Recent figures show that the worldwide total reached approximately 101.7 million colonies in 2024, marking a 46.6% increase compared with 1990 levels. The expansion reflects rising demand for pollination services and honey production, particularly in developing economies.

Asia accounts for the largest share, with around 45.2 million colonies, nearly half of the global total, and the fastest long-term growth rate at over 95% since 1990. China, the world’s leading honey producer, has been a major driver of this increase, supported by large-scale commercial beekeeping and agricultural intensification.

Europe remains the second-largest region, with about 25.4 million colonies, though growth has been more modest at just over 13%. Despite stable overall numbers, several European countries have reported periodic colony losses linked to factors such as pesticide exposure, habitat loss and climate change, according to FAO assessments.

Africa has seen a notable rise, with colony numbers climbing nearly 38% to 18.5 million . FAO data suggests that traditional and smallholder beekeeping systems continue to underpin growth across the continent, where honey production plays a key role in rural livelihoods.

In the Americas, colonies increased by around 20% to 11.6 million. However, the United States and parts of Latin America have faced well-documented challenges, including colony collapse disorder and disease, which have offset stronger gains elsewhere in the region.

Oceania, while accounting for the smallest share at roughly 1.1 million colonies, recorded a 44.7% increase over the same period.

The FAO notes that while global colony numbers are rising, this does not necessarily indicate improving bee health . In several advanced agricultural systems, higher colony counts are often maintained through intensive management practices, including artificial feeding and replacement of lost colonies.

Pollinators such as honey bees are critical to global food production, contributing to the reproduction of around 75% of crop species worldwide, according to FAO estimates. Their economic value is measured in hundreds of billions of dollars annually.

The Chicago-headquartered group reported confectionery sales of $38.5 billion, maintaining a clear lead over rival Mars Inc., which posted $36 billion in revenue from its sprawling snacks division.

Italian firm Ferrero Group secured third place with $22.2 billion, while The Hershey Company and Nestlé rounded out the top five with $11.7 billion and $11 billion respectively, underscoring continued dominance by a handful of multinational players.

The latest rankings highlight the enduring influence of a small cluster of global heavyweights often referred to as “Big Chocolate”, including Mondelēz, Mars, Ferrero, Hershey and Nestlé, which collectively command a significant share of global confectionery revenue.

These companies benefit from vast manufacturing networks, strong brand portfolios and global distribution systems, allowing them to maintain scale advantages even as consumer tastes evolve.

Beyond the top five, Japan ’s Meiji Co., Switzerland’s Lindt & Sprüngli, Germany’s Haribo, Italy-based Perfetti Van Melle and UK-based Pladis complete the top 10 list, reflecting a mix of heritage European brands and Asian growth players.

The rankings come against a backdrop of steady growth in the global candy market, which is valued at approximately $78.8 billion in 2026 and projected to reach nearly $99 billion by 2031.

Manufacturers are increasingly responding to changing consumer preferences, including demand for premium products, reduced-sugar formulations and plant-based ingredients.

Digital commerce is also reshaping distribution, with online candy sales growing steadily as companies expand direct-to-consumer channels.

At the same time, emerging markets in Asia-Pacific are driving future growth, supported by rising incomes and urbanisation, even as Europe and North America remain the largest revenue centres.

Recent data from Numbeo and GlobalProductPrices show that consumers in Switzerland now pay around $7.73 for a dozen large eggs, the highest globally, followed by New Zealand at roughly $6.19 and Puerto Rico at $5.64. Denmark, the Netherlands and Luxembourg also rank among the most expensive markets, reflecting broader cost pressures across high-income economies.

While European and developed markets dominate the top tier, prices in countries such as India, Pakistan and Nigeria remain below $2 per dozen, highlighting wide gaps in production costs, labour and purchasing power.

At the centre of the price spike is a prolonged outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu , which decimated poultry flocks worldwide in 2024 and 2025. Millions of egg-laying hens have been culled to contain the disease, sharply reducing supply and pushing prices higher.

In the United States alone, egg supply fell by as much as 15–20% during peak outbreaks, contributing to price spikes that exceeded $6–$8 per dozen in some regions.

The economic mechanics are straightforward, as fewer hens mean fewer eggs, creating a supply deficit that drives prices upward in a market where demand remains relatively inelastic.

Beyond disease outbreaks, producers are grappling with escalating input costs. Feed prices, particularly for corn and soybean meal, along with higher energy, transport and labour costs, have significantly increased the cost of egg production globally.

Regulatory changes are also playing a role. In countries such as Switzerland and New Zealand, stricter animal welfare standards and transitions to cage-free farming systems have raised operational costs, which are ultimately passed on to consumers.

Faced with persistent volatility, producers are investing heavily in biosecurity measures and rebuilding flocks, though recovery remains slow because hens require time to mature and resume laying.

Exporters and importers, meanwhile, are adapting trade flows to stabilise supply. Governments in some countries are exploring increased egg imports and financial support for farmers to cushion the impact of shortages and price swings.

Retailers and food manufacturers have also adjusted, introducing purchase limits and reformulating products to reduce reliance on eggs amid elevated prices.

But World Reframed is made of sterner stuff so we decided to enter the Jollof Wars.

What is Jollof rice?

At its core, Jollof rice is a one-pot dish made with rice, tomatoes, peppers, onions, and a blend of spices. Simple on paper.

In reality, it is anything but.

Across West Africa , Jollof is a symbol. It sits at the centre of celebrations, gatherings, and everyday life. In countries like Ghana and Nigeria, no event feels complete without it. It is not just a dish - it is a statement.

Where did Jollof come from?

Historically, Senegal is widely credited as the origin of Jollof rice, linked to the Wollof people of Senegal and The Gambia.

Interestingly, in Senegal it is not even called Jollof. The dish is known as Thieboudienne, pronounced Chee-boo-Jen, and is typically made with fish and vegetables in a more stew-like style.

But while Senegal may have started the story, the loudest voices in the modern debate belong to Ghana and Nigeria.

When the debate went global

For years, the Jollof debate lived online. Then in 2017, it spilled into the real world.

Festivals and competitions were held in cities like Accra, Lagos, and even Washington DC, turning a cultural rivalry into an international spectacle.

The results only added fuel to the fire:

Yes, no tomatoes. Chaos.

And Ghana? No wins that year. A detail quietly left in the past.

Fast forward to 2025, and Nigeria secured another major victory - this time in Accra itself. For Ghanaians, that one stung.

So what is the difference?

Despite the arguments, each version of Jollof rice reflects its country’s culinary identity.

Ghana Jollof

Nigeria Jollof

Senegal (Thieboudienne)

Gambia Jollof

So yes - everyone is doing something different. And still arguing about who does it best.

The recipe: Ghana Jollof rice

If you want to understand the debate, you have to try it yourself.

Step 1 - The base

Blend tomatoes, onions, peppers, garlic, and ginger into a smooth mixture.

Step 2 - The stew

Fry tomato paste with onions, then add the blended mixture. Let it cook down until thick, rich, and deeply flavoured.

Step 3 - Seasoning

Add spices such as curry powder, thyme, and bay leaves. Pour in your protein stock for depth.

Step 4 - The rice

Add washed rice directly into the stew, allowing it to absorb all the flavour.

Step 5 - The magic

Cook on low heat with a tight cover. Let it steam, not boil.

The secret is patience and balance. Ghana Jollof is not aggressive - it is confident.

More than food

Jollof rice has moved beyond the plate. It appears in music, pop culture, and everyday language. Entire songs have been written about it, sometimes as humour, sometimes as rivalry, sometimes even as metaphor.

It is food, but it is also storytelling.

So who actually has the best Jollof?

Ask a Ghanaian, and the answer is obvious. Ask a Nigerian, and you will get the same certainty.

Ask anyone else, and you may get a diplomatic response.

Perhaps that is the real point.

The Jollof Wars are not about winning. They are about pride, identity, and the joy of sharing something deeply rooted in culture . There are no casualties - only full stomachs and bruised egos.

And if even the King of England and the King of YouTube refuse to choose a side, perhaps you do not need to either.

World Reframed episode 34

World Reframed is produced in London by Global South World, part of the Impactum Group. Its editors are Duncan Hooper and Ismail Akwei.

