Salazar's political career began in 1926 when he was appointed Minister of Finance under a military-led government . His reputation for financial prudence and economic stabilization earned him widespread recognition. In 1932, he ascended to the position of Prime Minister, solidifying his authority and shaping Portugal's political landscape for nearly four decades.

The Estado Novo Regime

Under Salazar's leadership, Portugal transitioned into an authoritarian state marked by strict political control , censorship, and opposition repression. The Estado Novo emphasised nationalism and corporatism, seeking to maintain social order through a hierarchical and state-controlled economic structure. A central tenet of his governance was "Portugalidade," a policy promoting the country's cultural and historical identity while reinforcing colonial rule over African and Asian territories.

He prioritised economic stability, advocating for fiscal conservatism and protectionist policies . His administration implemented a series of infrastructure projects, state-owned enterprises, and agricultural reforms aimed at fostering self-sufficiency. While these measures contributed to economic growth and stability, critics argue that his rigid economic policies stifled modernization and limited Portugal's industrial development.

Foreign Policy and International Relations

During World War II, Salazar maintained Portugal’s official neutrality, although his government maintained economic and diplomatic ties with the Allies and Axis powers. Post-war, Portugal became a founding member of NATO and later joined the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), reflecting its strategic position in Western geopolitics. However, Salazar's staunch defence of Portugal’s colonial empire increasingly isolated the country on the international stage, particularly during the decolonization movements of the mid-20th century.

Legacy and Impact

Salazar’s legacy remains a subject of debate. Supporters credit him with ensuring economic stability and preventing Portugal from being drawn into major conflicts. However, his authoritarian rule, suppression of civil liberties, and resistance to democratic reforms have been widely condemned. The Estado Novo persisted until 1974 when the Carnation Revolution led to its collapse and the establishment of a democratic government.

Following a stroke in 1968 that left him incapacitated, Salazar was replaced as Prime Minister by Marcelo Caetano. He remained unaware of his removal from office until his death on July 27, 1970.

This marked the first time an Arab dictator was ousted by a popular uprising, rather than a coup, sparking the Arab Spring's transformative wave across the Middle East and North Africa .

The Arab Spring, which began in Tunisia in 2010, was a pro-democracy movement that shook the foundations of authoritarian rule, toppling several long-standing leaders.

Key leaders ousted include:

- Egypt's Hosni Mubarak: Stepped down in February 2011 after nearly 30 years in power, following mass protests .

- Libya's Muammar Gaddafi: Suffered a violent downfall in October 2011, after ruling since 1969.

- Yemen's Ali Abdullah Saleh: Resigned under pressure in February 2012, after leading the country for over three decades.

-Bashar al-Assad: Served as the President of Syria from 2000 until December 2024. Assad's presidency was characterized by a highly centralized and authoritarian regime, with numerous reports of human rights violations and severe repression.

The Arab Spring's impact was profound, reshaping the regional landscape and inspiring hopes for democratic reform. However, the aftermath has been complex, with ongoing challenges and uncertainties in many countries.