of it grown in Assam and West Bengal. Together, these two countries anchor the global tea market and heavily influence international prices and supply stability.

The next tier, highlighted prominently across South and Southeast Asia, includes Sri Lanka, Kenya, Vietnam, and Indonesia, each producing between 100,000 and 1,000,000 tonnes. Kenya stands out as Africa’s tea powerhouse and the world’s leading tea exporter, with tea contributing significantly to national foreign exchange earnings.

The Kenya Tea Development Agency reports that smallholder farmers produce over 60% of the country’s tea, which underscores the crop’s role in rural livelihoods.

Across East Africa, countries such as Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Malawi fall into the mid-production bands shown on the map. These regions are increasingly important as global buyers seek to diversify supply chains away from Asia.

This trend aligns with current global trade discussions around supply chain resilience, especially as climate shocks and geopolitical tensions continue to disrupt agricultural exports worldwide.

Climate change, now central to global news agendas, is one of the most pressing challenges facing tea-producing regions. A 2023 FAO and IPCC-linked assessment highlighted that rising temperatures and irregular rainfall are already reducing yields and altering tea quality in major producing countries, particularly in South Asia and East Africa.

In India and Sri Lanka, erratic monsoons have led to fluctuating output, while prolonged droughts in Kenya have raised production costs and threatened farmer incomes.

In parts of South America, including Argentina, tea production has grown steadily, largely driven by demand from the United States and Europe for competitively priced black tea. Argentina is now the largest tea producer in the Americas, a fact often overlooked in global discussions.

These production patterns are increasingly relevant as global tea consumption continues to rise. According to Statista, the global tea market is projected to surpass USD 200 billion by 2027, fuelled by population growth, expanding middle classes in Asia and Africa, and heightened interest in tea’s health benefits.

However, what many people do not realise is that Africa has been the historic and modern heartland of frankincense and myrrh production.

The biggest producers of these gems in Africa

Somalia

Somalia is the world’s largest producer of frankincense and is internationally known for high-quality varieties such as Boswellia sacra and Boswellia frereana. Harvested mainly in Puntland and Somaliland, Somali frankincense is still used in church incense, perfumery, and wellness products, especially during the Christmas season. According to Horn Frank , Somalia's frankincense market value is estimated at $504.5 million.

Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a major producer of both frankincense and myrrh. For centuries, Ethiopian Orthodox churches have burned frankincense during Christmas liturgies, making the resin both a cultural and spiritual staple. Much of the frankincense used in global religious ceremonies originates from Ethiopian dryland forests. Unfortunately, the West's desire for wellness is reported to be impacting Ethiopia's production negatively.

Until roughly two decades ago, frankincense was largely a niche product with demand concentrated in religious institutions. “The demand for frankincense was mostly from churches,” says Frans Bongers , professor of forest ecology and management at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.

That dynamic has shifted dramatically. Today, the ancient resin has entered global commercial markets, driven by growing interest in its purported health benefits and its adoption by the wellness industry, an industry valued at approximately $5.6 trillion annually.

As demand accelerates, supply chains are also changing. “Now big companies are buying up everything they can,” Bongers says. “Anything you can produce, there is a market.”

Kenya

Northern Kenya produces large quantities of myrrh from Commiphora species. Myrrh remains important not only in Christian tradition but also in African traditional medicine and modern cosmetics, with demand rising during festive and religious seasons. For generations, it has played a central role in traditional medicine , where it has been applied to support wound healing, relieve oral sores, ease pain from injuries and broken bones.

Frankincense and myrrh are not relics of the past. They are living products, still harvested by hand, still sustaining rural African livelihoods, and still carrying spiritual meaning thousands of years after the first Christmas.

It is worth remembering that two of the most sacred symbols of Christmas come from Africa’s soil as the world celebrates.

Zimbabwe’s energy sector has reached a major milestone following the successful completion of the Petroleum Production Sharing Agreement (PPSA) process for the Cabora Bassa Project, led by Invictus Energy. Formal execution of the agreement is expected in January 2026, providing a clear legal and fiscal framework to advance oil and gas exploration and development. Planned next steps include appraisal of the Mukuyu Gas Field and drilling of the Musuma-1 exploration well. The African Energy Chamber welcomed the development, noting that the Mukuyu Gas Field could hold up to 20 trillion cubic feet of gas. In August 2025, Qatar-based Al Mansour Holdings acquired a 19.9% stake in Invictus Energy and committed up to $500 million in conditional funding to support commercialisation.

South Africa steps up border patrols near Zimbabwe

South Africa has intensified efforts to curb cross-border smuggling along the Limpopo River near the Zimbabwean border by deploying armoured, all-terrain vehicles and additional personnel. The Border Management Authority confirmed that three specialised vehicles, including one capable of operating in water, are now patrolling the river corridor. Authorities say the area remains a hotspot for smuggling activities involving fuel, food, cigarettes, stolen vehicles and undocumented migrants.

China backs irrigation upgrades to boost Zimbabwe agriculture

China and Zimbabwe on December 19, signed letters of exchange on the upgrading and maintenance of China-aided irrigation schemes across the country. The project will renovate nine irrigation facilities in six provinces, aiming to strengthen agricultural productivity and climate resilience. Finance Minister Mthuli Ncube said the initiative will support rural farmers, expand irrigated land and help climate-proof agriculture against droughts and erratic rainfall. Chinese Ambassador Zhou Ding described the project as another milestone in bilateral cooperation focused on improving livelihoods and modernising agriculture.

Zimbabwe to roll out long-acting HIV prevention injection

Zimbabwe will begin administering the long-acting HIV prevention drug Lenacapavir to at least 46,500 people in early 2026, health authorities announced on December 15. The twice-yearly injectable, which provides six months of protection, will be rolled out initially in districts with high HIV incidence, including Harare, Bulawayo and Mutare. Officials said rollout sites have been prepared and staff trained, with the first shipment expected in January. The programme will prioritise adolescent girls, young women and other high-risk groups.

Zimbabwe return to AFCON stage against Egypt

Zimbabwe are preparing for their sixth Africa Cup of Nations appearance, returning to the tournament after missing the 2023 edition due to a FIFA suspension. They will face Egypt in their opening match at the Morocco-hosted tournament. Egypt, the most successful AFCON nation, holds a strong historical record against Zimbabwe, having won eight of their 14 meetings. Zimbabwe last defeated Egypt in 1994 during World Cup qualifying and will be seeking to make an impact on their return to continental competition.

According to the latest figures, peppercorns account for the largest share of global spice exports and generate approximately US$1.7 billion in sales, representing 38% of the total world spice trade.

This dominance reflects the continued strength of major producers such as Vietnam , India, Indonesia, and Brazil, all of which rank among the world’s leading pepper exporters. Data from the International Trade Centre (ITC) confirms pepper as one of the most traded spice commodities globally, driven by consistent demand from Europe, North America, and emerging Asian markets.

Beyond pepper, the market is increasingly diversified. Processed pepper, spice mixtures, and turmeric together account for a significant share of exports, reflecting growing demand for value-added products rather than raw agricultural outputs alone.

The ITC notes that spice blends and prepared seasonings are among the fastest-growing subcategories in global food trade, supported by the rise of ready-to-cook meals and international cuisine consumption.

Cinnamon, ginger, cumin seeds, and nutmeg follow as mid-tier export earners, each contributing hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Meanwhile, saffron, despite its relatively smaller export volume, continues to punch above its weight in value terms due to its labour-intensive production and limited growing regions, particularly Iran, Afghanistan , and parts of the Mediterranean.

At the lower end of total export value, vanilla represents a modest share of global spice trade, though it remains one of the most price-volatile commodities. Recent global news coverage has highlighted how climate shocks in Madagascar, the world’s largest vanilla producer, continue to disrupt supply chains, reinforcing concerns about climate resilience in agricultural exports.

The infographic, based on World Visualized data, shows that just a handful of countries dominate global pineapple exports, an insight that connects directly to current debates about food security, inflation, and supply-chain resilience.

Costa Rica’s near-monopoly on pineapple exports

At the centre of the global pineapple trade is Costa Rica, which accounts for over 50% of global pineapple exports , valued at approximately $1.4 billion. This dominance is not accidental. According to the CIA World Factbook, agricultural commodities, including bananas, pineapples, and coffee, are core pillars of Costa Rica’s export economy, supported by decades of foreign direct investment and industrial-scale farming.

Major multinational fruit companies operating in Costa Rica, many of which appear on or are connected to firms listed in the Forbes Global 2000, have helped transform the country into the world’s primary pineapple supplier through vertically integrated production, processing, and global distribution networks.

Asia, Europe, and the Role of Trade Hubs

The Philippines, exporting about 15.8% of the world’s pineapples (roughly $430 million), ranks second. Pineapple exports are a major foreign-exchange earner for the country, with agribusiness giants playing a significant role in processing and shipping to East Asian, Middle Eastern, and Western markets.

Interestingly, the Netherlands and Belgium, neither of which are major pineapple grower, rank among the top exporters. Their role reflects Europe’s dependence on logistics and re-export hubs, particularly ports like Rotterdam and Antwerp, which redistribute fresh produce across the EU. This mirrors broader European trade patterns identified in the World Factbook, where high-value re-exports significantly inflate agricultural trade figures.