ISSN 2978-4891

A regional breakdown of agricultural strengths shows Brazil at the forefront, producing major export crops including coffee, soybeans, corn, sugarcane and beef. Argentina follows closely, with strong output in soybeans, corn, wheat and beef, consolidating the Southern Cone’s role as a global breadbasket.

The trend reflects broader projections from Market Data Forecast, which estimates that Latin America’s agriculture market will continue to expand steadily, driven by rising global demand for food, biofuels and agricultural exports.

Brazil and Argentina anchor regional output

Brazil remains the world’s largest producer of coffee and one of the top exporters of soybeans and beef, according to international trade data. Its scale and diversified production base have positioned it as a cornerstone of global food supply chains.

Argentina, meanwhile, plays a pivotal role in global grain markets. As one of the leading exporters of soymeal and corn, the country is a key supplier to both Asian and European markets.

Market Data Forecast notes that strong export demand, coupled with technological adoption in farming, is expected to sustain growth across these sectors in the coming years.

Diverse specialisations across the region

Beyond the largest economies, Latin America’s agricultural landscape is defined by specialisation.

Mexico has built a strong export profile in high-value crops such as avocados, tomatoes and berries, supported by proximity to the United States and favourable trade agreements. The country is now one of the world’s top avocado exporters.

Colombia and Ecuador dominate in tropical commodities. Colombia is globally recognised for its coffee and cut flowers, while Ecuador leads in banana exports and is a major player in shrimp farming.

Peru and Chile have emerged as key exporters of premium agricultural goods. Peru has expanded rapidly in avocados, grapes and asparagus, while Chile’s agricultural sector is anchored by fruit exports, wine production and a globally competitive salmon industry.

According to Market Data Forecast, this diversification is helping the region reduce dependency on a narrow set of commodities, while tapping into higher-margin export markets.

Growing role in global food security

Latin America’s agricultural expansion comes at a time of increasing global concern over food security . The region accounts for a significant share of global exports in soybeans, maize, coffee and beef, making it essential to international supply chains.

Paraguay and Uruguay, though smaller in scale, contribute meaningfully through soybean production, beef exports and dairy products. Costa Rica, meanwhile, continues to supply global markets with coffee, bananas and pineapples.

Market Data Forecast highlights that favourable climate conditions, abundant land resources and increasing investment in agri-tech are strengthening the region’s competitive advantage.

Data compiled from CompaniesMarketCap as of March 2026 shows U.S.-based McDonald’s following closely with a valuation of roughly $234 billion, while British multinational Unilever ranks third at around $147 billion.

The rankings highlight how scale, brand strength and global distribution continue to define leadership in the food sector, even as newer business models such as food delivery platforms gain ground.

Nestlé’s lead reflects its diversified portfolio, spanning packaged foods, beverages, nutrition and pet care. The company’s global footprint and ability to adapt products to local markets have helped it maintain a strong valuation despite shifting consumer preferences.

McDonald’s, the world’s largest fast-food chain by revenue, remains a close competitor, driven by its franchising model and consistent global demand. Analysts say its resilience during economic downturns has made it a strong performer in public markets.

Unilever, with a wide range of food and consumer goods brands, continues to benefit from its presence across both developed and emerging markets.

Further down the list, U.S.-based DoorDash, valued at about $80 billion, signals the growing importance of delivery platforms in the food ecosystem. Its inclusion alongside traditional manufacturers points to changing consumption patterns, where convenience and digital access are increasingly central .

Snack and confectionery giant Mondelez International, valued at approximately $75 billion, reflects continued demand for branded packaged foods, particularly in emerging markets.

India’s Hindustan Unilever, with a market capitalisation of nearly $57 billion, stands out as one of the few major players rooted in an emerging economy . Its strong domestic base and distribution network highlight the rising importance of large consumer markets outside the West.

UK-based Compass Group, valued at around $53 billion, represents the food services segment, supplying meals to institutions such as schools, hospitals and corporate clients.

France’s Danone, with a valuation of about $52 billion, remains a key player in dairy and plant-based products, while U.S.-based Chipotle Mexican Grill, at roughly $49 billion, reflects growing investor interest in fast-casual dining.

The Hershey Company, valued at around $46 billion, rounds out the top tier, driven by steady demand in the confectionery segment.

According to CompaniesMarketCap data, the composition of the top food companies shows a balance between legacy multinationals and newer entrants adapting to digital consumption trends.

The figures highlight the growing role of school feeding initiatives in tackling hunger, improving child nutrition and boosting school attendance worldwide.

Data summarised by WFP show that large-scale programmes across Asia, Africa, and the Americas collectively reach hundreds of millions of students each year, with developing and emerging economies dominating the list of countries serving the most children.

India’s Midday Meal Scheme, officially known as the PM POSHAN programme, is the largest school feeding initiative globally. It provides cooked meals to primary and secondary school students in government schools nationwide.

According to India’s Ministry of Education and WFP reports, the programme reaches approximately 118 million beneficiaries, making it the most extensive school meal system in the world.

Experts say the initiative plays a critical role in improving educational outcomes.

“School meals increase attendance, reduce malnutrition and support cognitive development,” the World Food Programme says in its global school feeding overview.

Indonesia ranks second globally, with 61.2 million total beneficiaries, including about 49 million students receiving school-only meals, according to data updated on March 3, 2026.

The Indonesian government has been expanding nutrition programmes aimed at tackling childhood stunting and improving learning outcomes.

Large-scale feeding programmes are increasingly seen as a tool to address both poverty and education challenges simultaneously.

Several major economies also operate extensive school feeding systems.

The latest WFP-linked summary shows:

Brazil’s National School Feeding Programme (PNAE) is widely regarded as one of the world’s most comprehensive systems , linking school meals with local agricultural supply chains.

In the United States, the National School Lunch Program, administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, provides free or subsidised meals to tens of millions of children each school day.

Beyond the top five, several countries run national programmes feeding millions of students daily.

Other major programmes include:

In Africa, countries such as South Africa, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya and Malawi have also scaled up school feeding programmes to address food insecurity and encourage school attendance.

Nigeria’s National Home-Grown School Feeding Programme, for example, provides meals to nearly 10 million children while supporting local farmers who supply food to schools.

Data compiled from Yum China, Yum Brands and regional franchise reports shows that China hosts around 13,000 KFC outlets, making it by far the company’s biggest market globally. The United States, where Colonel Harland Sanders founded the chain in Kentucky in the 1950s, has more than 4,100 locations, according to company disclosures and franchise data.

The numbers reflect a broader transformation in the fast-food sector, where emerging markets in Asia and Africa are increasingly driving growth for Western restaurant brands.

KFC entered China in 1987, opening its first outlet near Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Since then, the brand has expanded rapidly across the country.

Today, the business is operated by Yum China Holdings, which manages KFC as its largest restaurant brand. The company reported thousands of new outlets across hundreds of Chinese cities, making it the largest quick-service restaurant network in the country.

Industry analysts say KFC’s success in China comes from adapting its menu and strategy to local tastes. In addition to fried chicken, Chinese outlets offer items such as congee, egg tarts, and rice bowls, a localisation approach often cited by restaurant industry analysts.

Despite China’s dominance, the United States remains the historical home of KFC.

Colonel Sanders began franchising his fried chicken recipe in 1952 , eventually building the brand into one of the world ’s most recognisable fast-food chains.

According to Yum Brands, KFC now operates tens of thousands of restaurants across more than 150 countries and territories, making it one of the most widely distributed restaurant brands globally.

However, mature markets like the U.S. have slower growth compared with Asia and emerging economies.

Several Asian countries appear among the top KFC markets worldwide.

Japan has over 1,200 restaurants, while India operates more than 1,100 locations and Thailand roughly 1,150 outlets, according to franchise reports and regional market estimates.

KFC’s popularity in Japan is particularly notable because of its long-standing association with Christmas celebrations, a marketing campaign launched in the 1970s that turned the brand into a holiday tradition.

Indonesia and Malaysia also rank among the top global markets, reflecting the brand’s strong foothold in Southeast Asia .

Outside Asia, South Africa hosts more than 1,000 KFC outlets, making it the largest KFC market on the African continent.

Meanwhile, the United Kingdom and Ireland together operate more than 1,000 restaurants, one of the brand’s strongest markets in Europe.

Australia, with more than 800 locations, remains another major market for the fried chicken chain.

Higher sodium levels would face higher tax rates, similar to the structure used for Thailand’s sugar tax introduced in 2017.

