On October 3, 2025, South Africa’s Constitutional Court ruled that the country’s existing parental leave laws are unconstitutional. Under the old regime, new moms were entitled to four months of maternity leave, while fathers got just 10 days of paternity leave.

The Court found that this disparity was discriminatory and violated principles of equality and human dignity.

As an interim remedy, the Court ordered that both parents may now share a total of four months and 10 days of parental leave. That means couples can divide the time however they choose, either sequentially, concurrently, or in other combinations.

Parliament has been given 36 months to amend the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA) and related laws to align with the constitutional directive.

South Africa’s move joins a growing list of countries in the Global South that are already giving fathers’ leave entitlements.

In Peru, for example, fathers are entitled to 21 weeks of paid paternity leave, while in Laos, paternity leave is legally 17 weeks. In Benin, the statutory paternity leave is 12 weeks of paid leave. Rwanda continues with 16 weeks, and Comoros at 15 weeks.

According to Middle East Eye , the bill would enable Israeli courts to impose capital punishment on Palestinians convicted of murder, especially when the motive is deemed “nationalistic” or “ideological.”

However, it would not apply to Israeli citizens, including settlers, who kill Palestinians under similar circumstances. The proposal, championed by Limor Son Har-Melech of the far-right Otzma Yehudit party and backed by National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, has ignited fierce debate about discrimination, legality, and timing amid ongoing conflict in Gaza.

Legal experts and government officials have already raised red flags. The committee’s legal adviser reportedly warned that the vote may be invalid because it was held during the Knesset’s recess and without consultation with key security bodies.

Gal Hirsch, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s coordinator for hostages, cautioned that pressing ahead with the bill could endanger Israeli captives still held in Gaza.

Opposition lawmakers described the measure as “ an act of unprecedented savagery ,” arguing it risks institutionalising a two-tier justice system, one that applies capital punishment only to Palestinians.

Israel formally abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes in 1954. Since then, it has been reserved only for extreme cases such as genocide or treason, with the country’s sole execution being that of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in 1962.

Although several attempts have been made in recent decades to revive capital punishment for terrorism, none have become law.

While many countries have embraced marriage equality, others continue to criminalise same-sex intimacy, in some cases with the death penalty.

A world of contrasts

Criminalisation and danger

Death Penalty: In countries shaded deep red and burgundy on the above map, including Iran, parts of Nigeria , and regions under militant control, consensual same-sex intercourse can legally be punished by death. Even where the death penalty is "not enforced," the threat looms large.

Imprisonment and Discrimination: Many parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia criminalise same-sex relationships with varying degrees of severity. Countries like Uganda, Pakistan, and Malaysia impose prison sentences, sometimes accompanied by public shaming or denial of healthcare and employment.