The United States, Africa, and emerging exporters

The United States, exporting just over 4% of global pineapples, relies heavily on production in Hawaii and re-exports tied to multinational supply chains. Meanwhile, Kenya’s inclusion among the top exporters, even at a smaller share, highlights Africa’s growing footprint in global horticulture, an area increasingly discussed in development and trade policy circles.

This trend aligns with current global news around diversifying food supply chains in response to climate shocks, Red Sea shipping disruptions, and post-pandemic inflation pressures.

Despite living in a time of abundant information, micronutrient deficiencies affect more than 2 billion people globally , according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). It is a silent crisis that rarely makes headlines but influences everything from children’s growth to adults’ energy levels and long-term health outcomes.

Many of these deficiencies stem not from a lack of food, however, but from a lack of nutrient-rich foods.

The WHO reports that deficiencies in vitamins A, B12, D, and folate remain common across regions and contribute to increased infections , pregnancy complications, reduced productivity, and even mortality.

For example:

Harvard’s School of Public Health stresses that vitamins work best when they come from real foods , because foods contain synergistic compounds like phytonutrients, fibre, and minerals that help vitamins perform their roles effectively.

Breaking down the vitamins and the foods we often overlook

Vitamin A – The Vision and Immunity Protector

Daily need: 800 mcg

From foods like carrots, leafy greens, and liver

Vitamin A deficiency affects over 190 million children worldwide. It supports vision, skin health, immunity, and the development of tissues.

B Vitamins – The Body’s Engine Room

Benefits: Energy production, brain function, metabolism

Sources: eggs, nuts, grains, beans, meat

Each B vitamin plays a distinct role. For example:

Vitamin C – The Repair and Immunity Builder

Daily need: 85 mg

Sources: citrus, tomatoes, peppers

Vitamin C supports collagen production, which is critical for skin, bones, and wound healing, and strengthens the immune system.

Vitamin D – The Sunshine Nutrient

Daily need: 20 mcg

Sources: sunlight, fortified foods, mushrooms

Modern indoor lifestyles, pollution , and geographical location have pushed vitamin D deficiency to historically high levels. It plays a key role in immunity and bone health.

Vitamin E – The Antioxidant Defender

Daily need: 15 mg

Sources: nuts, seeds, spinach

It protects cells from oxidative damage, which is linked to ageing and chronic disease.

Vitamin K – The Clotting and Bone Health Helper

Daily need: 100 mcg

Sources: leafy greens, broccoli

Vitamin K ensures proper blood clotting and works with vitamin D to strengthen bones.

Habiba Abdullahi Wabera said seed-sharing not only helps farmers cut the cost of buying commercial seeds but also creates economic opportunities. “We can save money and even earn some by selling our seeds,” she said.

The ruling is also being welcomed as a boost for young people entering agriculture. “It's a good opportunity for the upcoming generation and even the youth without jobs,” said Abdi Nassir. “They will embrace farming and benefit for years to come.”

On Tuesday, November 2, the High Court declared key sections of the Seeds and Plant Varieties Act unconstitutional, effectively decriminalising the saving and sharing of indigenous seeds. Under the previous law , farmers risked up to two years in prison and fines of up to 1 million shillings ($7,700) for exchanging seeds through community seed banks.

Activists argued that the 2012 law, intended to regulate seed production and processing, favoured multinational seed companies while undermining traditional farming systems and biodiversity.

President Yoweri Museveni has renewed his call for wealth creation during a rally in Kanungu, vowing stronger government support for tea farmers through affordable fertiliser schemes. He highlighted the NRM’s achievements in securing peace, especially along border regions, and announced plans for major road upgrades to boost local production and market access. Museveni argued that sustained peace has allowed Uganda’s rural regions to focus on productivity, resource development and domestic manufacturing. He noted that infrastructure remains central to Uganda’s journey toward middle-income status, but insisted that individual households must also embrace enterprise, modern farming and value addition.

Long-horned cattle breed

Agriculture Minister Frank Tumwebaze has appealed for closer Uganda–Rwanda cooperation to protect the iconic long-horned cattle breed, warning against politicised narratives. He emphasised traditional conservation practices and noted the international recognition accorded to the breed, calling it a “shared heritage” that must be protected. He called on communities, researchers and policymakers to collaborate in protecting the breed from threats such as crossbreeding and commercial pressures. According to Tumwebaze, sustainable conservation of indigenous cattle remains essential for cultural preservation, tourism development and ecological balance.

Bill to overhaul legal education

Uganda is moving toward a sweeping reform of legal education after the Cabinet approved the National Legal Examinations Centre Bill. The proposed law seeks to standardise legal examinations, decentralise practical training, and align Uganda’s legal sector with global benchmarks to address long-standing challenges in access, quality and professional consistency. The bill also seeks to strengthen Uganda’s competitiveness in global legal practice by harmonising local standards with those used in advanced jurisdictions. Analysts say the reform could help close gaps in legal service delivery, while easing congestion and improving efficiency within the legal education pipeline.

National encryption policy

The UAE has rolled out a new National Encryption Policy, launching executive regulations that will transition government institutions toward post-quantum cryptography. The Cybersecurity Council will oversee implementation, positioning the UAE as an early adopter of advanced data-protection standards amid the rapid growth of quantum computing technologies. As the world edges closer to the era of quantum computing, which experts warn could break today’s strongest encryption, the UAE aims to position itself as a leader in digital security innovation. The regulations also outline a national roadmap to guide implementation across federal ministries and state-linked institutions.

AI & Innovation

Uzbekistan has announced the creation of the Enterprise Uzbekistan digital technology centre, which will focus on AI development, video-game production, and IT consulting. The initiative aims to cultivate a new generation of digital talent and expand the country’s innovation ecosystem as it strengthens its position in the global tech landscape. Officials hope the project will help Uzbekistan become a regional hub for digital innovation, creating new jobs, enhancing technological capacity and strengthening the country’s export potential in software and digital services.

“US diplomats confirm to me that the 15% tariff reversal came into effect on November 13, 2025, following President Trump’s new Executive Order,” the foreign minister stated.

Ghana, with a population of about 34 million, is the second largest producer of cocoa globally, behind Côte d'Ivoire.

Its annual cocoa exports to the United States are estimated at 78,000 metric tons. With the current global price at $5,300 per metric ton, the country is expected to generate an additional US$60 million (approximately GHS667 million) in annual revenue following the tariff removal.

In addition to cocoa, the tariff removal also applies to several other Ghanaian agricultural exports, including cashew nut, avocado, banana, mango, orange, lime, plantain, pineapple, guava, coconut, ginger, and various types of pepper.

This development follows President John Dramani Mahama’s earlier disclosure on October 1 that Ghana was in active negotiations with the U.S. to address the tariff. The 15% duty had been introduced by President Trump on July 31 through an executive order, causing concern among Ghanaian exporters and policymakers.

President Mahama noted that the negotiations also covered the possible renewal of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which previously allowed duty-free access for certain African exports to the U.S.

“Negotiations are ongoing with regard to the trade tariffs of 15% and the renewal of AGOA, which was a zero per cent tariff on African nations, and so those negotiations are still ongoing,” President Mahama said.

AGOA expired on September 30, 2025, after providing 25 years of preferential access for eligible sub-Saharan African countries to the U.S. market.

The cancellation of the tariff comes at a time of changing diplomatic relations between Ghana and the United States. This period includes Ghana’s agreement to receive nationals deported from the U.S. under President Trump’s immigration enforcement policy.

“It is not possible that through culture we can create committees in all African countries. Who do we depend on? On no one, on ourselves, on our will. I am going to the G20 in South Africa right now, and I will pass through Mozambique. I have the idea of making an agreement between our federal universities, Embrapa and our federal institutes to teach agricultural techniques to the African people, so that they can effectively carry out the agricultural revolution. The same thing we did here in Brazil without making the mistakes we ourselves made,” Lula da Silva said.

He added that distance learning could be central to expanding access to training and framed the effort as part of Brazil’s broader responsibility towards African nations.

That’s how much it takes to grow the cotton, process it, and make just one T-shirt. To put that in perspective, that’s roughly the amount of water a person drinks in about two and a half years.

From the moment cotton is planted, it requires regular irrigation, especially in regions with hot, dry climates. After harvesting, water is also used for cleaning, dyeing, and finishing fabrics.

The World Bank reports that fresh water is under growing stress worldwide, with demand expected to exceed supply by 40% as early as 2030.

The Bank’s overview emphasises that water “sustains people, powers economies and jobs, grows food, and supports ecosystems,” yet this vital resource is pushed to its limits.

In countries where cotton is widely grown, such as India, Pakistan, and parts of Africa, this water demand often conflicts with local communities' needs. Over-extraction can deplete rivers and aquifers, worsening droughts and threatening livelihoods.

As fast fashion increases global demand for cheap clothing, water use continues to climb. This makes the industry one of the world's biggest consumers of water worldwide, and one of the key areas where sustainable change could have a real impact.