Foods prepared and sold on-site, including fast food, would be exempt from the levy.

This tax would likely be rolled out in phases to allow manufacturers time to adjust product formulations. Under the proposal, the highest-sodium products could initially face lower tax rates for at least six years before stricter thresholds take effect.

“The goal is to encourage manufacturers to reformulate their products and gradually reduce sodium content,” said Rachada Wanikakorn, deputy director-general of the Excise Department.

She noted that implementing a salt tax may be more complicated than the sugar levy because sodium has fewer substitutes in food production.

Why the need for such a tax?

The policy proposal comes as Thailand grapples with widespread excessive sodium intake.

A national health survey conducted in 2024 to 2025 found that Thais aged 15 and above consume an average of about 3,650 milligrams of sodium daily — nearly double the World Health Organization’s recommended maximum of 2,000 milligrams.

The study, carried out by Ramathibodi Hospital with the Health Systems Research Institute and the ThaiHealth Foundation, found that about 88% of the population exceeds the recommended daily sodium intake. 

Health authorities warn that excessive sodium intake is contributing to the growing burden of non-communicable diseases in the country, including hypertension, kidney disease and cardiovascular conditions .

The government aims to reduce sodium consumption by 30% by 2030 under its Strategic Approach to Lower Sodium and Salt (SALTS) strategy.

Mixed reactions

But the proposed policy drew cheers and jeers, with supporters saying a tax could push manufacturers to lower sodium levels in processed foods and help reshape dietary habits.

For critics, however, such levies could disproportionately affect lower-income households, which tend to rely more heavily on inexpensive packaged foods. Others note that salty ingredients, including fish sauce, are deeply embedded in Thai cuisine, potentially limiting the effectiveness of the measure.

Similar public health taxes in countries such as Hungary and Colombia have produced mixed results, with debate continuing over their long-term impact on food consumption.

The southern states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg emerge as corporate powerhouses.

In Bavaria, cities like Munich and Ingolstadt are anchors for automotive giants such as Audi and BMW. Just to the west in Stuttgart (Baden-Württemberg), the global headquarters of Mercedes-Benz Group and engineering group Porsche AG sit alongside high-tech suppliers like Bosch and automation specialist KUKA.

These firms are central to Germany’s reputation as the world’s leading exporter of vehicles and machinery, a status backed by federal data showing that automotive and mechanical engineering account for significant portions of national exports.

This region also houses SAP, Germany’s most valuable tech company and one of the largest enterprise software makers globally, headquartered in Walldorf.

Moving northwest, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) stands out for its industrial diversity.

City hubs such as Cologne, Düsseldorf and Essen host companies ranging from chemical and pharmaceutical firms to logistics players.

Corporations like Henkel (consumer goods), Deutsche Post DHL Group (logistics and shipping) and RWE (energy) anchor the region, which historically developed through coal and steel before evolving into a modern services and industrial base.

The Ruhr Valley, once Europe’s industrial heartland, continues to host major employers and head offices tied to manufacturing, chemicals and power generation, a reflection of how Germany has transitioned from heavy industry to high-tech and sustainability-focused sectors.

In the north, port cities like Hamburg and Bremen appear as hubs for shipping and trade. Hapag-Lloyd , one of the world’s largest container shipping companies, is headquartered in Hamburg, as are major logistics and trade firms. The North Sea ports are central to Germany’s external trade, handling cargo flows that connect Europe with Asia and North America.

Though historically industrial regions east of the old Berlin Wall lagged in corporate headquarters, the map shows new growth sectors.

Berlin, the capital, has become a centre for tech start-ups and digital media companies. While traditional industrial headquarters are fewer than in other regions, Berlin’s influence is rising through innovation and venture capital investment.

In eastern states like Saxony and Thuringia, specialised engineering and cleantech firms have headquarters there, mirroring national efforts to expand renewable energy and advanced manufacturing.

As of January 2026, the world’s largest providers of hot meals are not corporations; they are government-run schools and social feeding programmes serving tens of millions of meals every day.

At the top of the list is India’s Midday School Lunch Programme , which now delivers an estimated 120 million hot meals daily to children across the country. Launched in 1995, the programme has become the backbone of India’s education and nutrition policy, credited by the WEF with improving school attendance, child nutrition, and long-term economic outcomes. The scale is unmatched globally.

Close behind is Sodexo, the French catering multinational, which serves roughly 100 million meals a day across 55 countries. Sodexo’s reach spans schools, hospitals, prisons, corporate campuses and public institutions, making it the largest private-sector food services provider in the world.

Surprisingly, McDonald’s comes third. Despite operating in more than 120 countries, the fast-food giant serves about 68 million meals daily , placing it well behind public school feeding programmes.

Emerging economies are also increasingly central to this shift. Indonesia’s School and Infant Meals Programme, launched in 2025 , already serves 60 million meals per day, while Brazil’s national school feeding programme provides 40 million meals daily, continuing a system that dates back to 1955 and is often cited by the WEF as a global model for linking local agriculture to public nutrition.

However, traditional food service companies trail far behind. Compass Group serves about 15 million meals a day, followed by KFC at 12 million and Burger King at 11 million, despite their global footprints. Airline catering provider LSG Sky Chefs, which operates in 49 countries, rounds out the list with around 800,000 meals daily.

What this really shows is a quiet transformation of the global food system. Governments are no longer just regulators of food markets; they are among the world’s largest food providers.

According to the report titled "Savoury Snacks Leaders in Indonesia", 56% of consumers cite taste as the single most important factor when choosing a savoury snack, far ahead of any other attribute.

Health considerations matter, but they come second. 42.3% of respondents prioritise health factors, reinforcing that healthier positioning complements taste rather than replacing it. Only 1.6% say they are unsure what drives their snack choices, underlining how clearly defined consumer preferences are in this category.

SilverQueen leads in taste, quality, and overall brand strength

SilverQueen emerges as the category reference brand by leading or co-leading across the attributes that matter most to consumers.

On ingredient quality, SilverQueen ranks first with 52.7%, ahead of Chitato at 44.5% and Delfi at 44.2%. This gap signals a strong perception advantage that extends beyond marginal differences.

Taste performance follows a similar pattern. SilverQueen leads with 45.1%, while Beng Beng follows at 41%. Garuda Peanuts and Tango cluster closely behind at 38.4% and 38.3%, highlighting a competitive upper tier but a clear leader.

Value perception shows tighter competition. SilverQueen still leads at 40%, but Beng Beng and Tango both score 37.8%, with Malkist Roma at 37.7% and Garuda Peanuts at 37.6%. Consumers see value as widely available, but only a few brands manage to rise clearly above the rest.

Fun and variety are not competitive

On being a fun brand, SilverQueen and Tango share the top position at 33.8%, followed by Beng Beng at 32.4%. Kacang Dua Kelinci and Malkist Roma follow closely at 31.3% and 31%. Most brands fall within a narrow range between the high 20s and low 30s, showing limited differentiation.

Flavour variety follows the same pattern. Yupi leads with 27.4%, but the margin is modest. Chitato follows at 25.3%, with Malkist Roma at 24.6% and Kopiko at 23.6%. Many brands sit between 21% and 23%, confirming that variety is expected rather than distinctive.

Health perceptions are uneven

Garuda Peanuts leads perceptions of being healthier than competitors at 36.7%. Kacang Dua Kelinci and SilverQueen follow closely at 33.3% each. Several brands score around 30%, while others fall below 25%, showing uneven credibility across the category.

This reinforces a strategic choice for brands. Health can be a differentiator, but only when pursued clearly and consistently.

The Impactum Insights Brand Image Report was based on survey responses from about 1,094 Indonesian adults.

Export data shows that a small group of countries dominate the world market, with Ireland, the Netherlands and New Zealand taking the top spots.

Here’s a breakdown of the latest figures, what’s driving the rankings, and why it matters for consumers and producers around the world.

Ireland tops the charts

Ireland leads the world in butter exports, accounting for an estimated 17.3% of the global export value, or roughly $1.78 billion. That puts Ireland narrowly ahead of its European neighbour, the Netherlands.

Ireland’s success in butter exports stems from its dairy-centric agricultural model. With abundant grassland and a climate well-suited to pasture-based farming, Irish dairy cows produce milk rich in fat, ideal for making butter and other high-value dairy products.

Irish dairy cooperatives have also focused on export markets for decades, building strong distribution channels in Europe, the Middle East and beyond.

