Simón Bolívar and the idea of continental liberation

Few figures loom as large in South American history as Simón Bolívar . Born in present-day Venezuela, Bolívar led military campaigns that were central to the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia between 1810 and 1825.

Bolívar did not fight for a single nation. He fought against the empire itself. His armies moved across borders that had not yet hardened into modern states, defeating Spanish royalist forces and ending more than three centuries of colonial rule.

According to Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Library of Congress, Bolívar envisioned a united South America capable of resisting foreign domination. That ambition ultimately failed, but his military success reshaped half the continent.

José de San Martín and the southern campaigns

While Bolívar advanced from the north, José de San Martín led liberation efforts from the south. An Argentine general trained in Europe, San Martín played a decisive role in the independence of Argentina, Chile, and Peru.

His 1817 crossing of the Andes Mountains remains one of the most remarkable military operations in modern history. After securing independence, San Martín refused political power and withdrew from public life, a decision that sharply contrasts with many revolutionary leaders of the era.

Britannica describes him as a strategist driven more by duty than ambition, committed to liberation rather than rule.

Brazil’s unusual path to independence

Brazil followed a completely different route. Instead of a revolutionary war, independence came through Dom Pedro I , the Portuguese prince residing in Brazil.

In 1822, Dom Pedro declared Brazil independent from Portugal and became its first emperor. This transition was relatively peaceful compared to the bloody wars elsewhere on the continent, largely because the Portuguese royal court had already moved to Brazil during the Napoleonic Wars.

Sources such as the Brazilian National Library and World History Encyclopedia confirm that Brazil’s independence preserved its territorial unity but delayed the development of a republican political system.

Paraguay and Uruguay

Not all independence movements were led by continent-spanning figures. Paraguay achieved independence in 1811 through local revolutionary leaders who prioritised isolation and internal control to protect sovereignty.

Uruguay, meanwhile, emerged after years of conflict involving Spanish, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Argentine forces. Its eventual independence in 1828 was the result of diplomacy as much as warfare, positioning the country as a buffer state between regional powers.

These cases show that while major figures influenced much of South America, local politics and circumstances still played a decisive role.

From the streets of Caracas, Venezuela, to the highlands of Ethiopia, communities mark the season with traditions that blend faith, culture, and local identity that have endured for centuries.

Venezuela: Roller skating to Christmas Mass

In Venezuela, particularly in the capital Caracas, Christmas celebrations transform city streets into festive pathways. One of the country’s most famous traditions involves roller skating to early morning church services in the days leading up to Christmas.

Historically, some neighbourhoods even tied strings to children’s toes before bedtime, believing that angels skating through the streets would tug them awake for Mass. While the custom has evolved, streets are still occasionally closed to allow safe skating. This highlights the communal nature of the celebration.

The tradition highlights how faith and festivity merge in Venezuelan culture, even as the country continues to navigate economic and political challenges that have reshaped daily life in recent years.

Peru: Children take the nativity to the streets

In Peru , Christmas is marked by strong public participation, particularly among children. In some cities and towns, children dress as pastors or biblical figures and parade through the streets, reenacting scenes associated with the birth of Jesus Christ.

These processions reflect Peru’s deeply rooted Catholic traditions, introduced during the colonial period but reshaped through local customs and communal storytelling.

According to Peru Travel , Christmas celebrations often emphasise family gatherings, public performances, and religious devotion, making the holiday a visible part of urban and rural life alike.

Ghana - Feasting and large gatherings

Just like other parts of the world, Christians in Ghana start their Christmas celebrations from the 20th of December with Carol Services that are mostly conducted in the evenings.

The week before the 25th also marks a moment of vigorous shopping for the celebration ahead.

On the 25th, many visit the church in the morning with their best outfits to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ.

After the morning service, families gather to share meals with friends and neighbours.

Ethiopia: Christmas marked by faith and a traditional game

In Ethiopia, Christmas, known as Ganna or Genna , is celebrated on January 7, following the Julian calendar observed by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The holiday is deeply spiritual, beginning with an overnight church service and fasting that reflects the country’s ancient Christian heritage.

One of the most distinctive traditions associated with Ethiopian Christmas is a hockey-style team game also called Ganna. Played in open fields after morning worship, the game symbolises joy and communal unity following the religious observance.

The tradition is reported to be linked to shepherds celebrating the birth of Christ, echoing the biblical nativity story.

The above, based on 2017 GDP per capita data, uses East Germany, long considered a benchmark for post-socialist economic recovery, as a reference point, set at approximately €30,300 per person. Regions shown in red fall below that threshold.

Following reunification in 1990, East Germany inherited outdated infrastructure , lower productivity, and weaker industrial capacity. Since then, the German government has invested more than €2 trillion in reconstruction, subsidies, and regional development.

While income gaps between eastern and western Germany persist, East Germany’s GDP per capita now exceeds that of many EU regions.

According to Eurostat, several regions in Southern Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Eastern Europe , and the Balkans continue to trail behind eastern German states in output per person.

The map underscores long-standing structural challenges. Many red-marked regions are affected by low industrial diversification, weaker transport links, ageing populations, and chronic underinvestment.

In Southern Europe, the aftershocks of the 2008 financial crisis and the eurozone debt crisis slowed recovery for more than a decade. In Eastern Europe and the Balkans, the legacy of post-socialist transition and limited capital inflows continues to constrain growth.

The European Commission has repeatedly acknowledged that regional inequality within the EU remains high, even as national averages improve. Wealth tends to concentrate in capital cities and export-driven regions, leaving rural and peripheral areas behind.

New support has been announced for rugby development across Samoa, Fiji and Tonga, highlighting the continued importance of the sport to Pacific identity, youth engagement and regional cooperation. The assistance is aimed at strengthening grassroots structures as well as elite pathways, ensuring that rugby continues to provide opportunities for social development, international representation and economic activity across the three island nations.

Veteran journalist raises concerns over Samoa’s proposed media rules

A senior journalist in Samoa, Autagavaia Tipi Autagavaia, has publicly questioned proposed changes to media regulations, warning that they could have implications for press freedom and journalistic independence. The concerns centre on how the new rules may affect reporting standards, oversight and the ability of the media to operate without undue restriction, sparking broader debate about transparency and democratic safeguards in the country.

Prime Minister calls for human rights to be part of everyday life in Samoa

Samoa’s Prime Minister La’aulialemalietoa Leuatea Polataivao Fosi Schmidt has urged citizens and institutions to treat human rights not as abstract principles but as values embedded in daily life. The call emphasises respect, inclusion and accountability across society, reinforcing the government’s commitment to aligning national development with fundamental rights and social justice.

Samoa releases its updated national climate plan

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Prime minister meets with doctors and nurses on health sector priorities

The Prime Minister La’aulialemalietoa Leuatea Polataivao Fosi Schmidt has held discussions with doctors and nurses to address key issues within Samoa’s health sector. The meeting focused on workforce conditions, service delivery and strengthening healthcare systems, underscoring the government’s focus on improving public health outcomes and supporting frontline medical professionals.