India has announced it will establish an agricultural research centre in Afghanistan, marking one of its most significant developmental engagements in the country since the Taliban takeover. The initiative aims to enhance crop productivity, introduce modern farming technology and boost food security — critical priorities in a country where drought, economic contraction and limited international aid have strained livelihoods. New Delhi’s move signals a continued interest in maintaining influence and supporting grassroots development, despite the absence of formal diplomatic ties with the Taliban administration.

Taliban regime

Tensions with neighbouring Pakistan escalated once again, after Pakistan’s Defence Minister publicly stated that the “Taliban regime” does not represent the Afghan people. The remark underscores Islamabad’s growing frustration with the Taliban government and reflects worsening trust between the two sides, driven by allegations of cross-border militancy and disputes over the status of Afghan refugees. Pakistan, historically seen as a critical power broker in Afghan affairs, appears to be recalibrating its stance in response to rising security challenges at home, and increasingly vocal domestic criticism of its past engagement with the Taliban.

Pakistan ceasefire

Despite the heated rhetoric, diplomatic channels have remained active. Türkiye confirmed that Afghanistan and Pakistan have agreed to maintain a ceasefire, following mediation efforts led by Ankara, with fresh negotiations scheduled for November 6. The move highlights Türkiye’s ambitions to play a stabilising diplomatic role in South Asia and its growing engagement in regional political dynamics. While the ceasefire agreement signals progress, both sides remain cautious amid continued concerns over border security, militant movements and humanitarian pressures linked to mass displacement and returns.

Counterterrorism cooperation

Further confirming diplomatic momentum, Kabul and Islamabad later issued statements reaffirming their commitment to continue the ceasefire and dialogue. However, Afghan and Pakistani relations remain fragile, shaped by longstanding mistrust and divergent security priorities — especially around counterterrorism cooperation and the contested Durand Line border. With winter approaching and regional security conditions unpredictable, observers warn that even small provocations could destabilise the fragile peace without sustained political will on both sides.

Afghan values

Domestically, internal messaging from the Taliban leadership continued to emphasise cultural control and ideological direction. Interior Minister Sirajuddin Haqqani hosted Afghanistan’s U-17 futsal champions, praising their achievement on the international stage while urging them to adhere to “Islamic and Afghan values.” The meeting reflects the Taliban’s strategy of using youth and sports victories to foster national pride, even as they tighten cultural restrictions. It also highlights the regime’s effort to cultivate a narrative of unity and resilience, despite ongoing concerns from Afghan civil society over shrinking freedoms and limited pathways for young people under the current political environment.

That figure is backed by the United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA FAS), which, in its “China: Fresh Deciduous Fruit Annual” report , estimates China’s apple production at approximately 48 MMT for the marketing year 2024/25.

By comparison, the graphic shows the European Union producing around 11.1 million t, the United States roughly 4.9 million t, Türkiye about 4.2 million t and India around 2.5 million t. These broadly match the USDA data, which states world apple production for 2024/25 is projected at about 84.0 million metric tons.

Why does this matter? The numbers reveal how dominant China has become in the apple market and suggest shifts in global fruit-trade flows. In China’s case, higher-yielding varieties and modern orchard practices are helping to maintain high production even as some older orchards are replaced or acreage consolidated.

At the same time, other major producers are facing headwinds. For instance, the EU’s apple crop is forecast to fall by more than a million tonnes in 2024 because of pollination problems and spring frosts.

These developments come amid broader global trends: changing consumer preferences, rising demand for healthy fresh produce, and supply chain challenges stemming from climate and trade dynamics. For example, as China boosts its own production, its imports of apples and other fruits may shift, affecting exporters around the world.

With climate-related risks such as droughts , frost, and unseasonal weather increasing, the production of apples is not immune to disruption. The USDA-FAS emphasises that while global apple production is expected to stay near 84 million metric tons in 2024/25, losses in some regions offset gains elsewhere.

Wheat, one of the world’s most essential grains, remains a critical part of diets across continents, from bread and noodles to cereals and animal feed, and current figures show no sign of slowing demand. China stands as the world’s largest wheat consumer, using about 148 million metric tonnes annually.

It’s followed closely by the European Union (113 million tonnes) and India (112.5 million tonnes), underscoring the central role of these regions in global food demand. Beyond these giants, consumption remains significant in countries such as Russia (39.7 million tonnes), Pakistan (31.5 million tonnes), and the United States (31.4 million tonnes).

The USDA’s report notes that strong domestic production in these economies continues to sustain consumption, even as climate variability and regional conflicts disrupt global trade flows.

The FAS attributes this sustained rise in wheat consumption to growing populations, shifting dietary habits, and greater access to processed wheat-based foods. In many developing countries, wheat is increasingly replacing traditional staples due to affordability and ease of use.

Meanwhile, in developed regions, it continues to dominate as a versatile base for baked goods and animal feed. The USDA’s May 2025 “Grain: World Markets and Trade” report highlights that robust harvests in China, India, and parts of the EU are expected to offset production declines in Australia and the Black Sea region.

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine continues to weigh on Black Sea exports, a key artery of global wheat trade, threatening to tighten global supplies and push prices higher. Analysts warn that disruptions in this region could echo the food price spikes seen in 2022, when the war severely restricted grain shipments.

The European Union (EU) and China are tied at the top, each producing around 140 million metric tonnes of wheat, solidifying their status as the world’s wheat powerhouses.

The global wheat landscape in numbers

The latest USDA report paints a clear picture of where the world’s wheat comes from. Here’s how the top 10 producers stack up (in 1,000 metric tonnes):

Together, these nations account for over 90% of global wheat output, underscoring how concentrated global production remains in just a handful of regions.

Wheat is one of the most important staple crops in the world — providing about 20% of global calorie intake. But in 2025, wheat’s role is more than just feeding people. It’s also at the centre of discussions on food security, climate resilience, and global trade stability.

Recent global developments — from conflicts in Eastern Europe to climate-related droughts and floods — have kept wheat in the spotlight. For example, Ukraine’s 23 million-tonne output continues to be affected by the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, while Australia’s lower yields are tied to extended dry conditions linked to El Niño.

While Europe and China dominate, India’s expanding wheat production is closing the gap. The South Asian giant has invested heavily in high-yield seed varieties and irrigation infrastructure. However, with population growth and rising domestic demand, much of India’s wheat stays at home rather than entering the export market.

Russia and the United States remain critical exporters, supplying key markets in Africa and the Middle East. Meanwhile, Canada and Australia continue to set benchmarks for grain quality and sustainability, even as they face increasing climate risks.

At the heart of the collaboration is a joint project targeting key regions such as the Maribaroux Plain, Saint Raphael Valley and the Cayes–Torbeck area. Through the initiative, Haitian farmers will receive modern seeds, affordable fertilisers and access to collecting and processing machinery — upgrades that aim to triple output in fertile zones impacted by decades of instability.

Beyond immediate gains in productivity, Taiwan’s involvement underscores a broader diplomatic strategy. With Haiti one of the few Caribbean nations formally recognising Taiwan, this partnership reinforces Taipei’s role in international development and global agricultural innovation. Taiwan is not only providing equipment and training but also advancing its global standing as a partner of choice for sustainable growth.

For Haiti, the stakes are high. The country has long been challenged by political turbulence, natural disasters and chronic underinvestment in farming infrastructure. By aligning with a technologically sophisticated partner like Taiwan, Haiti hopes to break this cycle, enhance food sovereignty and reduce reliance on imports and emergency relief.

The alliance sets a precedent for how small nations and mid-sized states can collaborate to tackle global issues such as hunger, climate resilience and equitable trade. As Taiwan and Haiti move forward, their relationship sends a message: agricultural development is not simply local, but an integral part of international diplomacy and economic stability.

The data in the image shows Cambodia at 16.6%, Vietnam at 11.9%, Myanmar at 20.8%, the Philippines at 9.1%, Indonesia at 12.6%, Thailand at 8.7%, and Malaysia at 8.2%. Some of these figures represent decreases from 2021; for example, Cambodia saw a drop of 6.2 percentage points, and Vietnam declined by 3.0 points.

These numbers come in line with World Bank data on the broader measure of agriculture, forestry, and fishing’s share of GDP globally.

As Southeast Asian economies grow and diversify, the share of agriculture in GDP often falls. That’s natural in development: the industry and services sectors tend to expand faster than farming. The image confirms that trend: many countries show declines between 2021 and 2024.

This doesn’t mean agriculture is unimportant, far from it. It remains vital for food security, rural employment, and exports. What the shrinking share often signals is that productivity improvements in nonfarm sectors are outpacing gains in agriculture.

A report from ISEAS notes that despite agriculture’s role in regional food systems and exports, it faces increasing pressures from trade volatility, land use change, and climate stress.

Climate change adds urgency to the picture. According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), in Southeast Asia, more than 100 million smallholder farmers depend on farming, yet they face increased heat, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather.

Between 2008 and 2018, natural disasters and climate extremes caused roughly USD 21 billion in production losses across the region.

These environmental pressures may further erode agriculture’s share of GDP if farmers can’t adapt, threatening livelihoods and food supply.