The Netherlands and New Zealand close behind

Hot on Ireland’s heels is the Netherlands, contributing about 17.0% of global butter export value with approximately $1.75 billion in shipments. The Dutch dairy sector is highly efficient, combining advanced processing technology with strong international logistics links through key ports such as Rotterdam.

Third in line is New Zealand, with 16.8% of exports valued at around $1.72 billion. New Zealand’s dairy industry is globally competitive because of its pasture-based system and the dominance of large, export-oriented cooperatives like Fonterra. Proximity to Asia , one of the fastest-growing markets for dairy, also helps New Zealand sustain its export volumes.

European powerhouses

After the top three, the landscape widens, but no country approaches the export shares of Ireland, the Netherlands and New Zealand:

These European producers benefit from large dairy industries that focus on a range of products, with butter playing a key role in their export mix.

Mid-tier and emerging exporters

Further down the list:

Even though the United States is one of the largest dairy producers globally, it exports less butter than smaller European and Oceanian countries. That’s partly because much U.S. butter stays in the domestic market, where demand is strong, and prices can be attractive for producers.

The flagship project of President Prabowo Subianto, the free nutritious meal programme, known by its Indonesian acronym MBG, is already feeding 55 million children , pregnant women and new mothers. Currently the second largest project of its kind in the world, after a similar project in India, it has grown exponentially over the past 12 months by harnessing private partnerships to create nearly 20,000 kitchens around the country.

The man in charge of the project, Dadan Hindayana, told Global South World that the impact was already being felt through higher school attendance rates and a boost to local economies.

"This is a very huge impact to the economy because once a service unit is built, it means 50 people will be joined directly in the service unit as the workers. And then we need one service unit, need a minimum of 15 suppliers for the supply of all materials. Just like rice, eggs, chicken, and so on and so on, vegetable, also fruit. Each day, we need 200 kilograms of rice, 350 kilograms of vegetables, 350 kilograms of fruit and also we need 3,000 eggs."

Each meal station also has its own nutritionist, tasked with finding the best combination of local ingredients to meet nutritional needs — particularly around protein — using locally sourced produce. Teams have even produced recipe books showcasing local cuisine based on their offerings. Each meal is budgeted at 15,000 rupiah, a little under one US dollar, and Dadan says nutritional value is the first priority, but creating meals that children enjoy is also key.

Crisis relief

When the country was hit by a massive cyclone at the end of last year, another benefit of the programme was revealed. With hundreds of thousands of people impacted by severe flooding, the food centres swung into action. Hundreds of kitchens operated at full capacity, producing millions of meals over the past month, he said.

"We already train the people, we have the logistics, and we have infrastructure. When the tragedy comes, we're ready."

With such an ambitious project and such tight timescales, Dadan accepts that some problems were inevitable. The programme has gained media attention as a result of a number of food poisoning incidents. Around half were attributable to the use of unclean water , he says, resulting in a new directive permitting use only of water certified as safe to drink. The rest of the incidents were the result of poor food hygiene processes, according to Dadan, who says that clear operating procedures have now been mandated.

The number of incidents is declining, he reports, and he has pledged to eliminate the problem in 2026.

Dadan said private and public benefactors had been crucial to the success of the programme, but also highlighted Prabowo's insistence on protecting its budget against many competing interests. The project has been allocated Rp335 trillion ($20 billion) for 2026.

What is cereulide?

Cereulide is a toxin produced by certain strains of the bacterium Bacillus cereus. Unlike many bacteria, cereulide is heat-stable, meaning it can survive cooking, pasteurisation and reheating.

Once ingested, the toxin can trigger symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps and diarrhoea, often within 30 minutes to six hours. In most healthy adults, symptoms usually pass within a day, but infants, young children and people with weakened immune systems face a higher risk of complications.

Why is it a concern in infant formula?

Infant formula is tightly regulated because babies rely on it as a primary source of nutrition. Even low levels of contamination can pose health risks, particularly because infants’ bodies are still developing.

There are currently no international standards setting an acceptable limit for cereulide in food, including baby formula. As a result, authorities often act cautiously when there is any indication the toxin could be present.

In this case, Nestlé said a “quality issue” was detected in an ingredient sourced from one of its major suppliers, prompting the company to recall affected batches as a preventive measure.

How widespread is the recall?

Health agencies in at least 37 countries have issued warnings or recalls linked to the affected products. Several of the recalled formulas were manufactured in Switzerland and distributed globally.

Some countries, including Singapore, have ordered a temporary stop to the sale of specific batches while investigations are ongoing. Nestlé has said that products in certain markets have been tested as safe, but regulators are continuing independent checks.

Are babies known to have fallen ill?

So far, no confirmed cases of illness linked to the recalled Nestlé infant formulas have been reported, according to health authorities.

However, parents and caregivers have been advised not to use the affected products as a precaution. Anyone whose child has consumed the formula and shows symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhoea is urged to seek medical advice promptly.

Its development has been closely tied to Singapore’s push for digitalisation. The farm’s AI capabilities were built with support from the Infocomm Media Development Authority’s Digital Leaders Programme, which also helped the firm hire data engineers and software developers.

Technology underpins much of the operation, from monitoring crop conditions to optimising energy consumption. Automation has reduced reliance on manpower, a critical advantage in a city where labour is costly and scarce.

Greenphyto has also been backed by the Singapore Food Agency’s Agri-food Cluster Transformation Fund, which supports local farms in adopting new technologies and raising productivity as part of national food security efforts.

Beyond production, demand remains a decisive issue. Drumming up interest in, and sales of, local produce is essential if urban farms are to thrive alongside cheaper imports.

As the company continues to scale up, managing costs will be critical.

Senior Minister of State for Sustainability and the Environment Zaqy Mohamad said it was important for production costs to be controlled so vegetables remain affordable and comparable in price to imported alternatives.

Greenphyto is also positioning itself as a technology exporter. The company has set up offices in Malaysia and the Netherlands to sell its vertical farming system globally.

It is additionally exploring plans to export its vegetables to Malaysia, extending its commercial footprint beyond Singapore’s domestic market.

To broaden its reach further, Greenphyto is planning a technology spin-off, Arber.ai, which will offer consultancy services to help other farms and local small and medium-sized enterprises adopt digital solutions in their operations.

The Indonesian government has announced a total ban on the import of rice, table sugar, and corn starting in 2026, citing rising domestic production and a push toward national food self-sufficiency. Senior official at the Coordinating Ministry for Food Affairs, Tatang Yuliono, said the decision follows a review of the 2026 National Commodity Balance, which shows the country has achieved self-reliance in these key staples for household consumption. Agriculture Minister Andi Amran Sulaiman said the policy was directed by President Prabowo Subianto to protect local farmers and breeders. The ban also includes industrial-grade rice imports, aimed at forcing businesses to source raw materials locally. The government projects table sugar production of 3 million tonnes and corn output of 18 million tonnes in 2026, both exceeding national demand, providing a buffer for price stability and food security.

Prabowo orders faster recovery of schools and hospitals after Sumatra disasters

Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto has instructed his cabinet to prioritise the restoration of schools, hospitals, and community health centres damaged by flash floods and landslides in Aceh, North Sumatra, and West Sumatra. Speaking during a limited meeting in Aceh Tamiang, he also urged officials to accelerate the construction of shelters for evacuees. The disasters, which struck on November 25, 2025, killed more than a thousand people and caused widespread destruction of homes and public infrastructure. Cabinet Secretary Teddy Indra Wijaya said that as of December 29, 87 affected hospitals have resumed operations, while most of the 867 damaged community health centres are functional, with eight still unable to operate normally. Efforts are also ongoing to clean and restore schools, with support from military personnel.

Alert level raised for Mount Bur Ni Telong volcano in Aceh

Indonesian authorities have raised the alert level for Mount Bur Ni Telong in Aceh to the second-highest level following increased seismic activity. Acting head of the Geological Agency, Lana Saria, said the volcano recorded multiple shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes, alongside tectonic quakes, prompting scientists to raise the alert on December 31. She warned of possible phreatic eruptions and dangerous volcanic gases near fumarole and solfatara zones. Residents and visitors have been advised to stay at least four kilometres away from the crater. The heightened alert comes as the region continues to recover from recent floods and landslides that killed more than 1,100 people across Sumatra.