The World Bank is responding to these pressures by directing more financing to agribusiness and agriculture. In 2024, it announced it would double its agri-finance and agribusiness commitments to USD 9 billion annually by 2030.

This pivot aims to support technology, infrastructure , climate resilience, and better value chains in food systems.

One real-world example of agriculture’s power: In the Philippines, the sector rebounded sharply in 2025, driving the country’s fastest annual growth in some time. According to Reuters, the Philippines posted 5.5% year-on-year growth in Q2 2025, largely led by a 7% increase in agricultural output.

Despite this overwhelming lead, global banana markets are facing turbulence—from extreme weather to rising trade frictions and disease outbreaks.

The FAO Banana Market Review 2024 reports that global banana exports dipped slightly last year, hit by droughts, floods, and outbreaks of the Fusarium TR4 fungus.

Exporters like Ecuador and the Philippines suffered most, while producers such as India and Nigeria, whose bananas are largely consumed domestically, remained resilient.

Meanwhile, major trade tensions are brewing. Colombia, one of the top exporters, is lobbying the U.S. to remove a 10 % tariff on its bananas to stay competitive with Latin American rivals enjoying better trade access.

The climate crisis is also now the greatest long-term threat to the fruit’s future. Research warns that two-thirds of Latin American banana-growing regions could become unsuitable by 2080 due to heat stress and rainfall volatility.

At the same time, Ecuador’s export sector faces a new security challenge of drug traffickers using banana containers for smuggling, a phenomenon dubbed “narco-bananas”

With over 150 million tonnes produced globally, the banana remains the world’s most popular fruit, but also one of the most fragile. FAO experts predict modest output growth in 2025, tempered by tighter export margins and climate volatility.

A new analysis by World Visualized, drawing on data from WorldStats, highlights that Myanmar tops the list of countries with the highest per capita rice consumption at a staggering 278.97 kg per person per year.

It’s followed closely by Comoros (274.51 kg), Gambia (256.4 kg), Cambodia (247.54 kg), and Bangladesh (246.85 kg). Completing the top ten are Vietnam, Laos, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia .

According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), global rice utilisation in 2023/24 stood at approximately 522 million tonnes, reflecting steady demand despite elevated prices. However, projections for 2024/25 indicate renewed growth, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where consumption is expected to continue expanding.

The FAO and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) both forecast a rise in global rice output through 2025/26. The USDA estimates total production could reach 541.6 million tonnes (milled basis), led by higher yields in India and Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, global rice trade is projected to climb to nearly 60 million tonnes, driven largely by expanding Indian exports.

India, the world’s largest rice exporter, recently lifted its two-year ban on de-oiled rice bran exports, easing domestic stockpiles and injecting new volume into the global market.

However, not all policy movements are liberalising. The Philippines, one of Asia’s largest rice importers, may extend its import restrictions into early 2026 to protect local farmers, a move analysts say could tighten supply and nudge prices upward in the coming quarters.

Global rice prices have been on a sharp downward trend. The FAO Rice Price Index has fallen about 13% in 2025, and benchmark prices for Thailand ’s 5% broken white rice are now at their lowest levels in eight years. The drop comes after record harvests and excess stockpiles, particularly from India, which exported more than 33 million tonnes in 2024.

The work is much needed: more than 10 percent of Burkina Faso's 23 million population are facing extreme hunger according to the United Nations . While much of the problem results from instability and conflict, improving efficiency in areas where farmers can grow is part of the solution.

But Sawadogo's ambitions go much further. He hopes to contribute to a world where Africa is a net supplier of food and calls on the international community to recognise and support the continent's transformation.

According to the Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics at the University of Illinois, Brazil is expected to produce around 6,150 million bushels of soybeans in the 2024/25 season, up from 5,428 million the previous year, cementing its position as the undisputed global leader.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture projects Brazil’s soybean production at roughly 169 million metric tons, a record high that reflects both expanded acreage and improved yields.

Argentina, the second-largest producer in the region, is also showing signs of recovery. The Buenos Aires Grains Exchange recently revised its harvest forecast upward to nearly 50 million metric tons, thanks to better-than-expected yields, despite slow progress in some regions due to overly wet soils.

Argentina’s National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) has been proactive in advising farmers on disease control and crop management, which has helped protect yields in the face of drought and heat stress.

Elsewhere in the region, Paraguay is expected to experience a decline in output, falling from around 404 million to 320 million bushels, while Uruguay is anticipated to post a modest increase, from 117 to 121 million bushels. These shifts highlight Brazil’s and Argentina’s dominant influence over global supply.

The implications for international markets are significant. With supply increasing, soybean prices are likely to come under downward pressure—good news for major importers such as China, which continues to be the world ’s largest buyer.

At the same time, Argentina’s export dynamics remain complicated. Farmers have been holding back soybean sales in anticipation of better exchange rates and possible tax policy adjustments, potentially delaying the flow of soymeal and oil into global markets.

Still, risks remain. Analysts warn that La Niña conditions could bring fresh bouts of dryness, particularly to Argentina, threatening yields late in the season. Brazil, for its part, must manage logistics and transport bottlenecks to ensure its record crop can move efficiently to ports and on to global buyers.

Taken together, the outlook for South America’s 2024/25 soybean season is one of optimism tempered with caution. If current forecasts hold, the world is about to see a supply-rich year, with Brazil setting new records and Argentina stabilising after several difficult seasons.

For traders, importers, and policymakers, the months ahead will be shaped not just by how much soybeans South America can grow, but by how quickly and efficiently they can bring them to market.

Other major contributors include Indonesia, DR Congo, Brazil, the USA, Canada, Russia, and China. Together, these countries represent a substantial share of global deforestation, and the impact reaches far beyond their borders.

According to Market vs Media , Russia lost more than 4.2 million hectares of tree cover, and Brazil lost more than 3.3 million hectares. However, not all losses are permanent; some result from seasonal logging and wildfires. EARTH ORG estimates that the world loses 10 million hectares of forest each year, with 96% of this destruction concentrated in tropical regions, where biodiversity is richest and carbon storage is most vital.

The global trend is worrying: tree-cover loss has nearly doubled since the early 2000s, rising from 13.4 million hectares in 2001 to 29.6 million hectares in 2024. In total, the world has lost over 517 million hectares of tree cover, about 13% of what existed at the turn of the millennium.

This includes 3.7 million hectares of tropical primary forests lost in 2023, equivalent to ten soccer fields every minute. Fires alone accounted for 6.7 million hectares of loss in 2024, almost double the figure from the previous year.

These numbers reveal stark regional contrasts. Laos’s steep loss reflects rapid agricultural expansion and mining , while Sweden’s high percentage comes mainly from industrial logging, much of which will regrow, but still represents a major disruption to carbon cycles.

Bolivia’s situation is particularly concerning: while Brazil has reduced Amazon deforestation by 36% through stricter enforcement, Bolivia is seeing deforestation rise due to soy expansion and wildfires.

The economic consequences of deforestation are also becoming clearer. Tree loss threatens commodity markets tied to palm oil, beef, and soy, while increasing scrutiny from investors who are pivoting toward ESG-aligned funds .

Carbon markets are gaining traction, but without stronger incentives for forest-rich countries like DR Congo and Laos, permanent loss could accelerate, putting global climate targets at risk.

The region’s agricultural highlights include key exports across countries like Brazil, Argentina, Mexico , and Chile.

According to Market Data Forecast, Latin America’s connected agriculture industry, encompassing smart irrigation, IoT sensors, and precision fertiliser systems, is projected to grow from USD 0.20 billion in 2024 to USD 0.24 billion in 2025, reaching a robust USD 0.99 billion by 2033, at a 19.5% CAGR.

Meanwhile, the Latin America intelligent agriculture segment, where technology aids livestock monitoring, crop analytics, and automation, is expected to expand from USD 1.88 billion in 2024 to USD 2.12 billion in 2025, and ultimately USD 5.57 billion by 2033, growing at a 12.8% CAGR.

This digital leap meets real-time global pressures. Just days ago, the FAO reported that global food prices hit a more-than-two-year high in August, spurred by rising meat, sugar, and oil prices, though cereals and dairy retreated. Concurrently, Brazil achieved “bird flu–free” status under EU regulation, reopening its chicken meat exports after earlier setbacks.

The region also benefits from geopolitics: as U.S.– China tariff tensions intensify, Brazil is gaining ground in China, becoming a pivotal exporter of soy, beef, and poultry, which is fuelling agribusiness optimism even amid inflationary risks.

What this means

This shift comes on the heels of record-breaking harvests and a boom in acreage. The USDA’s World Agricultural Outlook Board highlights that India has expanded its harvested rice area to 50–51 million hectares, delivering yields that are among the highest seen, driven by favourable monsoon rains, government support via minimum support prices (MSP), and high-performing seed varieties.

In fact, India's 2024–25 rice production is projected by the USDA at 147 million metric tons, marking its highest-ever output and securing its position as the world’s top producer.

India’s rise contributes to a broader trend: global rice production is hitting records. The USDA forecasts 535–536 million metric tons of milled rice for the 2024–25 season, up several percentage points from the previous year.

This surge is not limited to India; other countries like Indonesia , Cambodia, Brazil, and Vietnam also contribute significantly, though none come close to India's or China’s combined dominance.