Expansion of renewable energy investment in Indonesia

Abu Dhabi-based clean energy company Masdar has pledged to increase its investment in Indonesia’s renewable energy sector. The commitment was conveyed during a meeting in Abu Dhabi between Deputy Speaker of the People’s Consultative Assembly Eddy Soeparno and senior Masdar executives on December 27. Eddy said Indonesia, under President Prabowo Subianto, is accelerating its energy transition to achieve energy sovereignty while maintaining environmental sustainability. Masdar, already a key investor in the Cirata Floating Solar Power Plant in West Java, expressed support for Indonesia’s ambition to reach 100 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity. Indonesian lawmakers said several bills, including the Renewable Energy Bill and Climate Change Management Bill, are being prioritised to support the transition.

Indonesia records zero terrorist attacks in 2025

Indonesia has recorded zero terrorist attacks throughout 2025, marking the third consecutive year without an attack, according to the National Police. Criminal Investigation Agency chief Syahardiantono said the achievement was driven by proactive operations by the counterterrorism unit Densus 88. Police arrested 51 terror-related suspects in 2025, down from previous years, and foiled four planned attacks by the Jamaah Anshor Daulah group. Authorities also uncovered online radicalisation targeting children, affecting 110 minors across 23 provinces. During the Christmas and New Year security operation, seven additional suspects were arrested, while police said they intervened in cases involving children exposed to violent far-right ideologies.

According to industry data referenced by Restaurant Times , the average restaurant kitchen has become increasingly efficient due to automation, pre-prep systems, and optimised workflows. Many quick-service and fast-casual restaurants now complete orders in 15–25 minutes, even during peak hours.

The real slowdown happens after the food leaves the kitchen. Research and logistics analysis from Powerdril, a data intelligence platform focused on operational efficiency, shows that last-mile delivery is the most unpredictable and expensive segment of the supply chain.

Traffic congestion, rider availability, batching algorithms, and weather conditions all add friction, often pushing delivery times well past the cooking window.

This delivery gap is becoming more pronounced as food delivery demand continues to surge globally. The trend accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic and never fully reversed. Today, even as dine-in traffic returns, delivery orders remain structurally higher than pre-2020 levels.

In major cities like London, New York , Lagos, and Mumbai, policymakers are debating congestion charges, gig-worker protections, and fuel price volatility, all factors that directly affect delivery speed and cost. Recent reporting on rising oil prices and urban congestion shows how delivery platforms are being squeezed from multiple sides.

Related coverage on global transport and fuel pressures:https://www.reuters.com/world/global-energy-prices-transport-costs/

Why this matters for restaurants and consumers

For restaurants, longer delivery times increase the risk of poor food quality, customer complaints, and platform penalties. For consumers, it means higher fees, longer waits, and declining trust in delivery promises.

And for delivery platforms, it raises a strategic question: how much efficiency can still be extracted from the last mile?

Powerdril’s logistics modelling suggests that incremental improvements, such as smarter rider dispatch, micro-fulfilment hubs, and AI-driven route optimisation, can reduce delivery times by 10–20%, but only with significant infrastructure investment.

The infographic, based on World Visualized data, shows that just a handful of countries dominate global pineapple exports, an insight that connects directly to current debates about food security, inflation, and supply-chain resilience.

Costa Rica’s near-monopoly on pineapple exports

At the centre of the global pineapple trade is Costa Rica, which accounts for over 50% of global pineapple exports , valued at approximately $1.4 billion. This dominance is not accidental. According to the CIA World Factbook, agricultural commodities, including bananas, pineapples, and coffee, are core pillars of Costa Rica’s export economy, supported by decades of foreign direct investment and industrial-scale farming.

Major multinational fruit companies operating in Costa Rica, many of which appear on or are connected to firms listed in the Forbes Global 2000, have helped transform the country into the world’s primary pineapple supplier through vertically integrated production, processing, and global distribution networks.

Asia, Europe, and the Role of Trade Hubs

The Philippines, exporting about 15.8% of the world’s pineapples (roughly $430 million), ranks second. Pineapple exports are a major foreign-exchange earner for the country, with agribusiness giants playing a significant role in processing and shipping to East Asian, Middle Eastern, and Western markets.

Interestingly, the Netherlands and Belgium, neither of which are major pineapple grower, rank among the top exporters. Their role reflects Europe’s dependence on logistics and re-export hubs, particularly ports like Rotterdam and Antwerp, which redistribute fresh produce across the EU. This mirrors broader European trade patterns identified in the World Factbook, where high-value re-exports significantly inflate agricultural trade figures.

The United States, Africa, and emerging exporters

The United States, exporting just over 4% of global pineapples, relies heavily on production in Hawaii and re-exports tied to multinational supply chains. Meanwhile, Kenya’s inclusion among the top exporters, even at a smaller share, highlights Africa’s growing footprint in global horticulture, an area increasingly discussed in development and trade policy circles.

This trend aligns with current global news around diversifying food supply chains in response to climate shocks, Red Sea shipping disruptions, and post-pandemic inflation pressures.

However, what may seem strange on a plate often carries deep cultural meaning. Many foods considered unusual today were shaped by history, climate and survival, long before modern tastes emerged.

In Finland, a dish known as kalakukko brings fish and rye bread together in a rustic, hearty wrap. Dating back to the 18th century in the region of Savonia, this baked fish inside rye bread was designed as a portable meal for farmers and sailors. Traditionally filled with perch or salmon, it remains a beloved comfort food and a symbol of Finnish ingenuity in utilising local produce.

Further south in Turkey, a sandwich made from cooked sheep intestines, often referred to as kokoreç , adds a bold twist to the country's street food culture. Popular in Istanbul and beyond, kokoreç is traditionally seasoned with herbs and spices and then served in bread for chilli-hungry urbanites. Ottoman cooks are credited with perfecting the technique centuries ago, transforming humble offal into a crispy, aromatic fast food staple.

Belgium’s contribution to unusual savoury fare comes in the form of meat stewed in beer. Known as carbonade flamande or stoofvlees , this rich, slow-cooked beef dish utilises local dark beer to soften the meat and deepen its flavour. Stemming from Flemish culinary traditions, beer-braised stews have been enjoyed for generations amid the region’s brewing heritage.

In Poland, duck blood soup (czernina) brings a strikingly different aesthetic and taste to the table. Made with duck blood, stock, dried fruits and herbs, czernina has long been served during autumn and winter. Historically, it was a practical way to use all parts of the animal in rural households. Today, it remains evidence of Polish resourcefulness and seasonal eating.

Eastern Europe also offers the vibrant cold beet soup (chłodnik) of Belarus, a visually stunning dish made from beets, kefir or yoghurt, cucumbers and dill. Originally a peasant summer meal designed to cool and refresh, it’s now celebrated as a regional speciality with a growing presence on modern menus around the world.

In Switzerland, the humble sausage salad (Wurstsalat) mixes cured sausage, pickles and raw onions in a tangy dressing, reflecting Alpine practicality and communal dining traditions that emphasise shared platters and fermented flavours.

Finally, Latvia’s blood sausage ( Asinsdesa ) and Norway’s fermented fish ( rakfisk ) continue to intrigue eaters. Blood sausages are woven into Latvian festivities and winter markets, while rakfisk, a fermented trout or char, can be traced back to Viking food preservation techniques, celebrating methods developed before refrigeration.

Would you be willing to taste any of these foods beyond your palate or taste buds?

Despite living in a time of abundant information, micronutrient deficiencies affect more than 2 billion people globally , according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). It is a silent crisis that rarely makes headlines but influences everything from children’s growth to adults’ energy levels and long-term health outcomes.

Many of these deficiencies stem not from a lack of food, however, but from a lack of nutrient-rich foods.

The WHO reports that deficiencies in vitamins A, B12, D, and folate remain common across regions and contribute to increased infections , pregnancy complications, reduced productivity, and even mortality.

For example:

Harvard’s School of Public Health stresses that vitamins work best when they come from real foods , because foods contain synergistic compounds like phytonutrients, fibre, and minerals that help vitamins perform their roles effectively.

Breaking down the vitamins and the foods we often overlook

Vitamin A – The Vision and Immunity Protector

Daily need: 800 mcg

From foods like carrots, leafy greens, and liver

Vitamin A deficiency affects over 190 million children worldwide. It supports vision, skin health, immunity, and the development of tissues.