India’s bumper harvests have led to record stockpiles, nearly 44 million tonnes of rice in state granaries, far exceeding government targets. To prevent oversupply, New Delhi raised procurement prices, the smallest increase in years, aiming to moderate production incentives and balance exports with domestic supply needs.

China, meanwhile, appears to be easing in consumption; domestic rice use is projected to decline slightly even as production stays high.

Prime Minister of Mongolia, Zandanshatar Gombojav, met with World Bank Vice President for East Asia and the Pacific, Manuela V. Ferro, on September 2, 2025. The Prime Minister thanked the Bank for its long-standing contribution since 1991 and outlined policy priorities, including human development, green transition, digital transformation, and tax reform. He stressed the need to diversify the economy beyond mining, expand exports, and improve affordable housing access to reduce air pollution in Ulaanbaatar. Ferro praised Mongolia’s recovery after COVID-19 and highlighted agriculture, renewable energy, and tourism as key diversification sectors. The World Bank reaffirmed its readiness to support Mongolia’s development agenda.

Prime Minister emphasises agriculture as backbone of economy

During a visit to Darkhan-Uul aimag, Prime Minister Zandanshatar underlined agriculture’s central role in Mongolia’s economic growth, pointing to the Eurasian market as an opportunity for agricultural exports. Officials from the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Light Industry reported progress under the “Food Revolution” and “White Gold” movements, including concessional loans, increased crop and livestock production, and strengthened cashmere and leather processing. More than 2,500 new jobs have been created and 25 new food processing plants commissioned. Agriculture contributed significantly to Mongolia’s 5.6% economic growth in the first half of 2025.

Fitch reaffirms Mongolia’s credit rating

Fitch Ratings has maintained Mongolia’s sovereign credit rating at “B+, Stable,” citing stable growth and prudent fiscal management. The agency forecasts GDP growth of 5.7% in 2025 and 5.3%t in 2026–2027, supported by copper exports and recovery in agriculture. Fitch projects government debt will fall below 40% of GDP in the medium term, while external debt refinancing has eased repayment risks for 2026–2027. However, risks remain due to reliance on raw material exports and inflation, projected at 8.5%t in 2025–2026.

China and Mongolia deepen strategic partnership

On September 2, President of China Xi Jinping met President of Mongolia Khurelsukh Ukhnaa in Beijing. Both leaders reaffirmed their commitment to a comprehensive strategic partnership, emphasising stronger mutual trust, infrastructure connectivity, and joint modernisation goals. Discussions focused on cross-border railways, renewable energy, agriculture, and environmental protection. Agreements were signed on honey exports, customs, quarantine cooperation, metrology, and media collaboration. Xi Jinping praised progress on joint projects such as the Gashuunsukhait-Gantsmod railway and Erdeneburen Hydropower Plant, while both sides pledged to boost bilateral trade toward $20 billion.

Mongolia projects self-sufficiency in flour production

The Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Light Industry announced that this year’s wheat harvest will largely meet domestic flour demand, with 255.8 thousand tons expected . While a shortfall of about 100 thousand tons will require imports, the Government has prioritised strengthening agriculture through the “Atar-4” campaign, “White Gold” movement, and “Food Revolution” program. Agriculture contributed 3.6% to GDP in the first half of 2025, creating 58,000 new jobs. Plans include expanding concessional loans for private businesses, boosting meat exports, and easing pressure on overburdened pastureland by directing livestock into economic circulation.

According to population data compiled by The World in Maps , Java’s population exceeds that of entire nations such as Russia, Japan, Mexico, and Egypt. Only a handful of countries—including China, India, the United States, Brazil, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia—have more people than this single Indonesian island.

To put it into perspective, Java is roughly the size of Greece, yet it holds nearly 16 times as many people. This makes it not only the most populated island but also one of the densest inhabited regions on the planet.

Java’s centrality in Indonesia’s political and economic life explains much of this concentration. The island is home to the capital city Jakarta, the cultural hub Yogyakarta, and the bustling metropolis Surabaya. Fertile volcanic soil and access to trade routes have historically made it attractive for settlement and agriculture.

As noted by the United Nations and World Bank , Indonesia’s rapid urbanisation has fueled this growth. Today, more than half of Indonesia’s total population (over 275 million) lives on Java, even though the island makes up less than 7% of the nation’s land area.

While Java’s density has spurred economic growth, it also brings challenges. Urban congestion, environmental degradation, and housing shortages are pressing issues. Jakarta, with over 30 million residents in its metropolitan area, struggles with flooding, pollution, and sinking land.

The Indonesian government has even announced plans to move the capital to Nusantara on Borneo to ease the strain.

Soaring summer temperatures in Iran and widespread blackouts have pushed the government to shut down public offices in at least 12 provinces and warn of a possible nationwide week-long closure to conserve energy, according to  Iran Open Data .

These unprecedented measures come amid Iran’s deepening water and energy crisis.

Warnings about drought have echoed for years from  Lake Urmia , the  Hur-Al-Azim  Marshes,  Hamun ,  Anzali Lagoon ,  Quru Gol ,  Bakhtegan , and  Zarivar . Yet chronic mismanagement has prevented any real solutions.

The water crisis has now reached Iran’s capital.  Tehran  and  Alborz provinces  are experiencing the most severe water shortages in their history.  As of July 11, 2025, official reports show major drops in dam reserves :  Karaj Dam by 58 percent, Lar by 34 percent, Taleghan by 32 percent , and  Latyan  and  Mamloo collectively by 47 percent . Since the beginning of the water year, inflow to these dams has totaled just  22.4 billion cubic meters —a  43 percent decrease  from last year.

An apocalyptic scenario

The Ministry of Energy has urged  citizens to drastically reduce water usage .  Only 46 percent of the country's dam  capacity is currently full, a decrease of  26 percent from the previous  year. Citizens are now paying the price for decades of governmental mismanagement—just as they did with last year’s  electricity crisis . According to the  spokesperson for Iran’s Water Industry , Tehran,  Alborz , and parts of  Qazvin  are under the highest water stress. Consumption in Tehran must  drop from 3.7 billion to 2.2 billion cubic meters  by 2028.

Experts warn that if consumption is not reduced, Tehran could face an “ apocalyptic ” scenario akin to the prolonged water cutoffs experienced by the  city of Hamedan in 2022 . Beyond the drought itself, much of the crisis stems from poor consumption patterns and a lack of ecological infrastructure.  A member of Tehran’s city council has noted  that the capital’s infrastructure cannot handle population growth and that comparisons to other megacities are misleading. He brings up the importance of consumption reform,  greywater recycling , and halting unrestrained urban development.

The head of the council’s Health Commission  has stated that, although the municipality has allocated significant funds to water transfer projects from the  Taleghan and Lar dams , these efforts are time-consuming and insufficient on their own. Jahangir Parhamat, a natural resources expert, told the outlet  Fararu  that the country is facing an “intensifying and severe crisis.”  He claims Iran is experiencing a drought cycle whose return period could exceed a century .

Statistical analyses show a consistent decline in rainfall, and the past winter saw alarmingly little snow—meaning the mountains were unable to store water to slowly release during the hot season.

Worsening crisis

According to assessments, 2025 marks  the beginning of a difficult era for Iran’s water and energy sectors. Average precipitation during the current  hydrological year was just 101 mm —37  percent below  the long-term average. In Tehran, it has  dropped 46 percent.  Inflow to national reservoirs has  dropped to 9.5 billion cubic meters,   3.5 billion less  than last year. Key dams like  Karaj  and  Lar  have lost much of their storage capacity.  Karaj Dam , with a capacity of  179 million cubic meters , now  holds just 11 million —only 7 percent of its capacity. At the same time last year, it held  29 million cubic meters .

Excessive withdrawal from underground aquifers has worsened the crisis of land subsidence. In some urban areas, the  ground is sinking by up to 30 cm per year —1.5  times highe r than the previous year. Since the 2000s, the government has encouraged drilling deep wells,  leading to around 300,000 illegal and 500,000 legal wells . The  Ministry of Energy  states that groundwater withdrawal should not exceed  48 billion cubic  meters per year—yet current rates exceed  54 billion.

Combined with reduced rainfall and snowmelt, weakened rivers, and management failures, evaporation and over-extraction are intensifying the crisis.  The spokesperson for the water industry  has warned that rationing might be inevitable  in summer 2025.

However, rationing itself brings additional problems: fluctuating pressure, sediment intrusion into household networks, and psychological stress. Tehran consumes five times the national average of drinking water.  With a population near 20 million—driven by industrial , governmental, and migration-related concentration—basic conservation campaigns and plumbing upgrades are insufficient to meet the scale of the crisis.

No solution in sight

Since the late  Pahlavi era , a project known as  Iranrud  has proposed connecting the Sea of Oman to the Caspian Sea to address water shortages. It  resurfaced in the 1990s,  with estimated costs as  high as USD 14 billion . However, decades later, neither Iranrud nor smaller projects — such as reviving  Lake Hamun , redirecting the  Zab River , or transferring water from the  Caspian or Aras rivers to Lake Urmia  — have materialized.