B Vitamins – The Body’s Engine Room

Benefits: Energy production, brain function, metabolism

Sources: eggs, nuts, grains, beans, meat

Each B vitamin plays a distinct role. For example:

Vitamin C – The Repair and Immunity Builder

Daily need: 85 mg

Sources: citrus, tomatoes, peppers

Vitamin C supports collagen production, which is critical for skin, bones, and wound healing, and strengthens the immune system.

Vitamin D – The Sunshine Nutrient

Daily need: 20 mcg

Sources: sunlight, fortified foods, mushrooms

Modern indoor lifestyles, pollution , and geographical location have pushed vitamin D deficiency to historically high levels. It plays a key role in immunity and bone health.

Vitamin E – The Antioxidant Defender

Daily need: 15 mg

Sources: nuts, seeds, spinach

It protects cells from oxidative damage, which is linked to ageing and chronic disease.

Vitamin K – The Clotting and Bone Health Helper

Daily need: 100 mcg

Sources: leafy greens, broccoli

Vitamin K ensures proper blood clotting and works with vitamin D to strengthen bones.

New data from World’s Top Exports shows that Spain and Mexico dominate the global pumpkin market in 2024, together accounting for more than 64% of worldwide pumpkin exports.

With international demand rising for year-round cooking, health foods, and processed pumpkin products, the industry has become more important to farmers and exporters across Europe, North America, Africa, and Oceania.

According to the 2024 export rankings, Spain leads the world with 32.8% of global pumpkin exports, valued at about $574 million. Mexico follows closely with 32%, earning $559 million.

The large market share held by both countries reflects their strong agricultural infrastructure, export-oriented farming, and access to major global markets.

The rest of the top exporters include:

How global events are shaping the pumpkin market

Climate change is shifting growing seasons

Farmers across Europe and North America are adjusting planting cycles due to unpredictable rainfall, heat waves, and changing soil conditions. Some regions in Spain and Mexico have benefited from longer warm seasons, allowing for stronger yields.

Food security continues to be a global priority

With conflicts disrupting trade routes , such as the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, countries are looking toward more stable and diverse agricultural suppliers. Pumpkins, being versatile and widely cultivated, fit into this wider push to secure reliable food imports.

Rising global celebrations and food trends

Pumpkin has become more than a seasonal item . From soups and baked goods to the globally popular “pumpkin spice” trend, food producers are buying more pumpkin for processing and export. This helps keep demand strong throughout the year.

On the East Coast, Dunkin’ Donuts isn’t just a brand; it’s practically a daily ritual. Its dominance across New England and the Mid-Atlantic reflects decades of cultural attachment to quick breakfast stops, flavoured coffee, and the kind of familiarity that feels like home.

According to CNN Business, Dunkin’ has been working hard to maintain that affection by expanding its offerings and adopting a more modern, convenience-first identity to appeal to younger consumers.

This reflects in the company's decision to drop 'Donuts' from its brand name in 2018.

“Our new branding is one of many things we are doing as part of our blueprint for growth to modernise the Dunkin’ experience for our customers,” said Dunkin’ Brands CEO David Hoffmann.

Move south or west, and the scene changes. Krispy Kreme, with its iconic “Hot Now” sign and melt-in-your-mouth glaze, has spread across a wide swath of the country. The brand’s strategic push into supermarkets and delivery apps has helped cement its presence far beyond its original roots.

A Forbes report highlights how Krispy Kreme’s expansion strategy, especially its distribution partnerships, is powering impressive global growth.

Then there’s Shipley Do-Nuts, a beloved Southern staple. Its fans in Texas and neighbouring states are as loyal as they come, and the brand is rapidly growing. In fact, Nation’s Restaurant News reveals that Shipley now has more than 400 new stores in development, signalling that regional chains can still capture national excitement.

Out in the Great Plains, Daylight Donuts quietly shines. Its model of community-based, independently owned shops speaks to a growing desire for local businesses that feel personal, a trend that has only strengthened since the pandemic.

China remains the world’s largest exporter of frozen vegetables, accounting for 18.8% of global shipments valued at $1.6 billion. Belgium follows at 14.9% (about $1.3 billion) and Spain at 10.3% (roughly $883 million). Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, France, Egypt, the United States, and Ecuador round out the top ten, each contributing between 2.6% and 7.1% of the global supply.

These numbers reflect more than trade performance. Extreme weather continues to disrupt fresh food supplies across regions such as South Asia, West Africa, Europe, and North America.

For instance, India’s recent heatwaves have damaged large portions of vegetable crops, especially tomatoes and onions, causing sudden price spikes that pushed many households toward frozen alternatives.

In East Africa, countries such as Kenya and Ethiopia have faced prolonged droughts that reduced harvests and made fresh vegetables more expensive and harder to access.

Meanwhile, severe flooding in parts of Europe , including Germany and Italy, has disrupted farm operations and transport routes, making it difficult for fresh produce to reach markets on time.

The presence of countries like Egypt and Ecuador in the top exporters list also signals a notable shift.

More countries in the Global South are investing in food processing, cold storage, and export infrastructure, and they are beginning to see results on the world stage.

For example, Egypt has expanded its network of cold storage facilities in recent years, allowing it to preserve surplus vegetables and move them into export channels instead of losing them to spoilage. According to BCC Research , the market is expected to reach $41.1 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual rate of 8.8%.

In Ecuador, government-backed programmes, such as grants and low-interest loans , have helped farmers transition from selling raw crops to value-added processing. As a result, the country has increased the volume of pre-cut and frozen vegetables it ships to the United States and Europe.

Global demand for frozen vegetables is expected to increase as climate pressures intensify and consumers seek practical, affordable food options. For many nations, strengthening this sector could open doors to new jobs, stronger agricultural value chains, and more resilient economies.

In 2017, the Portuguese Parliament passed Law No. 11/2017, mandating at least one vegan option in all public-sector canteens, including schools, universities, hospitals, and prisons.

The law was heavily supported by the animal rights party PAN (People–Animals–Nature) and framed as a step toward inclusivity and sustainability.

This decision marked a rare moment when ethics, public health, and environmental concern converged into law. According to the European Commission , food-related emissions account for nearly 31% of global greenhouse gases, pushing governments to rethink how food is supplied in public spaces.

Furthermore, the World Health Organisation (WHO) notes that plant-based diets can significantly reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and obesity, aligning the law with long-term public health goals.

This year’s major UN climate reports have emphasised food-system reform as essential to meeting global climate targets. The UN Environment Programme stated that shifting toward plant-based diets could slash agricultural emissions and land use dramatically.

Meanwhile, the global conversation around veganism has expanded beyond animal ethics. In 2024–2025, rising food prices, supply chain shocks, and conflict-driven shortages have pushed public institutions to reevaluate their menu strategies .

However, while several countries are introducing plant-forward guidelines, none have legislated a mandatory vegan meal nationwide. The UK, Germany, and the Netherlands have debated similar policies but stopped short of legislation. Some cities, like New York City, have introduced plant-based hospital meals by default, but not through national law.

Meanwhile, global food waste in 2022 alone reached an estimated 1.05 billion tonnes, equivalent to approximately one-fifth (19%) of all food available to consumers at the retail, food service and household levels.

"Consumer behaviour plays a key role in plastic recycling habits. Did you know that most people throw away plastic into the general waste? In the UK, surveys have revealed that over 50% of households are unsure of what can and cannot be recycled when it comes to plastics," Waste Direct reports .

These two trends, plastic waste and food waste, may appear different. Still, they share a common thread of vast losses of valuable material, pressure on the environment, and a call for systemic change.

According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) in its Food Waste Index Report 2024 , the majority of food wasted comes from households, with about 631 million tonnes out of the total 1.05 billion tonnes in 2022.

The report also highlights that low- and middle-income countries are increasingly included in the data coverage, though gaps remain.

On the plastic side, sources like the blog of Waste Direct indicate global plastic waste could hit 460 million tonnes a year by 2025, driven by rising consumption and low recycling rates.

Meanwhile, the OECD estimates show global plastic production doubled from around 234 million tonnes in 2000 to 460 million tonnes in 2019.

Why this matters

Environmental cost: Food and plastic waste both drain valuable resources. Food waste means lost land, water, and energy. Plastic waste is derived from fossil fuels and adds to carbon emissions.

Climate impact: When food is discarded in landfills, it releases greenhouse gases. Mismanaged plastic waste pollutes the environment and harms ecosystems.

Food security and fairness: More than 780 million people still face chronic hunger, yet the world throws away 1.05 billion tonnes of food every year

Global action and policy : Plastic pollution is increasingly in the spotlight. Major brands are under scrutiny, and international negotiations are underway to create a global plastics treaty.

The report focused on Africa, a critical market where Nestlé holds a market share exceeding 50% and where annual Cerelac sales surpass USD 250 million.

With the assistance of various civil society organisations in Africa, Public Eye collected and analysed nearly a hundred Cerelac products sold in 20 countries on the continent. Analysis conducted by Inovalys, a specialised agri-food laboratory, found that more than 90% of the products contained added sugar, often in high quantities.

The findings show that Cerelac products sold in Africa contain significantly more sugar than those sold elsewhere:

In contrast, in Switzerland, where Nestlé is headquartered, the main baby cereal brand contains zero added sugar. Similarly, in key European markets such as Germany and the United Kingdom, all Cerelac products targeted at babies six months and older have no added sugar.

Experts and advocates warn that the practice carries serious public health consequences on a continent where obesity is rapidly increasing. 

In 2019, 24% of the world's overweight children under the age of five lived in Africa. 

Previously thought to be a problem in high-income countries, overweight is becoming more common in low- and middle-income countries; in Africa, the number of overweight children under the age of five has increased by nearly 12.1% since 2000.

WHO has long cautioned that early exposure to sugar can create a lasting preference for sugary products, serving as a major risk factor for overweight and obesity. 

The report also highlighted a lack of transparency, noting that for about two-thirds of the analysed products, the amount of added sugar was not disclosed in the nutritional information on the packaging, which critics argue “undermines consumer rights and public health”.

While Nestlé promotes Cerelac as being fortified with vitamins and minerals to "help fight malnutrition".

Nestlé maintained that it has a "consistent approach to nutrition for all babies everywhere" when contacted by Public Eye. The company asserted that it fully complies with national legislations and that its internal guidelines set an added sugar threshold well below that stipulated by the international standard of the UN Codex Alimentarius Commission.

Nestlé also stated that it declares sugar content transparently according to local regulatory requirements: “We do not mislead consumers.”

Nestlé further stated that it has accelerated the global rollout of Cerelac with no added sugar, including in Africa, and aims to introduce variants with no added sugars to all markets where it operates by the end of 2025.

Civil society organisations from Africa are calling on the multinational to immediately comply with the WHO guidelines. In an open letter, 20 organisations across countries, including Nigeria, South Africa, Cameroon, and Tunisia, demanded that the food giant immediately stop adding sugar to its baby foods.

Chiso Ndujkwe-Okafor, Executive Director of the Nigerian Consumer Advocacy and Empowerment Foundation (CADEF), whose country is the largest market for Cerelac in Africa, called on Nestlé to “align with WHO guidelines”.

Advocacy groups warned Nestlé, stating, “All babies have an equal right to healthy nutrition—regardless of their nationality or skin colour. All babies are equal. So do the right thing. The world is watching.” 

A previous 2024 petition signed by 105,000 people was delivered to the company, but Nestlé has reportedly been “turning a deaf ear” to the appeal.

Wheat, one of the world’s most essential grains, remains a critical part of diets across continents, from bread and noodles to cereals and animal feed, and current figures show no sign of slowing demand. China stands as the world’s largest wheat consumer, using about 148 million metric tonnes annually.

It’s followed closely by the European Union (113 million tonnes) and India (112.5 million tonnes), underscoring the central role of these regions in global food demand. Beyond these giants, consumption remains significant in countries such as Russia (39.7 million tonnes), Pakistan (31.5 million tonnes), and the United States (31.4 million tonnes).

The USDA’s report notes that strong domestic production in these economies continues to sustain consumption, even as climate variability and regional conflicts disrupt global trade flows.

The FAS attributes this sustained rise in wheat consumption to growing populations, shifting dietary habits, and greater access to processed wheat-based foods. In many developing countries, wheat is increasingly replacing traditional staples due to affordability and ease of use.

Meanwhile, in developed regions, it continues to dominate as a versatile base for baked goods and animal feed. The USDA’s May 2025 “Grain: World Markets and Trade” report highlights that robust harvests in China, India, and parts of the EU are expected to offset production declines in Australia and the Black Sea region.

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine continues to weigh on Black Sea exports, a key artery of global wheat trade, threatening to tighten global supplies and push prices higher. Analysts warn that disruptions in this region could echo the food price spikes seen in 2022, when the war severely restricted grain shipments.

A new analysis by World Visualized, drawing on data from WorldStats, highlights that Myanmar tops the list of countries with the highest per capita rice consumption at a staggering 278.97 kg per person per year.

It’s followed closely by Comoros (274.51 kg), Gambia (256.4 kg), Cambodia (247.54 kg), and Bangladesh (246.85 kg). Completing the top ten are Vietnam, Laos, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia .

According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), global rice utilisation in 2023/24 stood at approximately 522 million tonnes, reflecting steady demand despite elevated prices. However, projections for 2024/25 indicate renewed growth, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where consumption is expected to continue expanding.

The FAO and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) both forecast a rise in global rice output through 2025/26. The USDA estimates total production could reach 541.6 million tonnes (milled basis), led by higher yields in India and Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, global rice trade is projected to climb to nearly 60 million tonnes, driven largely by expanding Indian exports.

India, the world’s largest rice exporter, recently lifted its two-year ban on de-oiled rice bran exports, easing domestic stockpiles and injecting new volume into the global market.

However, not all policy movements are liberalising. The Philippines, one of Asia’s largest rice importers, may extend its import restrictions into early 2026 to protect local farmers, a move analysts say could tighten supply and nudge prices upward in the coming quarters.

Global rice prices have been on a sharp downward trend. The FAO Rice Price Index has fallen about 13% in 2025, and benchmark prices for Thailand ’s 5% broken white rice are now at their lowest levels in eight years. The drop comes after record harvests and excess stockpiles, particularly from India, which exported more than 33 million tonnes in 2024.

The work is much needed: more than 10 percent of Burkina Faso's 23 million population are facing extreme hunger according to the United Nations . While much of the problem results from instability and conflict, improving efficiency in areas where farmers can grow is part of the solution.

But Sawadogo's ambitions go much further. He hopes to contribute to a world where Africa is a net supplier of food and calls on the international community to recognise and support the continent's transformation.

Fertility rate — the average number of children a woman is expected to have over her lifetime — must be about 2.1 births per woman to maintain population size without immigration.

New data reveal vast swaths of Europe, East Asia, and the Americas have rates far below this replacement threshold, while much of Sub-Saharan Africa has women having four, five, or even six children on average.

Globally, fertility has more than halved since the 1950s, when the average woman had around five children. Today, the global average is about 2.3, according to the UN’s World Population Prospects.

Even Latin America, which once had some of the world’s highest fertility rates, is now approaching sub-replacement levels. The United States sits around 1.6 , well below replacement, and countries such as South Korea, Singapore, and Italy have dropped even lower, in some cases near or below 1.1 children per woman.

The implications are profound. Populations in countries with sustained low fertility begin to shrink, workforces contract, and the share of elderly citizens rises, putting pressure on pensions, healthcare systems, and economic growth. Italy reported just 370,000 births in 2024, the lowest in its history, leaving its fertility rate around 1.18.

Greece recently announced a €1.6 billion family support package in an effort to reverse its decline, warning that its population could fall below 8 million by 2050 if trends continue. Meanwhile, India, the world’s most populous country, has crossed a historic threshold, with its fertility rate now at 1.9, below replacement for the first time.

Deputy Minister of Primary and Secondary Education Atip Latipulhayat clarified that teacher allowances and salaries remain part of the National Education System Bill (RUU Sisdiknas), countering fears that they were excluded from discussions. This reassurance was welcomed by educators, as the bill will shape the future of Indonesia’s education policy.

Healthcare and scholarships

The Riau Islands government launched a medical specialist scholarship program to address the shortage of doctors in regional hospitals. Governor Ansar Ahmad called on the central government to support the initiative, which aims to improve local healthcare and retain native talent.

Rice prices and food security

The price of premium rice has surged to Rp16,088 per kilogramme, prompting lawmakers and farmer advocates to urge the government to stabilise prices and accelerate investment in agricultural technology. The call reflects growing concerns about food security despite reported high production levels.