Considering that  over 95 percent of Iran’s water use is in agriculture , focusing solely on urban drinking water is futile unless agriculture and industry are comprehensively restructured. Water must be redefined as a national security asset.

In the short term, no immediate solution exists to resolve Tehran’s crisis as long as the intertwined crises of water, energy, and electricity persist. Given Iran’s economic struggles, international sanctions, and domestic instability, launching mega-projects like  Iranrud  or  Caspian transfers  seems highly improbable. If current policies continue, Tehran may soon become a city governed by strict water rationing—a catastrophe for a metropolis of that size.

With subsidence increasing up to  20 cm in many areas , we are now witnessing visible effects on buildings.  Tehran’s forbidden  plains are host to  over 100,000 wells  that continue to extract groundwater, deepening the crisis. As the situation worsens, affluent groups are retreating to the cooler,  water-rich northern suburbs . Meanwhile, environmental devastation accelerates under the pressure of unchecked housing development and profiteering.

Migration to Tehran continues , and with the concentration of military, industrial, and governmental facilities, the city’s water “trunk” grows more unsustainable. At this point, there may be no choice but to revive proposals—dating back to the monarchy—for relocating the capital.

Thailand’s gross domestic product (GDP) forecast has been revised downward , with growth expected to remain below 5% next year. The adjustment reflects both global and domestic economic challenges, particularly those affecting exports. Analysts caution that these pressures may pose additional hurdles for the Thai economy, which is still recovering from the effects of the pandemic. According to a report from the news outlet เดลินิวส์ (Daily News), economic authorities are closely monitoring the situation and preparing measures to support growth.

Malaysia facilitates Thailand-Cambodia border talks

Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim has ruled out armed conflict over the Ambalat Block dispute with Indonesia, assuring it will be resolved diplomatically. Speaking in Jakarta on July 29, 2025, he said he had discussed the matter with President Prabowo Subianto, stressing peaceful resolution over war. His comments come amid rising regional tensions after the recent Thailand-Cambodia border clashes. Despite opposition pressure for a tougher stance, Anwar reaffirmed Malaysia’s commitment to negotiation.

Thailand aids farmers in selling surplus longan

Facing a projected surplus of over 1 million tonnes of longan in 2025, the Thai government is collaborating with the private sector to support farmers amid declining prices. The Ministry of Commerce is managing 151,000 tonnes through exports, domestic sales, and processing. Initiatives include exporting 15,000 tonnes, promoting local consumption via the Thai Fruit Festival, CSR-driven purchases, subsidised shipping, vending machine sales, and global outreach through 58 trade offices.

Two storms approaching northeast

Northeast Thailand is preparing for two storms expected to hit the region this September, according to weather forecasts. Local authorities have begun implementing emergency measures to protect residents and reduce potential damage. The storms are forecasted to bring heavy rainfall and strong winds, raising the risk of floods and landslides in vulnerable areas. Communities have been advised to remain vigilant and follow official guidance.

Thailand’s green tourism sets sustainability standard

On July 29, 2025, Thailand unveiled the Green Tourism Collections , featuring 20 eco-friendly travel routes across 10 designated Green Cities, including Chiang Mai, Krabi, and Bangkok. Developed by the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), the initiative aims to align with European sustainability standards and cater to growing demand for low-impact travel, especially from EU and U.S. tourists. The routes promote environmental responsibility, cultural authenticity, and support for local businesses. Spanning both urban and rural areas, they encourage sustainable tourism practices while preserving Thailand’s natural and cultural heritage, in line with the 2030 Sustainable Tourism Goals.

Recent data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) show that the Golden State’s nominal gross domestic product (GDP) reached about $4.1 trillion in 2024 .

California’s economic lift has been well known for years, but it wasn’t until April 2025 that the state officially overtook Japan. Governor Gavin Newsom’s office announced that California’s nominal GDP of $4.1 trillion was ahead of Japan’s $4.02 trillion and left California behind only the United States ($29.18 trillion), China ($18.74 trillion) and Germany ($4.65 trillion).

Newsweek confirmed the IMF and BEA figures, noting that the comparison places California fourth in global rankings. The state’s growth rate of 6 % in 2024 also outpaced the top three economies (U.S. 5.3 %, China 2.6 %, Germany 2.9 %).

Why California’s economy is so big

California is the largest sub‑national economy in the world. Finance, business services, government and manufacturing are among the most dominant sectors.

Major coastal cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco are centres for media (Hollywood), technology and trade, while the Central Valley’s agriculture industry produces over half of America’s fruits, vegetables and nuts.

California also hosts many of the world’s most valuable companies . Silicon Valley is home to Apple, Alphabet, Nvidia and scores of other technology giants, and 78 of the Fortune 100 companies are headquartered in the state. This concentration of innovation attracts venture capital and skilled labour, feeding a self‑reinforcing cycle of economic growth.

Governor Newsom attributes the state’s prosperity to investments in people, sustainability and innovation. California has been the top U.S. state for new business starts and access to venture capital, while also leading the nation in agricultural production.

More than 36,000 manufacturing firms employ about 1.1 million Californians . Even as production costs rise, these firms continue to create industries spanning aerospace, electronics and zero‑emission vehicles.

While California now sits above Japan, its position is not guaranteed. Japan’s economy is projected to rebound by about 4 % in 2025, and India, the world’s fastest‑growing large economy, is expected to continue climbing.

Governor Newsom’s office cautions that India could surpass California as early as 2026. Economic rankings can also shift due to currency fluctuations, recession or policy changes. For example, California’s ranking rose partly because Japan’s growth slowed in 2024, illustrating how relative performance matters.

A map produced by The World in Maps highlights four nations where cattle reign supreme over the human race and underscores the vital role livestock plays in their economies, exports, and cultural heritage.

Argentina stands out with  53.8 million cattle , surpassing its 45.5 million citizens. Known for its vast pampas and world-famous beef, Argentina’s cattle industry is beyond big business. It’s a national symbol.

Brazil, with its huge 252.7 million cattle, far exceeds its population of 211.1 million people. As a global leader in beef exports, Brazil’s livestock sector fuels international food markets and supports millions of jobs across the country.

In Uruguay, the dominance of cattle is even more striking: 11.9 million cows compared to just 3.3 million people. That’s more than three cows per person. Uruguay’s premium beef is in high demand worldwide, making livestock a cornerstone of its economy.

New Zealand rounds up the list with 10 million cattle for a population of 5.2 million. Known for its rolling green pastures and premium dairy products, New Zealand’s cattle sector is integral to both its exports and rural identity.

According to FAOSTAT’s latest figures , the global cattle population exceeds 1 billion head, with Latin America and Asia leading production.

Brazil alone accounts for nearly 25% of South America's cattle, supporting both domestic consumption and export demands, while Uruguay’s beef industry is so robust that it exports over 70% of its beef production, mainly to China and the European Union .

The new factory, built by Itracom Fertiliser Limited, has the capacity to produce one million tonnes of fertiliser a year, with plans to triple output in the future.

The factory is seen as a major step toward solving long-standing fertiliser shortages that have affected farmers across East Africa.

Regional governments have struggled with high costs, weak infrastructure, and global supply disruptions, all of which have contributed to low crop yields and food insecurity.

The plant is located in the Nala Industrial Area and covers 21 hectares.

It employs over 1,800 workers, with thousands more jobs expected as production increases. The facility also plans to support rural economies by buying manure from local livestock farmers.

Speaking at the launch, President Hassan said the project would support agricultural growth, create jobs, and strengthen ties between countries in the region.

“This is more than just a factory; it represents agricultural transformation and regional cooperation,” she said.

Government officials say the plant will also contribute to the country’s fertiliser subsidy programme and help Tanzania meet its target of sourcing 80% of fertiliser locally.

Agriculture Minister Hussein Bashe confirmed the plant had already spent Sh15 billion buying manure from local communities and would play a key role in future farming strategies.

Namibia's economy is significantly being affected by rising oil prices and a strengthening US dollar, leading to increased imported inflation and widened trade deficits. Simonis Storm Securities estimates that a 10% increase in Brent crude prices can raise Namibia's inflation by 0.8 to 1.2 percentage points, depending on currency stability. The Bank of Namibia faces challenges in balancing inflation control and economic growth amidst external shocks.

Namibia lifts ban on South African maize seed imports

Namibia's Ministry of Agriculture has lifted a temporary ban on maize seed imports from South Africa, initially imposed due to concerns over Goss’s Wilt. The ministry urges compliance with updated phytosanitary requirements to prevent the introduction of harmful pathogens, emphasising the importance of vigilance among stakeholders.

Upcoming Global African Hydrogen Summit in Namibia

The second Global African Hydrogen Summit is set to take place in Windhoek from 9 to 11 September 2025, under the theme ‘Ambition in Action: Fuelling Africa’s Green Industrial Revolution’. As reported , the event aims to gather influential leaders to promote green hydrogen projects and secure strategic investments, building on the success of last year's inaugural summit.

Local authorities in Namibia support alternative building materials

Local authority leaders in Namibia affirm their openness towards alternative building materials, contingent on safety and health compliance. Challenges remain regarding bank financing for these options, although precast slabs are gaining traction. As reported , some towns have successfully piloted the use of clay houses as a low-cost housing solution, indicating a potential shift in building practices.

Snowfall in Namibia: Impending cold front for Pretoria

Recent reports reveal that snow is currently falling in Namibia as a powerful cold front approaches South Africa, expected to affect Pretoria. The Eastern Cape will experience severe cold with snowfall and damaging winds from 25 June 2025. As residents brace for the chill, the South African Weather Service has issued warnings regarding potential disruptions to agriculture and infrastructure.

As visualised by World Visualized, these phenomena, known collectively as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are not just oceanic curiosities. They are key drivers of extreme climate events worldwide.

Backed by insights from the NOAA Climate , the graphics offer a clear breakdown of when these events occurred, how intense they were, and what their global impacts have been.

According to the NASA Earth Observatory , El Niño and La Niña alter atmospheric circulation, impacting rainfall, temperature, and wind patterns globally. The Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) is used to classify their intensity, with anomalies above +0.5°C (El Niño) or below -0.5°C (La Niña) for several consecutive months.

These shifts, particularly when strong, reshape monsoon behaviour , increase wildfire frequency, and even disrupt global trade routes due to abnormal storm tracks.

El Niño: The heat-bringer

El Niño (Spanish for “The Little Boy”) refers to warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. It typically occurs every 2–7 years and disrupts normal weather patterns globally.

Impacts:

The most recent El Niño event was between 2023 and 2024 and was classified as a strong El Niño, which impacted crop yields and global commodity prices.

Since 1952, there have been 27 El Niño events, with 11 weak, 7 moderate, 6 strong, and 3 very strong events recorded.

La Niña: The cold counterpart

La Niña (Spanish for “The Little Girl”) is characterised by cooler-than-average Pacific Ocean temperatures. Often considered El Niño’s opposite, La Niña can persist longer and deliver more intense and erratic weather, according to NOAA and WMO.

Impacts:

Over the last 70 years, 25 La Niña events have occurred: 13 weak, 6 moderate, and 7 strong. 2024 to 2025 is classified as a weak La Niña year.

The report evaluated 186 countries based on their ability to produce seven key food groups locally, and only Guyana passed all benchmarks.

This stunning achievement places the South American nation at the centre of a crucial global conversation about sustainability, agricultural resilience, and national food security.

According to the Nature Food study, researchers analysed national self-sufficiency based on availability and domestic production of fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, cereals and grains , pulses and legumes, oils and fats.

Guyana is the only country that meets 100% of its population’s nutritional requirements across all seven categories without the need for food imports.

Guyana's agricultural strengths include rice and sugarcane production (key cereals and cash crops), extensive fruit and vegetable farming (including bananas, citrus, and root vegetables), growing livestock and dairy sectors, access to both inland and marine fisheries, and a tropical climate with two growing seasons per year.

How Guyana achieved this

During a recent visit to Cane Grove farmers, the country's Minister of Agriculture, Zulfikar Mustapha, emphasised that Guyana is now the only country fully able to feed its population without food imports, thanks to the government’s strong focus on agriculture.

He highlighted major investments, including over $104 billion in the 2025 budget for boosting crop production, livestock, aquaculture, and agro-processing. Mustapha also noted that Guyana’s national policies integrate food systems with sustainability, health, and climate resilience.

Additionally, Guyana’s leadership in the “25 by 2025” CARICOM initiative, aimed at cutting regional food imports by 25%, highlights its strong commitment to food security and economic growth. Despite climate-related challenges, the government remains confident in reaching its goals through continued agricultural innovation and diversification.

For years, farmers in Rwanda have depended on using artificial insemination as a method of producing cows in large quantities for breeding purposes.

This process has however not been without problems. One of the key problems was that the semen used for insemination had to travel long distances over rough roads, which reduced its quality.

Transporting it in large, heavy containers filled with liquid nitrogen also made the process slow and difficult.

This often caused disagreements between farmers and vets when cows failed to conceive.

To solve this, the drone delivery company Zipline Rwanda began testing how drones could carry semen directly to vets and farmers.

Their trials, which have lasted six months, show that using drones keeps the semen in better condition and increases the success rate of insemination to over 90 percent which is a big improvement from the national average of 40 percent as of 2024.

So far, around 400 cows have been inseminated during the pilot programme in two districts in Eastern Rwanda.

Farmers who used to wait several hours for deliveries are now getting semen in under an hour and one drone can carry enough semen to inseminate 40 cows and fly up to 210 kilometres in a round trip.

Meanwhile, Zipline has indicated plans to expand the service to more parts of the country after the current testing phase ends.

Rwanda announced on Saturday, June 7, that it is withdrawing from the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), accusing the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) of manipulating the bloc with support from some member states. The decision was made at the 26th ECCAS summit in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, attended by Rwandan Prime Minister Edouard Ngirente. Rwanda criticised the summit for denying it the rotating chairmanship and excluding it from the 2023 summit in Kinshasa under the DRC's leadership. "Rwanda denounces the violation of its rights," the foreign ministry stated, adding that ECCAS is not living up to its principles.

Health ministry warns of COVID-19

The Ministry of Health has warned of rising COVID-19 infections as Rwanda shifts from the rainy to the dry season. Health Minister Dr. Sabin Nsanzimana, in a post on X on June 9, urged the public to maintain good hygiene and watch for flu, COVID-19, and malaria. He also cautioned about increased malaria risk, advising the elimination of mosquito breeding sites. Covid-19 cases are rising globally, according to the WHO, driven by the NB.1.8.1 variant, which currently poses no higher risk than existing strains. The WHO urged countries to remain vigilant and continue risk-based COVID-19 management.

Rwanda eyes carbon credits to attract green investment

As Rwanda aims for carbon neutrality by 2050 , it is exploring using carbon credits as collateral to boost green investments. Jean Claude Uwizeye of the Energy Private Developers Association says the idea is promising but requires banking reforms to allow projected credits to serve as security for loans. Companies like DelAgua Rwanda already generate tradable carbon credits, which could help manufacturers raise funds independently of banks, according to Country Director Monica Keza.

Rwanda is among African nations leading a record-breaking tourism boom

In 2024, Rwanda joined South Africa, Morocco, Egypt, Tanzania, Kenya, Ghana, Botswana, and others to drive record-breaking tourism growth in Africa. Strategic investment and sustainability efforts boosted Rwanda’s tourism revenues to CHF 1.9 trillion and nearly 386,000 jobs. The sector is expected to reach CHF 2.1 trillion and over 402,000 jobs by 2025, thanks to Rwanda’s focus on conservation-based, high-value tourism experiences.

Delegates call for farmer-centred solutions at Rwanda agriculture tech forum

At ACAT in Kigali, delegates called for urgent investment in farmer-centred agricultural technologies to empower smallholder farmers. Minister Mark Cyubahiro Bagabe emphasised equipping farmers with knowledge and tools to tackle modern agriculture challenges. AATF’s Canisius Kanangire noted the forum builds on innovation to address climate change, pests, and diseases. ACAT runs through Thursday, bringing together over 800 participants to discuss science, technology, and innovation for agriculture.

This year’s sales have fallen below the $258.2 million from 89.8 million kg sold at $2.87/kg in the same period last year, according to an Auction Holdings Limited (AHL) Tobacco Sales Limited report for the week ending June 6.

The revenue comes from 83.6 million kg of tobacco sold at an average price of $2.47/kg, nearly doubling from 44.7 million kilograms in week six. Tobacco Commission (TC) spokesperson Telephorus Chigwenembe said in an interview on Saturday, June 7, “The average price has been improving in recent weeks, a development that could have a positive effect on the revenues.”

Prices rose from $2.36/kg in week six to $2.40/kg, $2.43/kg, $2.45/kg, and $2.47/kg in weeks seven through nine.

Tama Farmers Trust CEO Nixon Lita, in a separate Saturday interview, attributed the price increase to better quality, stating, “It is a good development to see that the average price has gone up. We expect to see more of such increases as we are getting less of the bottom leaf and moving to the upper leaves as the season progresses.”

Ministry of Agriculture’s controller of agriculture extension services, Alfred Mwenifumbo, emphasised future strategies, saying, “The government through the tobacco regulatory body wants to focus on value-addition and increased productivity to enable the country to realise more from the crop.”

“For example, in the past, the industry was a monopoly of smallholder farmers, farmers with land holdings of less than one hectare or two hectares. We are now talking of inviting mega farms, that is, farmers owning more than 20 hectares all the way to 100 hectares. We are hopeful that by 2030, there will be more large-scale farmers and the industry will grow,” he added.

The TC’s five-year plan promotes large-scale farming and modern technology to boost output and quality, addressing low prices.

Malawi’s 2025 tobacco production is projected at 174.4 million kg, below the 213 million kg buyer demand, compared to 133 million kg in 2024. Tobacco accounts for over 50% of foreign exchange earnings and 13% of GDP, underscoring its economic weight.

Disclaimer: The image for the article was AI-generated

The strategy targets key sectors—agriculture, phosphate processing, oil production, and services like telecommunications, finance, and tourism—to boost intra-African trade. The review assessed the five-year action plan, identified challenges and opportunities, and prepared for its upcoming revision amid evolving regional and global dynamics.