Floods and infrastructure concerns

Tidal floods continue to disrupt life in Rokan Hilir, with residents urging authorities to construct water gates to prevent recurring damage. Meanwhile, Bali and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) are recovering from devastating flash floods that have killed at least 15 people, with 10 still missing. Over 200 rescuers have been deployed, and evacuations are underway.

Presidential actions and diplomacy

President Prabowo Subianto approved the withdrawal of Rp200 trillion in government funds from Bank Indonesia to inject liquidity into the banking system and stimulate economic activity. He also ordered the acceleration of a presidential regulation to combat illegal lobster seed exports, seeking to protect state revenues from illicit trade.

Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire under threat as Sahel insurgencies creep south: Eigenrac analysis

Militant reach from Burkina Faso is eroding buffers to wealthier coastal states. A recent attack in northern Côte d’Ivoire highlights how extremist violence is spilling into Benin, Togo, and Ghana, fueling displacement and cross-border threats. The southward push raises wider concerns for Europe and the West over migration, humanitarian crises, and insecurity along the Gulf of Guinea. Read more here .

Emerging markets news: Morocco’s bet on digital and green energy assessed

Leveraging its position between Europe and Africa, Morocco is emerging as a centre for digital innovation and renewable energy, driven by major solar, wind, and hydrogen projects to meet local and European demand. Read more here .

Why food prices are surging everywhere

Global food prices are surging, squeezing households, straining farmers, and threatening food security worldwide. Read more here .

Asia

Xi Jinping leads China’s largest military parade in decades: Video

China marked Victory Day with its biggest military parade in decades, showcasing advanced weapons and projecting global influence. Read more here .

Japan PM Ishiba resigns after bruising election losses

Japanese PM Shigeru Ishiba resigned Sunday, raising policy uncertainty for the world’s fourth-largest economy. Read more here .

How Taiwan could revive nuclear power, step by step: Video

Taiwan closed its last nuclear reactor in August, but debate over the future of nuclear power and its impact on health, safety, and energy security continues. Read more here .

Latin America

Bolsonaro supporters rally in Brazil as coup trial nears verdict

Thousands of Bolsonaro supporters protested across Brazil on Sunday, days before his trial over alleged coup plotting after the 2022 election. Read more here .

Global South Politics: The ‘collapse’ of Bolivia’s ruling MAS party - Video

Bolivia’s ruling MAS party faced a major setback in the August 17 elections, driven by economic troubles and internal divisions. Read more here .

COP30 comes to the Amazon — But will it help the people who live there?

Amid Brazil’s Amazon’s illegal activities, the world often overlooks the harsh social and economic realities facing indigenous people. Read more here .

What's going on?

The amount each person needs to eat without losing weight will depend on how heavy they are to begin with as well as their height, gender, age and the amount of physical activity they do. Consequently, countries where people are already heavier and taller such as the US and western European nations typically need to each more. Countries where a higher proportion of the population are children , such as in Africa, may have lower requirements on average. However, the UN figures are not a guide for each individual. They are designed for planning at large scale and individuals should calculate their own calorie requirements based on their own circumstances.

Which countries are recommended to eat the least?

The Democratic Republic of Congo, one of the world's poorest countries has the lowest recommended calorie intake, according to the UN. Its total of 1,655 kilocalories a day is equivalent to one meal of a large burger, fries, a soda and a small packet of candy. Other countries at the bottom of the list  include the Central African Republic, Niger, Burundi and Afghanistan.

Which countries are recommended to eat the least?

The other end of the table is dominated by more wealthy nations, which have a considerably larger recommended energy intake.

The UAE and Qatar feature highly because their populations include large male workforces. Men tend to need more calories than women and outdoor work also increases the minimum energy required to avoid losing weight, especially in hotter environments. However, top of the table is Dominica, which has a rural economy where workers perform frequent manual labour. Its minimum level of 2,111 kilocalories per day is 466kcal higher than in the DRC, that's equivalent to an extra 100g of milk chocolate.

According to data compiled by 24/7 Wall St. from the County Health Rankings & Roadmaps programme, a joint project of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute, more than one in four adults in these counties drink excessively far above the national average of fewer than one in five.

Digging deeper, 41 of these top 50 “drunkest” counties are in Wisconsin, making the Badger State by far the most concentrated region on the list.

Even outside public perception of Wisconsin as “ America ’s beer capital,” the data shows this trend extends well beyond social stereotypes; Outagamie County, home to Appleton, ranks number 1, where about 31% of adults report binge or heavy drinking.

In a broader metro-area analysis, 7 of the 10 drunkest U.S. cities, including Appleton, Green Bay, and Madison are located in Wisconsin.

Why it matters

1. Health risks soar.

Excessive alcohol use is a major preventable risk factor your health—linked to chronic illnesses like liver disease, cancer, heart disease, and mental-health issues, alongside accidents and impaired driving.

2. Wisconsin leads—and that spotlight demands awareness.

While the state appears on top in statistics, it also raises questions about cultural norms, access to treatment, and alcohol policies across the region.

3. Geography plays a role.

The regional clustering suggests local customs, social environments, and even economic factors influence drinking behaviors.

That long, narrow nation stretches into South America’s Pacific coast for 4,270 kilometres. This comparison shines a light on Chile’s extraordinary geography and the sheer variety of climates contained within its thin boundaries.

From the Atacama Desert in the north to the glaciers of Patagonia in the far south, Chile stretches over 33 degrees of latitude. It occupies a narrow strip of land between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean, measuring 4,270 kilometres from north to south while averaging only about 175 kilometres wide.

The country’s present shape emerged from a combination of rugged topography and historical events: the Andes formed a natural barrier to the east, and colonial expansion, followed by 19th‑century wars, extended Chile’s reach north and south.

Travelling the length of Chile is like journeying from London to Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso or from New York to Bogotá—it’s that long.

This extreme length produces remarkable environmental contrasts. In southern Chile, including Tierra del Fuego, a maritime climate prevails; some parts receive up to 4,000 millimetres of rain a year, though cities such as Punta Arenas get a much more modest 410 millimetres.

Central Chile around Santiago enjoys a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and mild, wetter winters, averaging around 275 millimetres of annual rainfall. At the northern extreme, the Atacama Desert sees almost no rainfall because the cold Humboldt Current suppresses cloud formation.

In just a few thousand kilometres, you move from snow‑capped Andean peaks and fjords to fertile valleys and some of the driest landscapes on Earth.

Understanding the Moon’s Scale

Placing Chile and the Moon in the same sentence invites curiosity about the Moon’s true size. Astronomers describe the Moon as a mid‑sized natural satellite: Universe Today reports its diameter as approximately 3,474 kilometres.

Space.com , citing NASA data, notes that the Moon’s mean radius is 1,737.5 kilometres, giving a mean diameter of about 3,475 kilometres, and that it orbits Earth at an average distance of roughly 384,400 kilometres.

In other words, the Moon spans just over a quarter of Earth’s width and sits about thirty Earth diameters away. If our planet were scaled to the size of a nickel, the Moon would be no bigger than a coffee bean.

The Qatar Chamber reported that trade between Qatar and India has exceeded QR48 billion (13 billion), reflecting the deepening economic ties between the two countries. Officials highlighted the sectors driving growth, including energy and infrastructure cooperation.

Japan, Qatar pledge closer regional cooperation

Japan’s Foreign Minister Iwaya Takeshi met Qatar’s Minister of State for Foreign Affairs HE Sultan bin Saad al-Muraikhi in Kuwait on the sidelines of regional talks. Both sides reaffirmed commitments to strengthen cooperation on regional stability and global challenges, according to MENAFN reports.

Carney-Amir call underscores Qatar-Canada partnership

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney held a phone call with the Amir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, discussing bilateral ties and coordination on international issues. The conversation underscored Qatar’s growing role in Canada’s foreign policy priorities.

Qatar hosts OIC meeting on resilient food systems

Doha hosted a three-day meeting of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation’s regional consultation groups to address food security challenges. The Ministry of Municipality led discussions on building resilient food systems for OIC member states, reinforcing Qatar’s position as a hub for global dialogue on sustainability.

Qatar to stage third Real Estate Forum

Preparations are underway for the third edition of the Real Estate Forum in Doha, aimed at solidifying Qatar’s standing as a premier investment destination. The event will bring together investors, policymakers, and industry leaders to showcase opportunities in the real estate sector.