The technical committee evaluated the strategy’s implementation, focusing on its strengths, weaknesses, and alignment with sectoral activities. The review highlighted Togo’s progress in prioritising value chains, such as soybeans ( production increased twelvefold from 25,000 tonnes in 2015 to 300,000 tonnes in 2022), cotton, and phosphates, critical for export growth. Challenges included regional competition, non-tariff barriers, and infrastructure gaps, with logistics costs accounting for up to 40% of trading goods across African nations. Recommendations included enhancing digital trade tools, streamlining regulations, and strengthening public-private partnerships to improve competitiveness.

The committee addressed emerging issues, such as new AfCFTA protocols on digital trade and investment, and the need for operational tools to navigate global economic shifts, including supply chain disruptions and rising energy prices. Togo’s strategy aligns with its National Development Plan (2018–2022) and emphasises regional integration within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

The AfCFTA, launched in 2021, creates a single market for 1.3 billion people with a combined GDP of $3.4 trillion, projected to double by 2050, and could increase intra-African trade by 33.8% by 2045 .

According to Livestock Development Minister Idi Maiha, Nigeria aims to double its milk production from 700,000 tonnes to 1.4 million tonnes annually within the next five years.

The goal is to close the wide gap between how much milk the country consumes and what it produces.

Nigeria currently produces less than half the 1.6 million tonnes of milk it consumes each year, forcing it to rely on imports to meet demand.

This has placed a burden on foreign exchange reserves and slowed the growth of local dairy businesses.

Although Nigeria has more than 20 million cattle, most are low-yield breeds managed by pastoralist communities.

Minister Maiha said a Nigerian farm has already begun importing high-yielding dairy cows from Denmark and is expanding its herd through structured breeding practices.

He added that the government has introduced eight new types of pasture for the first time in nearly five decades.

A new national plan for animal genetics is also being implemented with support from the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation.

Officials believe building a stronger local dairy industry will help stabilise food prices and improve nutrition while strengthening the naira, which has shown signs of improvement on the foreign exchange market in recent months.

By focusing on breeding better cattle, improving grazing land, and investing in local farms, authorities say Nigeria can move from a heavy milk importer to a self-reliant producer in the near future.

“When you look at the global backdrop and what happened with the war in Ukraine and, given my first-hand experience, I said to myself that Africa is too reliant on other countries, on Europe, on Asia and that Africa has the potential to feed the world,” Forrest said in an interview for Global South World. 

Forrest, whose businesses cultivate tens of thousands of hectares of land in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has turned author for a new book called: Africa Can Feed the World. He says his experiences in the fertile, untapped landscapes of his homeland have convinced him that a tipping point, first towards self-sufficiency and then towards agri-exports, is far nearer than people realise.

Africa holds 60% of the world’s uncultivated arable land, according to the World Bank, yet contributes less than 10% of global agricultural output. This paradox is not due to poor soil or climate — in fact, regions such as the Guinea Savannah and the Congolese Plateau offer fertile soils, reliable rainfall, and abundant water reserves. Rather, the gap stems from decades of underinvestment in rural infrastructure, poor access to markets and finance, and minimal technological input.

Forrest points to the example of Brazil. Between the 1970s and early 2000s, Brazil transformed its Cerrado region - a once-dismissed savannah - into one of the world’s most productive agricultural zones. This was achieved through a combination of state research institutions, incentives for private sector investment, and the development of infrastructure like rural roads and silos. Today, Brazil is the world’s largest exporter of soybeans, beef, and poultry. 

As climate change threatens traditional breadbaskets like the American Midwest, Australia, and parts of India due to extreme weather events and soil degradation, some parts of sub-Saharan Africa may be able to make up the deficit.

However, he is scathing about the attitude of external players, and Europe in particular. As European policymakers riding a nationalist populist wave seek to close borders and cut development funding, Forrest warns that they may one day regret treating Africa as a threat.

‘Broken ties’

“The day when Europe has nothing, it will be dependent on others. And it will depend on whom? That’s what I’m saying. That in 2050, if we are not careful, it’s Europe which will be migrating to Africa…. So we need to maintain the ties that we have broken. That is what I am asking. That Europe comes to its senses and considers Africa rather as a partner, not to exploit but for win-win relations.”

In particular, Forrest is critical of policies which prevent younger generations of Africans from travelling to Europe to study - a decision which pushes them towards Russia, China and India, where they will develop relationships and sympathies for the future. By 2050, Africa’s population is projected to exceed 2.5 billion people, with over 60% under the age of 25. 

Forrest’s criticisms extend to the international justice system, which he sees as unfairly focused on Africa.

“When you look at cases around illicitly obtained assets, who gets prosecuted? Only Africans. What about the Middle East? Have we seen asset appropriation there? Did we prosecute people from China or elsewhere? No. Let’s be fair, we can’t have two standards, two tiers, let’s be evenhanded.”

Indeed, Forrest sees the fight against corruption waged upon Africa as being counterproductive, because it drives away the investment which is needed to improve the situation. Non-governmental organisations that come with lectures and impose standards bring nothing but drive away business investment, he claims.

“The more you have investors, the more you have promising projects. The more the government and the authorities are forced to keep rules and structures, the more you will have a better justice system because corruption will gradually disappear. It’s true that it is a curse, but let’s be realistic.”

Dare to dream

But for Forrest, everything comes back to agriculture, which has the potential both to supercharge African economies and remove the curse of hunger and poor nutrition from their populations. 

The African Development Bank estimates that agriculture could be worth $1 trillion to the continent’s economy by 2030. But the scale of investment required is also significant - estimated at $80 billion per year.

While the scale of the ambition requires industrial methods, Forrest remains convinced that there can still be a place for smaller family farms. And he insists that increasing food production will not threaten the ecological marvels of the tropical forests of Congo or other nations.

“It’s not a question of replacing the forests. We don’t need to touch the forests. There’s plenty of available space, even in the Savannah.”

Forrest is an optimist, but also a pragmatist. He believes greater use of science and technology is essential to achieving his vision. His giant agri-food business GoCongo, uses extensive soil testing to determine which crops are best suited to each area. This choice needs to be informed by study, not habit, he states. As an example, he highlights French efforts to impose rice cultivation in the country to replace stocks lost after the demise of IndoChina, which were often poorly located and resulted in low yields.

But with science, human effort and natural bounty, Forrest is confident Africa’s detractors will be proved wrong and his 2050 vision will come to pass.

“In order to do something, first you need a dream. When you dream, you have a goal in mind. This is what you do to achieve it.”

Egypt has significantly boosted its potato exports to Russia in the first quarter of 2025, sending 274,500 tonnes, a dramatic increase from 59,300 tonnes in 2024. Russia overall imported 432,200 tonnes of potatoes, nearly four times the previous year's volume. Additionally, Egypt exported 13,000 tonnes of onions to Russia, showing a notable increase from 7,600 tonnes in 2024. This export surge follows discussions led by Sergey Dankvert of Rosselkhoznadzor and Egyptian officials regarding mutual agricultural trade, amidst a backdrop of rising potato prices in Russia.

Decline of Egypt's donkey population raises health concerns

Egypt's donkey population has plummeted from 3 million in the 1990s to below 1 million, prompting public health concerns as reports of illegal slaughter for meat emerge. Hussein Abu Saddam of the Farmers’ Union highlighted the issues in a recent interview, citing modernisation and high maintenance costs as key factors driving the decline, along with a booming black market for donkey hides. Egypt Today reports that despite donkey meat's prohibition, it reportedly ends up in restaurants, sparking fears among consumers regarding food safety and animal welfare. 

Egyptian cinema shines at Cannes Film Festival

At the 78th Cannes Film Festival, Egyptian cinema garnered attention with the screening of 'Aisha Can't Fly Away,' by Morad Mostafa, featured in the prestigious Un Certain Regard section. The film offers a poignant examination of refugee life in East Cairo and showcases notable performances, Dawn reports. Alongside prominent Arab figures in attendance, Egypt also reinstated its Al-Mahrousa Pavilion to promote the national film industry and foster global networking opportunities.

Egypt sentences prominent dissident to six months in prison

Egypt has handed a new six-month prison sentence to opposition figure and former presidential hopeful Hisham Kassem for defaming a former labour minister, his lawyer told AFP. The sentence, issued in absentia as Kassem is currently abroad, comes months after he was released in February 2024 following a previous six-month jail term that barred him from running in the December 2023 presidential election. Kassem was reportedly not informed of the new charges, which his lawyer described as “very concerning.” Human rights groups have condemned the ruling , calling it a politically motivated attempt to silence dissent.

Egypt purchases 2.5 million tonnes of wheat from local farmers

As of this season, Egypt has procured 2.5 million metric tons of wheat from local farmers, indicating a slight increase compared to 2024. Despite a reduction in cultivated wheat areas, the government anticipates purchasing between 4 and 5 million tonnes to ensure national bread supply, backed by a 10% price rise for farmers. Egypt plans to import an additional 6 million tonnes to sustain its heavily subsidised bread programme for over 69 million citizens.